CHAPTER TITLE
PAGE
CHAPTER 4 4.4 Splitting the Volume 36
4.5 Edge Meshing 38
4.6 Volume meshing 39 4.7 Mesh Quality Check
39 4.7.1 Mesh quality at x-direction
40 4.7.2 Mesh quality at y-direction
41 4.7.3 Mesh quality at z-direction
41 4.7.4 Mesh quality of combination of
42 x, y and z-direction
4.8 Mesh export 42
CHAPTER 5 MODEL SETUP 43
5.1 Model Setup Step 43
5.1.1 Selecting viscous model 43
5.1.2 Determine the equation into 44
Simulation 5.1.3
Creating Material 45
5.1.4 Boundary condition setup
46 5.1.5
Iteration 49
CHAPTER 6 WIND TUNNEL TESTING 50 6.1 Introduction 50
6.2 Model Fabrication 51
6.3 Preparation process of Wind Tunnel Testing 54 6.4 Calibration 55
6.5 Wind Tunnel Testing 57
CHAPTER 7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 58 7.1 Introduction
59 7.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD 59
Result 7.2.1 Drag Force Result
62
7.3 Wind Tunnel Testing Result 64 7.3.1 Coefficient of drag calculation 65
7.4 Discussion 66 7.4.1 Comparison of Drag Force 66
7.5 Difference between result between CFD 67 and Wind Tunnel Testing
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION
68 8.1 Conclusion
68 8.2 Recommendations 69
REFERENCES 70
BIBLIOGRAFI 72
APPENDICES 73
LIST OF TABLE
NO. TITLE
PAGE
1 Model data 50
2 Spring balance reading 56
3 Technical Data for UteM Wind Tunnel 57 4 Wind Tunnel Testing Data
64
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Figure of Ahmed model
5 2.2
Boundary layer velocity gradient 10
2.3 Laminaturbulent boundary layer transition
12 Low speed
2.4 Laminaturbulent boundary layer transition
13 High speed
2.5 Flow separation and reattachment
13 2.6
Project Flow Chart 24
2.7 Rounded boundaries and rear end sector of 26
Ahmed model 2.8
Front and back body of the model with a 26
rectangular cross section 2.9
One side of half model
27
3.0 The two parts of the model will be combined at
28 the dwell, denoted in dotted lines in the center
3.1
Fused Deposition Modeling machine 31 3.2
Model tested at 0
o
of angle of attack and 31
zero yaw plan view 3.3
Subsonic Wind Tunnel 32
3.4 Ahmed model in Solidworks
35 3.5
Ahmed model in GAMBIT before 36
modification
3.6 The Ahmed model is sweep from selected 36
face to form a volume 3.7
The new volume is split rom its main 36
volume 3.8
The extra volume out of the geometry is 37
deleted 3.9
New volume created from sweep the face 37
selected by reference to vertex 4.0
Complete volume of Ahmed model CFD 38
simulation 4.1
Plotting node on the edge 38
4.2 3 edges selected before meshing the volume
38 4.3
Volume meshed side view 39
4.4 Volume meshed
39 4.5
Cell aspect ratio 39
4.6 Cell skewness
39 4.7
Cell growth rate 40
4.8 Alignment to the flow
40 4.9 View of mesh quality at equiangle skew
40 5.0
View of mesh quality at aspect ratio 40
5.1 View of mesh quality at equiangle skew
41 5.2
View of mesh quality at aspect ratio 41
5.3 View of mesh quality at equiangle skew
41 5.4
View of mesh quality at aspect ratio 41
5.5 View of mesh quality at equiangle skew
42 full volume
5.6 Figure of complete mesh model
42 5.7
Viscous model screen Ahmed model 44
5.8 Energy Equation screen
45 5.9
Materials screen 45
6.0 Boundary conditions on Ahmed model CFD geometry 46
6.1 Boundary conditions screen 47 6.2
Velocity Inlet screen 47 6.3
Ahmed model 48
6.4 Iterate screen
49 6.5
CAD model drawing 51
6.6 ABS plastic
6.7 Process of making the model in rapid prototyping machine 52
6.8 Rapid prototyping machine
53 6.9
The 1:9 scale of Ahmed model 53
7.0 Side view of Ahmed model
54 7.1
Mounting is made for center of gravity position 54
7.2 Lift Calibration
55 7.3
Drag calibration 55
7.4 Drag calibration
55 7.5
Calibration Graph for Wind Tunnel Test 56
7.6 Wind Tunnel
57 7.7
Wind Tunnel Testing 58
7.8 The converged result
60 7.9
Contours of Velocity Magnitude 61
8.0 Contours of Static Pressure on Ahmed model
62 8.1
Value of Ahmed model drag at 30ms 63
8.2 Model testing figure
64
8.3 Comparison of Drag force
66
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CFD = Computational Fluid Dynamics
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background research
Kategori