II. 4. Triple Helix Model
There are three models of Triple Helix system with different characteristic in conducting collaboration among stakeholders Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff
2000 A statistic model in which the government encompasses academia and
industry and directs the relations between them Figure 3. A laissez-faire model in which academia, industry, and government
are separated from each other with strong borders dividing them and highly circumscribed relations among the spheres Figure 4.
Generating a knowledge infrastructure in terms of overlapping institutional spheres, with each taking the role of the other and with
hybrid organizations emerging at the interfaces Figure 5. Most countries and regions are presently trying to attain some form of
Triple Helix III because it can generate an innovation environment among firms large and small, operating in different areas, and with various levels of
technology, government laboratories, and academic research groups Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000.
Figure 4 A statistic model of university-industry-government relations
Figure 5 A “laissez-faire” model of university-industry-government
relations
Figure 6 The triple helix model of University-Industry-Government Relation
There is a big issue in Indonesian innovation climate for implementing the triple helix model, which is the lack of communication among industry,
government and Research CentreUniversity. For example universities or research centers usually conduct basic research as part of their daily activities; on the other
hand enterprises need an applied research for their business. If the industry uses the research results from the universities, it will take a long time with high costs
and risk for implementing it in their business Trisniawaty 2007. Besides that, there are also some challenges to run collaboration among them such as
conflicting missions, unsupportive organizational policies, and sustainability Lee 2000, Jacobson, Butterill et al. 2004.
Perkman and Walsh 2007 said there are three types of collaboration between industry and university, there are:
The first type refers to the transfer of intellectual property such as licensing, patenting and commercialization in which the interaction is
relatively weak. In this type, the legal rather than the long term relational aspect is stronger.
The second is mobility that includes academic entrepreneurship and human resource transfer, and this type has medium interaction.
The third is a relationship both in research partnerships and research services. The interaction among them in this type are high, because
they build a team consisting of the academics and the company employees, and they work together on specific projects and jointly
produce certain outputs.
This research is trying to determine which type is best used in the palm oil enterprises for their cooperation with other parties. And the research is also
preparing a formulation to improve the collaboration among them.
Implementing a triple helix model in developing countries, like Indonesia, needs a different approach. The technique used in developed countries, which
have a long history in the practice of using triple helix model, need to be adjusted before they can be used in Indonesia. Because of that, in the last few years, the
Indonesian Government tried another way to help the collaboration process between industry and university, such as allocating a considerable grant to finance
university-industry joint-research. The government hopes the grant will accelerate the collaboration between them and will strengthen the national industry Lee
2000.
The strategy described above, however, cannot run efficiently because there are still many problems in the implementation process. So, the government
needs another strategy to strengthen the collaboration among stakeholder for developing innovation in palm oil industry.
Hence, this research is trying to formulate a collaborative strategy among stakeholdersP to accelerate the development of innovation in the palm oil
industry. The triple helix model is used to see how effective the collaboration among stakeholder in the palm oil industry and how to improve the collaboration
among them.
II. 5. Conclusion
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