xvi Chapt er II consist s of lit erat ur e r eview r elat ed t o t he t opics of discussion. This
chapt er cont ent s of six t opics. The t opics ar e t he definit ion of t eaching and learning, young learners, English skills, t eaching English skills t o young learners, t he definit ion of
gam es, and t he use of games in t eaching English. The t opics above w ill be explained det ail bellow:
A. Teaching and Learning
1. Teaching
Teaching is an act ivit y bet w een t eachers and st udent s in t ransferring know ledge during t eaching- learning process. According t o Longman Dict ionary of Cont em por ary
English 2003:1700, Teach is t o give lessons in a school, college or universit y, or t o help
someone learn about somet hing by giving t hem informat ion. Teaching is helping and guiding someone t o st udy about somet hing. As st at ed by
Brow n “ Teaching is show ing or helping som eone t o learn how t o do som et hing, giving inst ruct ions, guiding in t he st udy of somet hing, providing w it h know ledge” , Br ow n,
2000:7. Teaching is t he process of f acilit at ing and enabling someone t o learn. In a t eaching process, t eachers have an import ant r ole in holding t he act ivit y.
Teachers are t he leader in t he class managem ent . Ther efor e, a good t eacher should have a good m et hod of t eaching. According t o Harmer, t he success of a t eaching
met hod depends on good or ganizat ion and on t he st udent s know ing exact ly w hat t hey are t o do Harmer, 1991:239.
M oreover, Harmer explains t he charact er ist ics of a good t eacher are:
xvii
1.
Teachers should make t heir lessons int erest ing.
2.
Teachers must love her his job.
3.
Teachers should have lot s of know ledge.
4.
A good t eacher is an ent ert ainer in a posit ive sense, not a negat ive sense. Harmer, 1998:1-2
2. Learning
Learning is get t ing know ledge. Based on t he Longm an Dict ionary of Cont emporary English
2003:916, Learn is t o gain know ledge of a subject or skill by experience, by st udying it , or by being t aught . Learning is t he process or experience of
gaining know ledge or skill. Similarly, Brow n says t hat learning is acquiring or get t ing of know ledge of a
subject or a skill by st udy, experience, or inst ruct ion Brow n, 2000:7. It means t hat learning is t he process of someone t o know ing somet hing by pract ice it .
M oreover, Brow n breaks dow n t he component s of t he def init ion of learning,
a.
Learning is acquisit ion or get t ing.
b.
Learning is ret ent ion of inf ormat ion or skill.
c.
Learning involves act ive, conscious f ocus on and act ing upon event s out side or inside t he organism.
d.
Learning involves som e form or pract ice, perhaps reinf orced pract ice. Brow n, 2000:7
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B. Young Learners
