10
Frequency Frequency
Frequency Frequency
SPECIES Seasonally
Flooded Permanently
Flooded SPECIES
Seasonally Flooded
Permanently Flooded
Cleistopholis patens 6
Sarcocephalus pobeguinii 35
1 Coelocaryon oxycarpum
9 Spondianthus preussi
78 8
Cynometra ananta 4
Symphonia globulifera 81
79 Diospyros chevalieri
25 9
Synsepalum brevipes 8
Euginea calophylloides 13
Syzygium rowlandii 140
136 Euginea afzelii
5 16
Tetracera offinis 1
12 Ficus tricopoda
9 13
Treculia Africana 23
Ficus vogeliana 1
Tricalysia coriacea 21
Garcinia smeathmannii 32
Tetrorchidium didymostemon 1
Gardenia imperialis 72
8 Tabernaemontana africana
8 Hallea ledermannii
54 90
Uapaca heudelotii 2
5 Hereteiria utilis
19 Uapaca paludosa
65 260
Vitex grandifolia 2
1 Xylopia rubescens
47 95
3.2 SOIL CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DYNAMICS
Soil chemical properties presented in this section include pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable aluminium and exchangeable
hydrogen. The results demonstrate soil nutrients distribution in the different sites and at different depth classes.
Though the soil samples were taken at different intervals up to a depth of 100 cm, the results are presented in two depth classes 0-30 and 30-100 cm. This is because the IPCC
recommends carbon accounting to the top 30 cm; however, the team also wanted to show what is happening at deeper depths.
3.2.1 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Soil pH Results of the study indicated that there was neither a significant difference in pH from the 0
– 30 cm and 30 – 100 cm depths F = 0.12, df = 1, P = 0.727, nor in the interaction between the two soil depth classes and the different sites in the study area F = 7.19, df = 16, P =
0.476. Figure 5 shows soil pH variation at two depths at the sampled sites.
11
Figure 5 Soil pH variation at two depth classes at different sites
Soil Carbon Content Soil organic carbon content showed significant difference between the two depth classes 0 –
30 cm and 30 – 100 cm and the interaction between depth F = 70.1, df = 1, P = ˂0.001 and site F = 6.59, df = 16, P = ˂0.001.
Overall, the upper soil class had significantly higher carbon content than the lower depth class. With regard to depth and site interaction, the lower depth had significantly higher
organic carbon content than the upper depth class at Kofi Jaman 3, Twenen 1 and at Alanda 1. However, at the rest of the sites the difference in carbon content between the two depth
classes was not significant. Figure 6 shows soil organic carbon variation at two depths at different sites.
12
Figure 6 Soil carbon content variation at two depth classes at different sites
Total Nitrogen N There was a significant difference in mean total N between the two depth classes F = 173.29,
df = 1, P = ˂ 0.001 and in the interaction between depth and site F = 2.94, df = 16, P = 0.001.
The upper soil class had a significantly higher percent N 1.06 than lower depth class 0.65. In terms of sites, Kofi Jaman 3, Kofi Jaman 1, Alanda 1, Aloapoke 2, Aloapoke 1, Twenen 2,
Aloapoke 3, Twenen 1, Alanda Wharf 3 and Ebonloa 3 had significantly higher total N at the upper depth class compared the lower depth class. Figure 7 shows Total N variation at two
depths at each sites.
13
Figure 7 Total Nitrogen variation at two depth classes at different sites
Potassium K There was a significant difference in K content between the two depth classes F = 55.74, df
1, P = ˂0.001, as well as in the interaction between depth and site F = 1.92, df 16, P = 0.034.
The upper depth class had a significantly higher K content than the lower depth class. With regard to the interaction between the different sites and depth, Aloapoke 2, Aloapoke 1,
Alanda Wharf 3, Alanda Wharf 1, Ebonloa 1, Alanda and Wharf 2 had a significantly high K content at the upper depth class. Figure 8 shows potassium variation at two depths at different
sites.
14
Figure 8 Potassium content variation at two depth classes at different sites
Phosphurus P There was a significant difference in P content between the two depth classes F = 42.18,
df=1, P = ˂0.001, as well as the interaction between depth and site F = 2.44, df 16, P = 0.006.
The upper soil class had a significantly higher P content than the lower soil class. However, only sites at Twenen 1, Alanda 2, Kofi Jaman 1, Kofi Jaman 4, Kofi Jaman 5, Alanda 1,
Ebonloa 3 did not record significantly higher P content in the upper soil class than the lower soil class. Figure 9 shows soil phosphorus variation at two depths at different sites.
15
Figure 9 Phosphorus variation at two depth classes at different sites
Hydrogen concentration H Results of the study indicated that there was neither a significant difference in pH from the 0
– 30 cm and 30 – 100 cm depths F = 2.88, df = 1, P = 0.094, nor in the interaction between the two soil depth classes and the different sites in the study area F = 1.1.3, df = 16, P =
0.350. Figure 10 shows soil Hydrogen variation at two depths at different sites.
16
Figure 10 Hydrogen content variation at two depth classes at different sites
Aluminium concentration Al There was a significant difference in Al content between the two depth classes F = 6.08,
df=1, P = 0.016. The difference was also significant in the interaction between depth and site F = 7.42, df = 16, P = ˂0.001.
The lower soil class had a significantly higher Al content than the upper soil class. However, only the Aloapoke 1 and Aloapoke 3 sites recorded significantly higher Al content in the
lower soil class than the upper soil class. Figure 11 shows Aluminium variation at the two depths at the different sites.
17
Figure 11 Aluminium variation at two depth classes at different sites Table 5 Distribution of pH, N, P, and K at two depth classes at different sites
Site Depth
cm pH
SE N
SE P
cmolkg
SE K
cmolkg
SE ALOAPOKE 2
0-30 2.9
9 0.3
3 1.37
0.0 7
38.88 5.61
0.40 0.1
1 30-100
3.1 0.3
0.98 0.0
7 14.60
2.91 0.10
0.0 1
ALOAPOKE 1 0-30
3.1 5
0.0 4
1.63 0.1
2 57.88
4.52 0.30
0.0 6
30-100 3.1
7 0.1
1 0.81
0.0 9
24.91 1.98
0.13 0.0
5 TWENEN 2
0-30 2.9
2 0.0
3 1.73
0.0 4
54.01 3.47
0.21 0.0
1 30-100
3.1 2
0.0 8
1.20 0.1
4 24.86
3.09 0.11
0.0 3
TWENEN 1 0-30
3.4 8
0.0 5
1.31 0.1
2 43.21
4.15 0.16
0.0 3
30-100 3.6
1 0.1
0.54 0.0
4 34.70
7.87 0.04
0.0 1
ALANDA WHARF 3
0-30 3.8
0.0 4
1.43 0.0
6 53.88
5.40 0.43
0.1 8
30-100 3.7
6 0.0
5 0.80
0.0 5
15.04 2.07
0.09 0.0
1 ALANDA 2
0-30 3.9
2 0.0
8 0.87
0.1 64.62
10.8 6
0.18 0.0
3
18
Site Depth
cm pH
SE N
SE P
cmolkg
SE K
cmolkg
SE 30-100
3.9 2
0.0 6
0.82 0.0
5 55.68
5.57 0.10
0.0 1
KOFI JAMAN 3 0-30
3.9 4
0.1 1
0.74 0.0
6 50.43
12.7 5
0.14 0.0
3 30-100
4.2 5
0.0 5
0.34 0.0
6 23.53
4.05 0.04
0.0 KOFI JAMAN 1
0-30 3.7
5 0.1
3 0.57
0.0 7
48.90 6.97
0.15 0.0
4 30-100
3.8 2
0.1 4
0.21 0.0
5 35.24
5.05 0.05
0.0 1
KOFI JAMAN 4 0-30
4.0 6
0.0 7
0.36 0.0
4 14.41
3.44 0.14
0.0 4
30-100 4.2
6 0.0
2 0.21
0.0 3
13.98 1.86
0.05 0.0
1 ALANDA 1
0-30 3.8
6 0.0
9 0.98
0.1 7
30.26 5.34
0.13 0.0
2 30-100
4.0 3
0.1 6
0.51 0.1
5 22.67
3.82 0.04
0.0 1
ALANDA WHARF 1
0-30 3.4
6 0.0
8 1.25
0.1 5
49.77 19.7
3 0.35
0.1 2
30-100 3.5
2 0.0
7 0.85
0.1 10.19
1.84 0.11
0.0 3
EBONLOA 3 0-30
3.8 7
0.1 7
0.50 0.0
6 23.05
3.14 0.10
0.0 2
30-100 4.7
7 0.4
3 0.22
0.0 4
13.90 1.50
0.04 0.0
EBONLOA 1 0-30
3.7 1
0.2 5
1.58 0.1
2 9.00
1.19 0.37
0.1 1
30-100 3.4
4 0.2
1.15 0.1
8 25.32
4.00 0.06
0.0 2
ALANDA WHARF 2
0-30 3.3
5 0.0
8 1.68
0.1 47.45
4.58 0.38
0.0 3
30-100 3.4
3 0.0
8 1.30
0.1 1
21.11 6.58
0.21 0.0
5 ALOAPOKE 3
0-30 3.3
2 0.0
7 1.33
0.1 4
50.17 10.3
8 0.18
0.0 2
30-100 3.0
7 0.0
8 0.81
0.0 7
26.67 4.60
0.23 0.0
8 KOFI JAMAN 3
0-30 3.9
4 0.1
1 0.74
0.0 6
50.43 12.7
5 0.14
0.0 3
30-100 4.2
5 0.0
5 0.34
0.0 6
23.53 4.05
0.04 0.0
KOFI JAMAN 2 0-30
4.2 1
0.1 7
0.27 0.0
9 65.62
6.40 0.13
0.0 1
30-100 3.6
8 0.1
8 0.20
0.0 5
33.12 4.97
0.04 0.0
1
19
Table 6 Distribution of H, C, and Al at two depth classes at different sites Site
Depth cm H cmolkg SE C SE
Al cmolkg SE
ALOAPOKE 2 0-30
2.13 0.25 7.95 0.08
3.80 0.15
30-100 6.93
4.40 7.90 0.14 5.23
1.06 ALOAPOKE 1
0-30 2.60
0.40 7.87 0.11 4.17
0.28 30-100
4.00 0.30 8.06 0.04
10.97 2.32
TWENEN 2 0-30
3.37 0.09 8.07 0.02
5.75 0.31
30-100 3.05
0.33 7.91 0.05 6.25
0.53 TWENEN 1
0-30 4.43
0.35 8.01 0.02 6.83
0.61 30-100
5.17 0.49 7.45 0.49
5.47 1.03
ALANDA WHARF 3 0-30 4.47
0.68 7.49 0.23 6.27
0.78 30-100
4.90 0.40 7.06 0.36
4.85 0.55
ALANDA 2 0-30
3.03 0.51 7.98 0.03
4.43 0.23
30-100 3.70
0.41 7.93 0.04 4.83
0.31 KOFI JAMAN 3
0-30 2.83
0.40 6.50 0.85 3.20
0.27 30-100
2.53 0.13 3.91 0.90
2.50 0.15
KOFI JAMAN 1 0-30
2.92 0.31 5.17 0.89
4.00 0.13
30-100 3.25
0.11 4.00 0.76 3.73
0.36 KOFI JAMAN 4
0-30 2.63
0.35 3.22 0.75 2.90
0.17 30-100
2.40 0.23 1.26 0.08
3.17 0.30
ALANDA 1 0-30
2.97 0.33 7.22 0.54
3.00 0.46
30-1000 2.73
0.24 4.54 1.04 4.43
0.50 ALANDA WHARF 1 0-30
3.87 0.42 7.77 0.15
5.70 0.32
30-100 3.60
0.39 7.78 0.20 5.37
0.58 EBONLOA 3
0-30 2.50
0.08 4.51 1.07 2.88
0.60 30-100
2.37 0.19 1.20 0.16
1.90 0.22
EBONLOA 1 0-30
3.77 0.25 7.63 0.57
2.97 0.36
30-100 2.47
0.28 1.75 0.25 1.60
0.17 ALANDA WHARF 2 0-30
3.13 0.24 7.79 0.16
5.10 0.24
30-100 3.43
0.33 7.77 0.14 5.03
0.37 ALOAPOKE 3
0-30 2.77
0.33 7.91 0.09 5.23
0.53 30-100
4.87 0.40 8.03 0.04
8.80 1.16
KOFI JAMAN 3 0-30
2.83 0.40 6.50 0.85
3.20 0.27
30-100 2.53
0.13 3.91 0.90 2.50
0.15 KOFI JAMAN 2
0-30 1.66
0.39 2.46 0.37 3.27
0.52 30-100
2.10 0.37 1.07 0.03
3.10 0.29
3.2.2 SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
