Landscape Characteristic of Javan Hawk-Eagle Habitat's Using Remote Sensing and GIs in Western Part of Java
Thesis
LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC
OF JAVAN HAWK-EAGLE'S HABITAT
USTNG REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
IN WESTERN PART OF JAVA
Fami Joan Patricia Kastanya
99732/MIT
Graduate Program
Bogor Agricultural Ilniversity
2001
Javan Hawkeagle Spizeafus badelsi is endemic to Java and is the dominant
avian forest predator. It has been considered to be one of the world's rarest and
most endangered birds of prey according to current lUCN threat categories
(Prawiradilaga, 1998 in Asian Raptor Research & Conservation, 1998).
The Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi lives exclusively in the forests of Java.
Its range has been fragmented over many years so that now it is only about 10%
of its former range (Sozer ef at., 1998). The study area in this research is
selected because of the increasing danger in populations of the species in the
study area by the habitat loss and degradation, and trapping for the wildlife trade.
The capabilities of the satellite imagery to capture spatial information in a large
area, especially in inaccessible, rugged and remote area, and process it are the
advantages in mapping habitat preferences. The use of G1S for input, storage,
analysis, and d~splayof spatial information is beginning to overcome these
difficulties. Remote sensing information produced by satellite or aerial
photography must be interpreted before they can be used in a G1S.
The objectives of this research, I.@. 1) to plot the locality records and determine
habitat of the specles based on the existed data; 2) quantify the landscape
structure and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the habitat
preference; 3) utilize the remote sensing, GIS technique, spatial analysis
concept, and experience gained in this research as a base for knowledge transfer
to other area.
According to the 29 sites of locality records from the existed data, habitat of
Javan hawk-eagle in western part of Java are distributed at the mountainous and
forested areas. Habitat distribution are clustered in 3 landscapes area, i.e : a)
Gede - Pangrango NP, Halimun NP, and Salak Mt. at central mountain complex
(Landscape A),
with
15 existed locality records; b) Burangrang and
Tangkubanprahu Mts. at Southern Bandung (Landscape B), with 2 existed
locality records; c) Situ Patengan, Malabar, Patuha, and Tilu Mts. at northern
Bandung (Landscape C), with 12 existed locality records.
Result of habitat preference analysis, using landscape structure and Principal
Component Analysis reinforce the interpretation of most desirable habitat of
Javan hawk-eagle, which are : forest, tea plantation, and mix vegetation,
elevation, and slope condition.
The remote sensed data combine with GIs could provide data in regional scale
and used in mapping habitat preferences. These methods can be used as
methods in formulate the conservation strategies for protection the critical habitat
of Javan hawk-eagle.
LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC
OF JAVAN HAWK - EAGLE HABITAT'S
USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIs
IN WESTERN PART OF JAVA
Farni Joan Patricia Kastanya
997321MIT
A Thesis submitted to
Graduate School of Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia
In fulfill of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Information Technology
for Natural Resources Management
Graduate Program
Bogor Agriculture University
AUGUST, 2001
Research Title
:
Landscape Characteristic of Javan Hawk-Eagle
Habitat's Using Remote Sensing and GIs in Western
Part of Java
Student Name
:
Farni Joan Patricia Kastanya
Student ID
99732
Study Program
:
Master of Science in Information Technology for
Natural Resources Management
Thesis approved by the Advisory Board:
Dr.Ir. Lfik Budi Prasetvo, M.Sc
Supervisor
Dr. Ir. Ani Mardiastuti, M.Sc
Co-supervisor
Chairman of Study Program
4bL
Dr. Ir. Handoko, M.Sc
Date: July 26h, 200 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
firrt
~ i
bf
& tro ghw
d . ~ ~
a& I w&
t w a J
h
my God and Saviour
thank/# to J e u s Christ,
p G d Y b ~ c
~
m
p
~
t
h
i
*
-
~
k
gv-
Dr. Lilik Budi Prasetyo (KSH - IPB) M y o w f w c q v e e i q p t ~ w p m w . d ~ wbee m a e
d
f
~
m
y
~
~
i
~
~
m
1
ht
an
A d e
, ~
~
t
u
~
~
~
w
i
t
GIs
& togetkerhmytkesiL,
~
c u d s u z d . y m a b f w p r ~ m w i t h .
&@,i.magedatrxr
my cn - wpmt;wr
Dr. Ani Mardiastuti (KSH - IPB), tkanloyaw fbr
- t-*
rtLeofy-evwickearywi
a n d ~ ~ r
pr&
People at MIT Program : Dr. Handoko &ead of the MIT) t h w k y o w f ~g ~i w ~ t + w &
o p p o r r ~ * ~ ; t ~ st*
~ n t. b MIT, all my instructors cha&
OW for
t b
M~~OKLUU
k * t c n u w Mas Undhyt (GIs Instructor) thavJo
p ~ f b &help
r
~ A ~ C W w
W e-&
Pak Helmi IBTIC) thank.yowfi*rdL&umwa+kd
m y q
w i MIT Staffs (Bu Rini, Dedek, Pak A r r n a n ) W w fbr your heIp w
. .
vrm &.&windyew with. c b
&
-LW
mattwk Harry thank.yor*. fur l e t r ~
c o m p t a u pr-;
Mang Jejen, Mang Yadi, MlT's Security t k a n k . y o w g q 5 , ruitkolAt
vw
yor*. thej/ w*m,not ruul, h
MIT;
M y parents (John and Siska
Q W
w
u*w-wppmT,
suppovcw I ~
W& alsah-v--
Kastanya) thank.y m h~
furyod-eprv ofma-rry
~
*
t
a
~
a
c m d x t d b and.
t
I b cy o w u.;
v
~
~
Oma Ati, aunties and uncles (T. Arda and 0. Roy (at Dhaka), T. Yessy, 0. Boy, T.
Taya and O.WeIIy, T. Lina, T. Moni and 0. Yus) thwk yuw fitr yav p m y c u d
WP-
My
brothers (Nmo and Vito) and cousins (Putri (at Dhaka), Volty, Dede, Dundee and
Merry, Michael, Gerry, Gracia, Philip, Pemmy, Rebecca, Andrew) w
fw
p r o v i a i v y ) . ~ w & a ~ ~ l X u d m o f n o v l r ~ ~ p ~ t a ~ m e j
My friends at MIT class 99 (Pak Mulyadi, Pak Nyoman, Pak Budi, Agung, HaliIi
M yo^ fbr theFLelp, *port, am&t b fi-;
Idung, Dew;, Palm, T i n ) yo^ we~ h a r d . ~ ~ p l e a s u * 1 E . o f w ~ , t h E u J o ~ 1 c z ~ ~ t h e h u o w
year&,I C o L . J d . ~ * m a d e i t ~ i t h O t t k ~ ~ ~~ W
, ekkw.....;
My friends at GIs Lab., Dept. of Geography, University of Indonesia : Mas Supriyatna
~
y
o
w
f
m
t
)
r
e
~
o
f
~ DenDen
~
~
t n y - ' ~ ~ w f i W w h e l p ~ ~ w - k * , f w ~ a y k - ~ m e
and/btUy&tbh&hw,
God&
ym....
aA.rd.ged~w&yacxWe~'kitudy;
Dra. Ratna Saraswati, MSi ( R e m e Sensing Lab., Dept. of Geography, University of
Indonesia) t h a n L y mfor d
o
w
w me w
t
bW .
w;
Yayat Uelapak Foundation) t h a n L c l 9 fiw p
~ J w a u b h a w k - ~ -
r
w
with.
relw*eulcek
~
G
W m . . .
People at h u 57 Bogor : Ibu Yuspar W w f o r ,Goa......;
mbak
Sila,
Yuni,
Friska,
Eka,
Cici,
Rmi,
Tipeh
itb- &VP
gveat,
w-fbvyarr-ixlg.cutdwp-tq
f ~ ~ f ; z v + h ~ ~
, d-yacc.....;
Oly, Iwan and Iyung W k f w h s u p p o v t ; i t h a Q . h x z g r e d t * k n m u y a c r
Bogor, August ,200 1
Farni Joan Patricia Kasran ya
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
APPROVAL SHEET (SUPERVISOR COMMISION)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .........................................................................
.i
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................
II
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V.I
LIST OF .4PPENDICES ........................................................................
WI
LIST OF hlAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v. ~ i i
I.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ..................................... I
.
.
1 . 2 Object lves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3
I
DESCRIPTlON OF THE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4
2.1 tocarion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 . 3 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4
2 3 General Land Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 6
Ill .
LITERATURE REVIEWS .............................................................
3.1 ~ e J a v a n H a w k ~ g l e S p i z e a ~ l r s b o r i.....................................
elsi
3.1.1 Taxonomy ...............................................................
3.1.2 Distribution of Javan Hawk-eagle in West Java .....................
3.1.3 Habitat Preference .......................................................
8
8
8
8
11
3.1.4 HomeRange ..............................................................
11
3.1 .5 Feeding Ecology .........................................................
12
3.1.6 Nesting ....................................................................
13
3.1.7 Habitat Loss and Degradation .......................................... 14
3 -2 Landscape Structure...............................................................
-14
..................................................................
3.2.1 Patch
14
3 .2.2 Spatial Pattern Analysis ............................................ I 5
3.3 Renlde Sensing Techniques ..................................................... - 1 5
3.3. i Geometric Correction .................................................
16
3.3.2 Image Classification ................................................... I6
23 3
Unsupervised Classification .......................................... 17
3.3.4 Postclassification Smoothing....................................... 18
3 4 Geographical Lnformatim Systems (CIS).................................... -18
3.4.I
Geosraphic Information System Data .............................. 19
3.4.2 Spatial Data Approaches ............................................. I 9
3.4.3 Spatial Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.4.4 Integrated Analysis of Spatial and Attribute Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3 5 Remote Sensing and GIs in Landscape Ecology ............................ 22
Remote Sensing and Landscape Ecology........................... 22
GIs and Landscape Ecology ......................................... 23
Remote Sensing and CIS for Habitat Mapping ................... 24
3.6 Principal Component Analysis ................................................... 24
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
METHODS AND PROCEDURES.................................................
IV .
27
4.1 Period...............................................................................
27
4.2 Data Sources.......................................................................
27
4.3 Required Tools.....................................................................
28
4 4 Methods ............................................................................
28
..................................................
4.4.1 Image Prmessing
28
4.4.2 Quantifying Landscape Structure............................... 32
4.4.3 Slope Calculation ................................................. 35
.
4.4.4 Principal Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
V.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1 Determine the Habitat Area of the J a m Hawk-eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
5.2 Land Cover of Javan hawk-eagle Habitat's .................................... 37
5.3 Habitat Preference ...............................................................
38
5.3.1 Landscape A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
5 . 3 . 2 Landscape I3.................................................................. 39
5 .3 .3 Landscape C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5 . 3 . 3 Landscape Structure......................................................... 39
--
5 3.4.1 Area Metric (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.4.2 Patch Size and Variability Metrics (NUMP,MPS, PSSD,
PSCOV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.4.3 Edge Metrics (TE, ED). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3.4.4 Shape Metrics (MSI, MPFD) ...................................... 47
5 . 3 4.5 Nearest Neighbour Metrics (MNN, MPi) ......................... 48
5 -3 .4.6 Dtversity Metrics (SDI, SEI) ....................................... 30
5 . 3 . 4 . 7 Interspersion Metric (IJI)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
5 - 3 3 Principal Component Analysis for Javan hawkeagle
Hab~tats ......................................................................
'
1
52
5.4 Lirnitatims of the Research ..................................................... -56
. .
5 . 5 Management Implicat~on........................................................ 57
VI .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 58
6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................
58
6.2 Recommendations................................................................
59
REFERENCES ..................................................................................
-60
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Slope Classification
Table 2. Land Cover Composition of Javan hawkegle Habitat's
Table 3. Class indices for Forest Patch for J a m hawk-eagle Habitat's
Table 4. Landscape Indices for J a m hawk-eagle Habitat's
Table 5 . Correlation Coefficient between 16 variables of J a m hawk-
eagle Habitat's
Table 6 . Eigenanalysis of correlations of Javan hawk-eagle Habitat's
LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC
OF JAVAN HAWK-EAGLE'S HABITAT
USTNG REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
IN WESTERN PART OF JAVA
Fami Joan Patricia Kastanya
99732/MIT
Graduate Program
Bogor Agricultural Ilniversity
2001
Javan Hawkeagle Spizeafus badelsi is endemic to Java and is the dominant
avian forest predator. It has been considered to be one of the world's rarest and
most endangered birds of prey according to current lUCN threat categories
(Prawiradilaga, 1998 in Asian Raptor Research & Conservation, 1998).
The Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi lives exclusively in the forests of Java.
Its range has been fragmented over many years so that now it is only about 10%
of its former range (Sozer ef at., 1998). The study area in this research is
selected because of the increasing danger in populations of the species in the
study area by the habitat loss and degradation, and trapping for the wildlife trade.
The capabilities of the satellite imagery to capture spatial information in a large
area, especially in inaccessible, rugged and remote area, and process it are the
advantages in mapping habitat preferences. The use of G1S for input, storage,
analysis, and d~splayof spatial information is beginning to overcome these
difficulties. Remote sensing information produced by satellite or aerial
photography must be interpreted before they can be used in a G1S.
The objectives of this research, I.@. 1) to plot the locality records and determine
habitat of the specles based on the existed data; 2) quantify the landscape
structure and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the habitat
preference; 3) utilize the remote sensing, GIS technique, spatial analysis
concept, and experience gained in this research as a base for knowledge transfer
to other area.
According to the 29 sites of locality records from the existed data, habitat of
Javan hawk-eagle in western part of Java are distributed at the mountainous and
forested areas. Habitat distribution are clustered in 3 landscapes area, i.e : a)
Gede - Pangrango NP, Halimun NP, and Salak Mt. at central mountain complex
(Landscape A),
with
15 existed locality records; b) Burangrang and
Tangkubanprahu Mts. at Southern Bandung (Landscape B), with 2 existed
locality records; c) Situ Patengan, Malabar, Patuha, and Tilu Mts. at northern
Bandung (Landscape C), with 12 existed locality records.
Result of habitat preference analysis, using landscape structure and Principal
Component Analysis reinforce the interpretation of most desirable habitat of
Javan hawk-eagle, which are : forest, tea plantation, and mix vegetation,
elevation, and slope condition.
The remote sensed data combine with GIs could provide data in regional scale
and used in mapping habitat preferences. These methods can be used as
methods in formulate the conservation strategies for protection the critical habitat
of Javan hawk-eagle.
LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC
OF JAVAN HAWK - EAGLE HABITAT'S
USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIs
IN WESTERN PART OF JAVA
Farni Joan Patricia Kastanya
997321MIT
A Thesis submitted to
Graduate School of Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia
In fulfill of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Information Technology
for Natural Resources Management
Graduate Program
Bogor Agriculture University
AUGUST, 2001
Research Title
:
Landscape Characteristic of Javan Hawk-Eagle
Habitat's Using Remote Sensing and GIs in Western
Part of Java
Student Name
:
Farni Joan Patricia Kastanya
Student ID
99732
Study Program
:
Master of Science in Information Technology for
Natural Resources Management
Thesis approved by the Advisory Board:
Dr.Ir. Lfik Budi Prasetvo, M.Sc
Supervisor
Dr. Ir. Ani Mardiastuti, M.Sc
Co-supervisor
Chairman of Study Program
4bL
Dr. Ir. Handoko, M.Sc
Date: July 26h, 200 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
firrt
~ i
bf
& tro ghw
d . ~ ~
a& I w&
t w a J
h
my God and Saviour
thank/# to J e u s Christ,
p G d Y b ~ c
~
m
p
~
t
h
i
*
-
~
k
gv-
Dr. Lilik Budi Prasetyo (KSH - IPB) M y o w f w c q v e e i q p t ~ w p m w . d ~ wbee m a e
d
f
~
m
y
~
~
i
~
~
m
1
ht
an
A d e
, ~
~
t
u
~
~
~
w
i
t
GIs
& togetkerhmytkesiL,
~
c u d s u z d . y m a b f w p r ~ m w i t h .
&@,i.magedatrxr
my cn - wpmt;wr
Dr. Ani Mardiastuti (KSH - IPB), tkanloyaw fbr
- t-*
rtLeofy-evwickearywi
a n d ~ ~ r
pr&
People at MIT Program : Dr. Handoko &ead of the MIT) t h w k y o w f ~g ~i w ~ t + w &
o p p o r r ~ * ~ ; t ~ st*
~ n t. b MIT, all my instructors cha&
OW for
t b
M~~OKLUU
k * t c n u w Mas Undhyt (GIs Instructor) thavJo
p ~ f b &help
r
~ A ~ C W w
W e-&
Pak Helmi IBTIC) thank.yowfi*rdL&umwa+kd
m y q
w i MIT Staffs (Bu Rini, Dedek, Pak A r r n a n ) W w fbr your heIp w
. .
vrm &.&windyew with. c b
&
-LW
mattwk Harry thank.yor*. fur l e t r ~
c o m p t a u pr-;
Mang Jejen, Mang Yadi, MlT's Security t k a n k . y o w g q 5 , ruitkolAt
vw
yor*. thej/ w*m,not ruul, h
MIT;
M y parents (John and Siska
Q W
w
u*w-wppmT,
suppovcw I ~
W& alsah-v--
Kastanya) thank.y m h~
furyod-eprv ofma-rry
~
*
t
a
~
a
c m d x t d b and.
t
I b cy o w u.;
v
~
~
Oma Ati, aunties and uncles (T. Arda and 0. Roy (at Dhaka), T. Yessy, 0. Boy, T.
Taya and O.WeIIy, T. Lina, T. Moni and 0. Yus) thwk yuw fitr yav p m y c u d
WP-
My
brothers (Nmo and Vito) and cousins (Putri (at Dhaka), Volty, Dede, Dundee and
Merry, Michael, Gerry, Gracia, Philip, Pemmy, Rebecca, Andrew) w
fw
p r o v i a i v y ) . ~ w & a ~ ~ l X u d m o f n o v l r ~ ~ p ~ t a ~ m e j
My friends at MIT class 99 (Pak Mulyadi, Pak Nyoman, Pak Budi, Agung, HaliIi
M yo^ fbr theFLelp, *port, am&t b fi-;
Idung, Dew;, Palm, T i n ) yo^ we~ h a r d . ~ ~ p l e a s u * 1 E . o f w ~ , t h E u J o ~ 1 c z ~ ~ t h e h u o w
year&,I C o L . J d . ~ * m a d e i t ~ i t h O t t k ~ ~ ~~ W
, ekkw.....;
My friends at GIs Lab., Dept. of Geography, University of Indonesia : Mas Supriyatna
~
y
o
w
f
m
t
)
r
e
~
o
f
~ DenDen
~
~
t n y - ' ~ ~ w f i W w h e l p ~ ~ w - k * , f w ~ a y k - ~ m e
and/btUy&tbh&hw,
God&
ym....
aA.rd.ged~w&yacxWe~'kitudy;
Dra. Ratna Saraswati, MSi ( R e m e Sensing Lab., Dept. of Geography, University of
Indonesia) t h a n L y mfor d
o
w
w me w
t
bW .
w;
Yayat Uelapak Foundation) t h a n L c l 9 fiw p
~ J w a u b h a w k - ~ -
r
w
with.
relw*eulcek
~
G
W m . . .
People at h u 57 Bogor : Ibu Yuspar W w f o r ,Goa......;
mbak
Sila,
Yuni,
Friska,
Eka,
Cici,
Rmi,
Tipeh
itb- &VP
gveat,
w-fbvyarr-ixlg.cutdwp-tq
f ~ ~ f ; z v + h ~ ~
, d-yacc.....;
Oly, Iwan and Iyung W k f w h s u p p o v t ; i t h a Q . h x z g r e d t * k n m u y a c r
Bogor, August ,200 1
Farni Joan Patricia Kasran ya
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
APPROVAL SHEET (SUPERVISOR COMMISION)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .........................................................................
.i
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................
II
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V.I
LIST OF .4PPENDICES ........................................................................
WI
LIST OF hlAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v. ~ i i
I.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ..................................... I
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1 . 2 Object lves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3
I
DESCRIPTlON OF THE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4
2.1 tocarion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 . 3 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4
2 3 General Land Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 6
Ill .
LITERATURE REVIEWS .............................................................
3.1 ~ e J a v a n H a w k ~ g l e S p i z e a ~ l r s b o r i.....................................
elsi
3.1.1 Taxonomy ...............................................................
3.1.2 Distribution of Javan Hawk-eagle in West Java .....................
3.1.3 Habitat Preference .......................................................
8
8
8
8
11
3.1.4 HomeRange ..............................................................
11
3.1 .5 Feeding Ecology .........................................................
12
3.1.6 Nesting ....................................................................
13
3.1.7 Habitat Loss and Degradation .......................................... 14
3 -2 Landscape Structure...............................................................
-14
..................................................................
3.2.1 Patch
14
3 .2.2 Spatial Pattern Analysis ............................................ I 5
3.3 Renlde Sensing Techniques ..................................................... - 1 5
3.3. i Geometric Correction .................................................
16
3.3.2 Image Classification ................................................... I6
23 3
Unsupervised Classification .......................................... 17
3.3.4 Postclassification Smoothing....................................... 18
3 4 Geographical Lnformatim Systems (CIS).................................... -18
3.4.I
Geosraphic Information System Data .............................. 19
3.4.2 Spatial Data Approaches ............................................. I 9
3.4.3 Spatial Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.4.4 Integrated Analysis of Spatial and Attribute Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3 5 Remote Sensing and GIs in Landscape Ecology ............................ 22
Remote Sensing and Landscape Ecology........................... 22
GIs and Landscape Ecology ......................................... 23
Remote Sensing and CIS for Habitat Mapping ................... 24
3.6 Principal Component Analysis ................................................... 24
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
METHODS AND PROCEDURES.................................................
IV .
27
4.1 Period...............................................................................
27
4.2 Data Sources.......................................................................
27
4.3 Required Tools.....................................................................
28
4 4 Methods ............................................................................
28
..................................................
4.4.1 Image Prmessing
28
4.4.2 Quantifying Landscape Structure............................... 32
4.4.3 Slope Calculation ................................................. 35
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4.4.4 Principal Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
V.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1 Determine the Habitat Area of the J a m Hawk-eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
5.2 Land Cover of Javan hawk-eagle Habitat's .................................... 37
5.3 Habitat Preference ...............................................................
38
5.3.1 Landscape A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
5 . 3 . 2 Landscape I3.................................................................. 39
5 .3 .3 Landscape C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5 . 3 . 3 Landscape Structure......................................................... 39
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5 3.4.1 Area Metric (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.4.2 Patch Size and Variability Metrics (NUMP,MPS, PSSD,
PSCOV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.4.3 Edge Metrics (TE, ED). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3.4.4 Shape Metrics (MSI, MPFD) ...................................... 47
5 . 3 4.5 Nearest Neighbour Metrics (MNN, MPi) ......................... 48
5 -3 .4.6 Dtversity Metrics (SDI, SEI) ....................................... 30
5 . 3 . 4 . 7 Interspersion Metric (IJI)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
5 - 3 3 Principal Component Analysis for Javan hawkeagle
Hab~tats ......................................................................
'
1
52
5.4 Lirnitatims of the Research ..................................................... -56
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5 . 5 Management Implicat~on........................................................ 57
VI .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 58
6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................
58
6.2 Recommendations................................................................
59
REFERENCES ..................................................................................
-60
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Slope Classification
Table 2. Land Cover Composition of Javan hawkegle Habitat's
Table 3. Class indices for Forest Patch for J a m hawk-eagle Habitat's
Table 4. Landscape Indices for J a m hawk-eagle Habitat's
Table 5 . Correlation Coefficient between 16 variables of J a m hawk-
eagle Habitat's
Table 6 . Eigenanalysis of correlations of Javan hawk-eagle Habitat's