The simple past also refers to event in the past as Sidney and friends said the simple past is used to refer to a situation set as a definite time in the past.
a The event past is used with dynamic verbs senses to refer to a single definite
event in the past. The event may take place over an extended period the Normans invaded England in 1066
or at a point of time The plane left at 9 a.m.. b
The habitual past is use with dynamic verb sense to refer to the past events that repeatedly occur: We spent our holiday in Spain when we were children.
c The state past is used with stative verb senses to refer to a single unbroken state of
affairs in the past: I once liked reading novels.
7
There are many uses of simple past. According to Cowan in The Teacher’s
Grammar of English the additional uses of the simple past include:
Reported speech. John said, “I need to take a taxi”
quoted speech John said that he needed to take a taxi. reported speech
Unreal conditionals If I ever said something like that, she would kill me
Polite requests and questions Did you want to speak with him now?
8
B. Peer Tutoring
1. The Understanding of Peer Tutoring
Peer tutoring is one of techniques that includes in cooperative learning because in peer tutoring, students learn together in a group. In Peer tutoring, students
cooperate in taking their roles as tutors and tutees. Nowadays, teacher use group learning as variety in teaching because it has beneficial effects.
7
Sidney Greenbaum, Randolph Quirk. Student’s of The English Language England: 1990, p.
50.
8
Cowan, op. cit., p.360.
As Ashman stated that one of the more common pedagogical approaches employed over the past decade draws on peers as facilitators within the teaching-
learning context.
9
Peer tutoring program is a group of students‟ volunteers who help other
complete the course successfully. There are some other definitions of peer tutoring from some education experts. Topping defines peer tutoring is
more able students helping less able students to learn in co-operative working pairs or small groups
carefully organised by a professional teacher. He also defines peer tutoring is a program of people from similar social groupings who are not professional teachers
helping each other to learn and learning themselves by teaching.
10
Meanwhile Gaies stated that the term peer involvement is used to designate what are normally referred to peer teaching and peer tutoring. It is the use of learners
as models, sources of information, and interactions for each other in such a way that learner assume roles and responsibilities normally taken by a formally trained.
11
Many teachers feel they do not have enough time in the school day to work with every student one-on-one. Peer tutoring is a way for all students to get one-on-
one help and enough time to practice and learn. When using peer tutoring, every student in the class is paired with others. The teacher writes lessons that one student
uses to teach or tutor others. During the tutoring, one student explains the work to other students, asks the students to answer questions, and tells the students whether
their answers are correct or not.
There are two types of peer tutoring. They are same-age and cross age peer tutoring. As Gaies states there is almost variety in peer involvement programs.
Because peer teaching and tutoring programs are normally developed to meet specific needs of particular students in a particular setting. A basic distinction involves the
9
Robin, M. Gillies, Adrian F. Ashman Ed.. Co-operative Learning London: Routledge Falmer, 2003. p. 88.
10
Keith Topping. Effective Peer Tutoring in Further and Higher Education: The Typology and Review of The Literature. Peer Tutor in higher
Education 32,1996, pp. 32 –340.
11
Stephen J. Gaies, Peer Involvement in Language Learning, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1985, p. 2.
relatives‟ age or grade level of the peer participants. Same age programs are those in which tutors and tutees are at the same grade or level. The other basic type of peer
tutoring is the cross-age program. In such programs, tutors and tutees are at the different grade levels; the age difference between tutors and tutees may range from
one to several years.
12
Peer tutoring has been defined as instruction that involves systematic peer mediated teaching strategies. It includes both same-age peer tutoring peer tutoring,
in which students tutor same-age students in subject matter areas or study skills, and cross-age tutoring, in which adolescents work with younger children to provide help
with specific subjects andor to offer more general organizational and homework support.
13
In peer tutoring usually the teachers perform as the monitors and facilitators in teaching learning process. The tutors in the same level class can be trained or directly
appointed by the teacher. The teacher can train the students who will be the tutors before the teaching and learning process if it is necessary. However, the teacher can
directly select the students if he or she assumes that they are capable of being tutors. The advantages of peer tutoring should be consideration to be chosen by the
teachers as teaching learning technique. Peer tutoring has many advantages. The direct benefits of peer involvement: an exposure language that is tailored to
individual learners‟ needs and abilities, increased opportunities for genuine
communication in the language, the development of interpersonal bonds with a peer role model.
14
12
Gaies, op. cit., pp. 20 –21.
13
William. Peer
Tutoring ,
Peer2Peer White
Paper Research,
2012, p.
1, http:peers.aristotlecircle.comuploadsPeer2PeerWhitePaperResearchbyDr.WilliamStixrud.pdf
accessed on November 25
th
2012
14
Gaies, op. cit., p.4.
