A complete project connected to CJ Series PLC type Problem Statement

4.1.2 Ladder diagram system in “ON” condition

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4.1.3 Ladder diagram system in “LATCH” condition

31 4.1.4 Ladder diagram system in “OFF” condition 31

4.1.5 The combination system in “ON” condition simulates

32 used CX – Simulator 4.1.6 The combination system in “OFF” condition simulates 33 used CX – Simulator

4.2 Graph the output voltage Vac vs car speed kmh

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4.2.1 Graph the output voltage Vdc vs car speed kmh

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4.2.2 Graph the output current Idc vs car speed kmh

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4.2.3 Graph the output power Watt vs car speed kmh

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4.3 A complete project connected to CJ Series PLC type

37 LIST OF SYMBOLS KE - Kinetic energy m - Mass v - Velocity speed of wind A - Area δ - Air density t - Time P - Power ρ - Wind power density pr - Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level 101325 Pa Nm 2 T - Air temperature Kelvin g - Gravitational acceleration 9.8 ms 2 h - Elevation of wind above sea level π - pi = 3.142 r 2 - Foot blades 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATION C - Capacitor R - Resistor D - Diode Q - Transistor T - Transformer V - Voltage I - Current AC - Alternating Current DC - Direct Current WEC - Wind energy converter HAWT - Horizontal-axis wind turbines VAWT - Vertical axis wind turbines PLC - Programmable Logic Controller SCADA - Supervisory control and data acquisition IO - Input Output RTU - Remote Terminal Unit FYP - Final Year Project UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Gantt Chart 41 B Ecava Visit Letter 42 C Betz Law 43 D Datasheet 2N3055 45 E Datasheet 2N6017 49 F Datasheet BC548 51 G Datasheet BD140 55 H I-Wind Vertical Axis Wind Turbine VAWT 57 Model Wind Data Specification CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will discuss the overview of project background, wind energy, problem statement, the aims and specific objectives of the project, and the project scope. The end of this chapter will list the thesis outline.

1.1 Overview of Project Background

Today most of the countries began investing in renewable energy through various programs that promote the development and testing of reliable alternative energy resources. Renewable energy resources include wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal, and geothermal. The advantages of renewable energy compare to fossil energy are producing much less pollutions than burning fossil fuels and are constantly replenished. This project basically is to design and develop one type of renewable energy mini prototype plant with SCADA system. Renewable energy resource that has been chose to generate this mini plant is wind energy. The operation of this project is wind energy are use to rotate the generator which will convert the mechanical energy that produce by the rotation to the electrical energy. Next, the voltage produce by wind turbine will be converting to require type of voltage use power electronic circuit inverter. The operation of this mini prototype plant can be monitor and control through SCADA system.

1.1.1 Wind Energy

The wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat throughout the Earths surface and the atmosphere. The origin of wind is complex. The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun resulting in the poles receiving less energy from the sun than the equator does. The dry land heats up and cools down more quickly than the seas. The differential heating powers a global atmospheric convection system reaching from the Earths surface to the stratosphere which acts as a virtual ceiling. There are the main advantages and disadvantages of wind power on the surrounding environment and the general reliability of wind turbines [3]. • The advantages of wind energy: 1. Wind energy is extremely friendly to the surrounding environment, no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. 2. Wind turbines are great resources to generate energy in remote locations from example mountain community. The turbines can be a range of different sizes in order to support varying population’s level. 3. Another advantage of wind energy is when combined with solar electricity; this energy source is great to provide a steady and reliable supply of electricity. 4. New technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient. The wind is free, and able to cash in on more and more of this free wind power. • The disadvantages of wind energy: 1. The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine and for this the use of solar power is great alternative. 2. Wind turbine construction can last over a year, be very expensive and costly to the surrounding nature environment during the build process. 3. A wind turbine can only support a specific population. Wind turbines arent like power stations, where just burn a bit more fuel to generate more energy when need it. 4. The noise pollution produces from the rotation of wind turbine.

1.2 Problem Statement

Nowadays, most of the power plants use fossil fuels as the energy to implement the operation to produce electricity to customer. As known, the capacity storage of fossil fuel energy is decreasing and its price is unstable and increases frequently. Furthermore, this energy has disadvantages by producing pollution to the environment. For example, the burning coal process, which is to generate energy to operate the power plant, will cause the air pollution. A safe and clean alternative energy is required to replace the fossil energy. This project uses renewable energy which is wind as an alternative energy to generate and produce the electricity, since it is clean and safe for environment. Besides that, with the implementation of this project, it also helps in teaching and learning development because an educational plant that being interfaced with SCADA system.

1.3 Project Objectives