3-D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits Stored at Different Temperature
'.
Ｍ Ｇ Ｎｾ
E ROPEAN JOURNAL OF
CIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
Vol 79 No 3
June, 2012
USD $25.00
CAD $30.00
III
o
71361 06121 7
ｾ
01>
ISSN: 1450- :Il6X
European Journal of Scientific Research
ISSN: 1450-216X
Volume 79, No 3 June, 2012
Editorial Advisory Board
Maika Mitchell, Columbia University Mcdical Ccntcr
Prabhat K. Mahanti, University ofNcw I3runswick
Parag Garhyan, Auburn University
Morteza Shahbazi, Edinburgh University
J ｩ｡ｮｦｾｬＱｧ
Chai, University of Akron
Raj Rajagopalan, National University of Singaporc
Sang-Eon Park, Inha Univcrsity
Said Elnashaie, Auburn University
Subrata Chowdhury, University of Rhode Island
Ghasem-Ali Omrani, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ajay K. Ray, ational University of Singapore
Mutwakil afi, China University of Geosciences
Felix Ayadi, Texas Southcrn University
Bansi Sawhney, University of Baltimore
David Wang, Hsuan Chuang University
Cornel is A. Los, Kazakh-British Technical University
Tcrcsa Smith, Univcrsity of South Carolina
Ranjit Biswas, Philadelphia University
Chiaku Chukwuogor-Ndu, Eastern Connecticut State University
M. Femi Ayadi, University of Houston-Clcar Lake
Emmanuel Anoruo, Coppin State University
H. Young Baek, Nova Southeastem University
Mohand-Said Oukil, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
David Wang, Chung Yuan Christian Univcrsity
Cornel is A. Los, Kazakh-British Technical University
Abdul Jalil, Wuhan University
Wen-jen Hsich, ational Cheng Kung University
M. Carmen Guisan, University of Santiago de Compostela
H. Young Baek, Nova Southeastern University
Ebere Oriaku, Elizabeth City State Univcrsity
Neven Borak, Securitics Market Agency
Maria Elena Garcia-Ruiz, University of Cantabria
Ghadir Mahdavi, Kyoto University
Emanuele Bajo, University of Bologna
Wassim Shahin, Lebanese European University
Neil Reid, University of Toledo
Christophcr Balding, University of California, Irvinc
Jean-Luc Grosso, University of South Carolina
Richard Omotoye, Virginia Statc University
Eskandan A. Tooma, the European University in Cairo
Rafa E. AI Qutaish, AI-Ain University of Science and Technology, UAE
Leo V. Ryan, DePaul University
Elmer-Rico E. Mojica, Statc University of New York at Buffalo
Syrous Kooros, Nicholls State University
G. M. Nasira, Sasurie College of Engineering
European Journal of Scientific Research
http://www .europea njou rna lofscien ti lie ,-esea reh .eom
Aims and Scope
lCuropean Journal or Scicnti lic Research is a peer-reviewed scientific rcscarch journal that addresscs
both applied and theoretical issucs. Thc scope or the journal encompasses research articles, original
research rcports, rcvicws, short communications and scientific commcntaries in the fields of applicd
and theoretical sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, zoology, medical studies, environmental
scicnccs, mathcmatics, statistics, geology, engineering, computer science, social sciences, natural
seicnccs, technological scicnccs, linguistics, medicine, industrial, and all other applied and theoretical
sciences. Thc journal publishes both applied and conccptual research. European Journal of Scientific
Research covers all applications of polymers, from compositc and structural materials, to those used in
packaging, biomedical ;mplants, plastic electronics, energy, and many morc.
European Journal or Scientific Research bridges the crucial gap between basic research and patenting
of an invcntion, targcting a broad audience of academic and industrial researchers, as well as the
increasingly important world of scientists and engineers at start-up companies. The journal publishes
experimental and theoretical results of research on, amongst other topics, semiconductors, magnetic
materials, and applied biophysics. European Journal of Scientific Research publisbes papers based on
to understanding the
original research that are judged to make a novel and important ｣ｯｮｴｲｾ｢ｵｴｩｯｮ
molecular and cellular basis of biological processes.
European Journal of Scientific Research serves for the advancement and dissemination of knowledgc
in all fields or applied physics. The journal publishes articles dealing with the applications of physical
principles as well as articles concerning the understanding of physics that have particular applications
in mind. The journal not only covers all aspects of modern technology such as semiconductor devices
including VLSr technology, photonic devices, superconductors, and magnetic recording but also covers
other diverse areas such as plasma physics, particlc accelerators, nanoscicnce and technology, and
applied bioscience. Articles in interdisciplinary areas with potential technological implications are
strongly encouraged.
Europcan Journal of Scientific Research particularly aims at publishing the finest peer-reviewed
research in all fields of science and technology on the basis of its originality, importance,
interdisciplinary interest, timeliness, accessibility, elegance and surprising conclusions. European
Journal of Scicntific Rescarch The journal realizes the meaning of fast publication to researchers,
particularly to those working in competitive and dynamic fields. Hence, it offers an exceptionally fast
publication schedulc including prompt peer-review by the experts in the field and immediate
publication upon acceptance. The editorial board aims at reviewing the submitted articles as fast as
possible and promptly include them in thc forthcoming issues should they pass the evaluation process.
The journal is published in both print and online formats.
Abstracting/l ndexing
European Journal or Scientific Research is indexcd in ProQuest ABIlINFORM Genamics, Elsevier
Bibliographic Databases, EMBASE, Ulrich, DOAJ, EMNursing, Compcndex, GEOBASE and Mosby.
European Journal of Scientific Research is monitored by Sciencc Citation Index (SCl)
European Journal of Scientific Research
Volume 79, No 3 June, 2012
Contents
Application of Sclf-Tuning Fnzzy Logic PI Controllcr in Load
F,'cqucncy Control of Wind-Micro Bydro-Dicsel Bybrid Powcr Systcm
R. Dlwnolakshmi and S. PalonislVomi
317-327
A Non Lincar Tcchniquc for Imagc Enhancemcnt Based
on Discrete 'vVavelct Transform
S. Copina/hon and P. Thongovel
328-336
Dynamic Location Updlltcs and Collision Avoidance for
Multiple Objects using Agcnt bascd F,'amework
J. Pril'adarshini and P. Anondhalullnar
337-352
Conceptual Dcsign of Two Wheelcr Bumper Made from
Alkali Treated Borassus Fruit Fibcr Reinforccd Epoxy Compositcs
L. Boopa/hi, P.s. Sompa/h and K. Mylsamy
353-361
Node dB Level Based Stable QoS Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
P. Cnonasekoran and TI? Rangaswomy
362-374
Energy Efficicnt Location and Distributcd Partitioning of Wirelcss Sensor Networks
375-384
K. Karuppasam)' and V. Cunamj
Proposed Advanccd Biding Mcthod on Color Images Based on DMWT
MClfheel E. Abdulmunim and Nidaa F. Hassan Akhos E. Ali
A New Approach of Solution of Multi-Stage and Multi-Objective
Decision-Making Problem using De-Novo Programming
Sayan/a Chokmbor/v and Debasish BhallachOlYo
Modeling the Distribution of Annual Maximum Rainfall in Pakistan
Kammn Abbas. Alomgir, Sajjad Ahmad Khan.
Dos/ MuhCIIllllwd KIICII1, Allljad Ali and Vlllair khalil
385-392
393-417
418-429
3-D Visualization of Ccll Mcmb,'ane of Cucumbcr' Fruits
Storcd at Diffcrent Tcmperature
Yohanes /Iris PUlll'Cln/o. Seiichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
430-436
Benchmarking Study of Maintenance Pcrformancc
Monitoring Practiccs in SMEs
K. Srinivasan, S. Mu/hu. C. Suglllllamn, R. Sa/hi)'avanan and R. Sa/ish Kumar
437-448
Influences of Proccss Variables during Wirc Elcctric Discharge Machining of 01 Steel
V. Mllthummon, R. Ramakrishnan, L. Korthikeyan and C. Pm"een
449-456
Governmcnt Expenditure aud Economic Growth in Qatar: A Time Scries Analysis
;ihdlillo S ;il-K/m/oili
Essai O'amclioration Des Productions Dc La Rosellc
(Hibisclls Sabdariffi, L. Var. Sa/}{(ari/jil) Par Les PrCtraitcmcnts
If lex;,..,' Nica;.\'(! Lepf!l1glff!. Isaoe ,\J!ollo!"ago£(ja, Konole K ieSSOlf17.
Doolido Kone and (J1!r1mm/ M 'holehi
A La Colchicine
MultiSEC: A Sccret Key Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
P, Vijaya Lakshmi. D. 50maslindares\llari and V. Duraisam."
457-466
467-475
476-485
•
European Journal of Scicntific Rcscarch
ISSN 1450-216X VoL79 NO.3 (2012), pp.430-436
© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012
hLtp://www.curopcanjournalolscicntificrcscarch.com
3-D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits
Stored at Different Temperature
Yohancs Aris Purwanto
Bogor Agricultural Univer.\'jty, Deportment ＨｾＯｉｬ ＨＡＧｨ｡ｬｩ｣ｻＱ
ond Bio,\ystl!m Engineering
Kampus IPB Darmaga, PO Box ]]() Bogor 16{){)]. Indonesia
E-mail: arispurwanto(lfgmail.col11
Tel: +62 (0)251-X623026
Sciichi Oshita
The Ulli"ersity o[Tokyo, Graduale School o(Agricultural and Li(e Sciences
Yayoi 1-1-1. Bunkyo-ku. Tok\'() 113-8657 Japan
E-mail: aoshita@mail.ccc.u-Lokyo.ac.jp
Tel: +81 (0)3-5X41-5361
Yoshio Makino
The University oIToAyo, Graduate School oj"/Igricullural and Li/e Sciences
Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
Yayoi 1-1-1, ＬｾＯＨｉＭｯｹｫｮｵｂ
E-mail: amakino@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac,jp
Tel: +81 (0)3-5841-5361
Yoshinori Kawagoc
Department of Bioenvironmental and Agricultural Engineering
College oIBioresource Science. Nihon Universitl'
1866 Kameino Fujis({\l'G, Kallagclll'O ]5]-0880, Japall
E-mail: kawagoe.yoshinori@nihon-u.ac.jp
Tel +81-(0)466-84-3823
Abstract
The 3-D visualization of cell membrane of cucumber fruits stored at 5°C (chilled)
and 25°C (non chilled) for 9 days was demonstrated. The 3-D images were reconstructed
li'om a series of 100 cross-sectional of 2-D images by utilizing 3-D visualization software.
The size distribution of cell membrane was determined from the volume of cell for both
storage conditions with time. The cell membrane of cucumber fruits during storage period
was then observcd through the change in volume of cell. Thc volume of cells was
calculatcd from 70 to 125 of cells for each storagc conditions. In day I, the pcrccntage of
volume sizc of cell larger than 8 x 10-\lm for both storage conditions of 5 and 25"C wcre
17.7 and 22.1 % respectively. Thc percentage of larger volumc sizc of ccll decreascd to be
1.6 and 9.7% for 5 and 25°C at storage time of 9 d. iJl contrast to this, the percentagc of
small volumc size of cell increased with time from 21.5 and 23.5% aL day I to be 56.0 and
42.4% at days 9 for 5 and 25°C. It was found that the percentage of larger size of cell for
both storagc conditions decreased and the percentage of small size of cell increased with
time. Change in the percentage of volume size of cell with time was thought to be related
3-D Visualil.atioll of eel I Membralle of Cucumber Fruits Stored at DilTerClll Temperaturc
431
with wcight loss i.e. water loss. Higher pcrcentage of small volume size of cell !(1I" fruilS
stored at low tcmperature might indicate the highcr specd of damagc in cell duc to impact
of chilling.
Keywords: 3-D visualization, cell membrane, size distribution, chilling, weight loss
l. Introduction
Low tcmperature storage is an effeetivc means of keeping horticultural products at a high post harvest
quality. However, for some horticultural products, storage under low temperature may cause chilling
injury. Chilling injury is a physiological defect of plants and their products that results in rcduced
quality and loss of product utilization following cxposure to low but non-freezing temperatures (Parkin
el al., 1989). Thc injury symptoms may develop as characterized by appearancc of surlilce injuries.
such as surfacc pilling, discoloration, watcr-soaking, etc., if the period of exposure to chilling
tempcrature becomes longer (Saltveit, 2002).
Change in cell membrane permcability as a response to chilling temperaturc has often been
investigatcd as a possiblc cause of chilling injury (Lyons, 1973). Increasc in cell membrane
permeability and increase in rates of ion leakage are associated with chilling scnsitive tissue (Saltvcit,
2000). The cell membrane pel111eability regulates the water movement in cell and thc dynamic stale of
watcr can be used to detect a chilling-induced permeability change in cell membrane (Naruke I!l aI.,
2003; Purwanto el al., 2005». [n order to better understand the mechanism of change in membranc
permeability in cell structure of horticultural products during storage at low tcmperature, visualization
and analysis of 3-D image of cell structure during storage will be cssential for the studying 011
postharvest technology.
At present, there are a number of well-established methods for calculating ecll volume changes
(Kimel berg el al., 1992). Methods for determining volume changes at single-cell level have been
presented (Altamirano el al., 1998), volume estimation by 3-D has been proposed by Allanson el al.,
1999). However, no data available on the 3-D visualization and analysis of the changes in cell
membranes of horticultural products during storage under low temperature. The objective of this study
wcre to visualize the 3-D of cell membrane of cucumber fruits stored under chilled and non chilled
temperature and to investigate the changes in cell membrane size during low temperature storage with
ti me.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Plant Matcrial and Storage Condition
Freshly harvested cucumber fruits (eucumis salivlls, L cv. Alfa Fushinari and Flesco 100) werc used as
samplc. One day after harvesting, the fruits were transported to the laboratory at ambicnt temperature.
Sample of fruits were selected for the unifol111ity of size and weight in thc range of 85 - 100g. Fruits
were then put into polyethyler!e bags (340 x 240 x 0.08 mm) which each bag contains 4 fruits. Storage
temperature was set at 5°C (chillcd) and 25°C (non chilled) for 9 days. The polycthylene bags wcre
ventilated once a day to prevent anaerobic condition.
2.2. Mcasurement
Measurements were carried out every day for weight loss and the oeeulTence of pitting as a result of
chilling injury. Analysis of 3-D images was done at day I, 5 and 9 for all storage conditions. Weight
loss, i.e. the amount of water loss, was expressed as a percent of initial weight of sample.
432
Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Seiichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
2.3.3-0 Analysis
2.3.1. Image Measurement
Sareoearp of cucumber fruits with dimension of I oX I x 20 mm was used as a sample (Figure I). After
dissection, the sample was soaked ft)r I h in a solution of Iluoreseent indicator (Rhodamine B 0.5
W('X,). The stained sample was then put in(o parallin sample holder (outer diameter of 5.5mm, inner
diameter of 2.5 mm and length of 30mm), which has been filled with OCT compound embedding
medium. Sample was then frozen under an air temperature about -36 "C for I0 min. After that, the
sample was set at MSIPS (micro-slicer image processing system) (Ueno, 2004 and 00,2004). Image of
exposed surfaces were taken with the CCD camera photometric (Cool Snapes, Roper Scientific)
through fluorescence microscope at 200 Magnification. The speed of cut rotation of micro-slicer was
set at 60rpm with the thickness of ＵｾＱｉ Ｎ
The temperature condition of MSIPS during cutting was
maintained at -40 "c. The images of I00 cross-sections were serially obtained per sample for both
storage condition of 5 and 25"C with time.
Figure I: Part of the sample disscctcd from fruits
20 111m
'_1«< I""" l........Ｂｾ
.,gg'I::iI"
-.r:=L
2.3.2. Visualization of Cell Membrane
The recorded 2-D images had 256 gray level with the resolution of 512x512 pixel (1 pixel = 0.7 ,.un).
The 3-D images was reconstructed by utilizing 3-D visualization software Slice 0 matic (Imagelabo
Company, Japan) and displayed the cell membrane. The size distribution of cell membrane was
detelll1ined from the volume of cell for both storage conditions with time.
3. Result and Oiscusion
3.1.3-0 of Cell Membrane
The 2-D images of cell membrane for cucumber fmits stored at 5°C (chilled) and 25°C (non chilled)
storage at day I are shown at Figure 2. The 3-D image of cell membrane was reconstructed from a
series of 100 cross-sectional 2-D images. Each image of cell was firstly marked and automatically
adjusted by software Slice 0 matie as shown at Figure 3. The process was carried out for all cell
images for 100 of 2-D images which each cell has a different color. The result of 3-D image of cell
membrane of cucumber fruits at 5°C in day 5 which reconstructed from 100 images of 2-D image is
shown at Figure 4. The dimension oD-D image is ＮｭｬｾＰ ＵｸＴＮＸＵＳｸＴＮＸＵＳ
]-D Visualization orCcl1 Mcmbranc or'Cucumbcr Fruits Stored at Dillcrcnl Tempcraturc
433
Figure 2: 2-D images or cell membrane ror cucumber rruits stored at 5"C and 2y 'e at day I
486/1T1
2y 'e
5"e
Figure 3: Reconstruction process of 2-D images ofccllmcmbranc
2
3
Figure 4: 3-D image of cell membrane of cucumber fruits SoC at day 5
3.2. Cell Membrane Size
Figure 5 and 6 show the change in distribution of volume of cells with time for both storage conditions
of 5 and 25°C. The volume of cells was calculated from 70 to 125 of cells for each storage conditions
and only full sizes of cells were considered. In day I, the percentage of volume size of cell largcr than
8 x /O-4[1m for both storage conditions of 5 and 25°C were 17.7 and 22.1 % respectively. The
Yohanes Aris PUrlvanlo, Seiichi Oshit,\. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori I
Ｍ Ｇ Ｎｾ
E ROPEAN JOURNAL OF
CIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
Vol 79 No 3
June, 2012
USD $25.00
CAD $30.00
III
o
71361 06121 7
ｾ
01>
ISSN: 1450- :Il6X
European Journal of Scientific Research
ISSN: 1450-216X
Volume 79, No 3 June, 2012
Editorial Advisory Board
Maika Mitchell, Columbia University Mcdical Ccntcr
Prabhat K. Mahanti, University ofNcw I3runswick
Parag Garhyan, Auburn University
Morteza Shahbazi, Edinburgh University
J ｩ｡ｮｦｾｬＱｧ
Chai, University of Akron
Raj Rajagopalan, National University of Singaporc
Sang-Eon Park, Inha Univcrsity
Said Elnashaie, Auburn University
Subrata Chowdhury, University of Rhode Island
Ghasem-Ali Omrani, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ajay K. Ray, ational University of Singapore
Mutwakil afi, China University of Geosciences
Felix Ayadi, Texas Southcrn University
Bansi Sawhney, University of Baltimore
David Wang, Hsuan Chuang University
Cornel is A. Los, Kazakh-British Technical University
Tcrcsa Smith, Univcrsity of South Carolina
Ranjit Biswas, Philadelphia University
Chiaku Chukwuogor-Ndu, Eastern Connecticut State University
M. Femi Ayadi, University of Houston-Clcar Lake
Emmanuel Anoruo, Coppin State University
H. Young Baek, Nova Southeastem University
Mohand-Said Oukil, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
David Wang, Chung Yuan Christian Univcrsity
Cornel is A. Los, Kazakh-British Technical University
Abdul Jalil, Wuhan University
Wen-jen Hsich, ational Cheng Kung University
M. Carmen Guisan, University of Santiago de Compostela
H. Young Baek, Nova Southeastern University
Ebere Oriaku, Elizabeth City State Univcrsity
Neven Borak, Securitics Market Agency
Maria Elena Garcia-Ruiz, University of Cantabria
Ghadir Mahdavi, Kyoto University
Emanuele Bajo, University of Bologna
Wassim Shahin, Lebanese European University
Neil Reid, University of Toledo
Christophcr Balding, University of California, Irvinc
Jean-Luc Grosso, University of South Carolina
Richard Omotoye, Virginia Statc University
Eskandan A. Tooma, the European University in Cairo
Rafa E. AI Qutaish, AI-Ain University of Science and Technology, UAE
Leo V. Ryan, DePaul University
Elmer-Rico E. Mojica, Statc University of New York at Buffalo
Syrous Kooros, Nicholls State University
G. M. Nasira, Sasurie College of Engineering
European Journal of Scientific Research
http://www .europea njou rna lofscien ti lie ,-esea reh .eom
Aims and Scope
lCuropean Journal or Scicnti lic Research is a peer-reviewed scientific rcscarch journal that addresscs
both applied and theoretical issucs. Thc scope or the journal encompasses research articles, original
research rcports, rcvicws, short communications and scientific commcntaries in the fields of applicd
and theoretical sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, zoology, medical studies, environmental
scicnccs, mathcmatics, statistics, geology, engineering, computer science, social sciences, natural
seicnccs, technological scicnccs, linguistics, medicine, industrial, and all other applied and theoretical
sciences. Thc journal publishes both applied and conccptual research. European Journal of Scientific
Research covers all applications of polymers, from compositc and structural materials, to those used in
packaging, biomedical ;mplants, plastic electronics, energy, and many morc.
European Journal or Scientific Research bridges the crucial gap between basic research and patenting
of an invcntion, targcting a broad audience of academic and industrial researchers, as well as the
increasingly important world of scientists and engineers at start-up companies. The journal publishes
experimental and theoretical results of research on, amongst other topics, semiconductors, magnetic
materials, and applied biophysics. European Journal of Scientific Research publisbes papers based on
to understanding the
original research that are judged to make a novel and important ｣ｯｮｴｲｾ｢ｵｴｩｯｮ
molecular and cellular basis of biological processes.
European Journal of Scientific Research serves for the advancement and dissemination of knowledgc
in all fields or applied physics. The journal publishes articles dealing with the applications of physical
principles as well as articles concerning the understanding of physics that have particular applications
in mind. The journal not only covers all aspects of modern technology such as semiconductor devices
including VLSr technology, photonic devices, superconductors, and magnetic recording but also covers
other diverse areas such as plasma physics, particlc accelerators, nanoscicnce and technology, and
applied bioscience. Articles in interdisciplinary areas with potential technological implications are
strongly encouraged.
Europcan Journal of Scientific Research particularly aims at publishing the finest peer-reviewed
research in all fields of science and technology on the basis of its originality, importance,
interdisciplinary interest, timeliness, accessibility, elegance and surprising conclusions. European
Journal of Scicntific Rescarch The journal realizes the meaning of fast publication to researchers,
particularly to those working in competitive and dynamic fields. Hence, it offers an exceptionally fast
publication schedulc including prompt peer-review by the experts in the field and immediate
publication upon acceptance. The editorial board aims at reviewing the submitted articles as fast as
possible and promptly include them in thc forthcoming issues should they pass the evaluation process.
The journal is published in both print and online formats.
Abstracting/l ndexing
European Journal or Scientific Research is indexcd in ProQuest ABIlINFORM Genamics, Elsevier
Bibliographic Databases, EMBASE, Ulrich, DOAJ, EMNursing, Compcndex, GEOBASE and Mosby.
European Journal of Scientific Research is monitored by Sciencc Citation Index (SCl)
European Journal of Scientific Research
Volume 79, No 3 June, 2012
Contents
Application of Sclf-Tuning Fnzzy Logic PI Controllcr in Load
F,'cqucncy Control of Wind-Micro Bydro-Dicsel Bybrid Powcr Systcm
R. Dlwnolakshmi and S. PalonislVomi
317-327
A Non Lincar Tcchniquc for Imagc Enhancemcnt Based
on Discrete 'vVavelct Transform
S. Copina/hon and P. Thongovel
328-336
Dynamic Location Updlltcs and Collision Avoidance for
Multiple Objects using Agcnt bascd F,'amework
J. Pril'adarshini and P. Anondhalullnar
337-352
Conceptual Dcsign of Two Wheelcr Bumper Made from
Alkali Treated Borassus Fruit Fibcr Reinforccd Epoxy Compositcs
L. Boopa/hi, P.s. Sompa/h and K. Mylsamy
353-361
Node dB Level Based Stable QoS Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
P. Cnonasekoran and TI? Rangaswomy
362-374
Energy Efficicnt Location and Distributcd Partitioning of Wirelcss Sensor Networks
375-384
K. Karuppasam)' and V. Cunamj
Proposed Advanccd Biding Mcthod on Color Images Based on DMWT
MClfheel E. Abdulmunim and Nidaa F. Hassan Akhos E. Ali
A New Approach of Solution of Multi-Stage and Multi-Objective
Decision-Making Problem using De-Novo Programming
Sayan/a Chokmbor/v and Debasish BhallachOlYo
Modeling the Distribution of Annual Maximum Rainfall in Pakistan
Kammn Abbas. Alomgir, Sajjad Ahmad Khan.
Dos/ MuhCIIllllwd KIICII1, Allljad Ali and Vlllair khalil
385-392
393-417
418-429
3-D Visualization of Ccll Mcmb,'ane of Cucumbcr' Fruits
Storcd at Diffcrent Tcmperature
Yohanes /Iris PUlll'Cln/o. Seiichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
430-436
Benchmarking Study of Maintenance Pcrformancc
Monitoring Practiccs in SMEs
K. Srinivasan, S. Mu/hu. C. Suglllllamn, R. Sa/hi)'avanan and R. Sa/ish Kumar
437-448
Influences of Proccss Variables during Wirc Elcctric Discharge Machining of 01 Steel
V. Mllthummon, R. Ramakrishnan, L. Korthikeyan and C. Pm"een
449-456
Governmcnt Expenditure aud Economic Growth in Qatar: A Time Scries Analysis
;ihdlillo S ;il-K/m/oili
Essai O'amclioration Des Productions Dc La Rosellc
(Hibisclls Sabdariffi, L. Var. Sa/}{(ari/jil) Par Les PrCtraitcmcnts
If lex;,..,' Nica;.\'(! Lepf!l1glff!. Isaoe ,\J!ollo!"ago£(ja, Konole K ieSSOlf17.
Doolido Kone and (J1!r1mm/ M 'holehi
A La Colchicine
MultiSEC: A Sccret Key Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
P, Vijaya Lakshmi. D. 50maslindares\llari and V. Duraisam."
457-466
467-475
476-485
•
European Journal of Scicntific Rcscarch
ISSN 1450-216X VoL79 NO.3 (2012), pp.430-436
© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012
hLtp://www.curopcanjournalolscicntificrcscarch.com
3-D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits
Stored at Different Temperature
Yohancs Aris Purwanto
Bogor Agricultural Univer.\'jty, Deportment ＨｾＯｉｬ ＨＡＧｨ｡ｬｩ｣ｻＱ
ond Bio,\ystl!m Engineering
Kampus IPB Darmaga, PO Box ]]() Bogor 16{){)]. Indonesia
E-mail: arispurwanto(lfgmail.col11
Tel: +62 (0)251-X623026
Sciichi Oshita
The Ulli"ersity o[Tokyo, Graduale School o(Agricultural and Li(e Sciences
Yayoi 1-1-1. Bunkyo-ku. Tok\'() 113-8657 Japan
E-mail: aoshita@mail.ccc.u-Lokyo.ac.jp
Tel: +81 (0)3-5X41-5361
Yoshio Makino
The University oIToAyo, Graduate School oj"/Igricullural and Li/e Sciences
Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
Yayoi 1-1-1, ＬｾＯＨｉＭｯｹｫｮｵｂ
E-mail: amakino@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac,jp
Tel: +81 (0)3-5841-5361
Yoshinori Kawagoc
Department of Bioenvironmental and Agricultural Engineering
College oIBioresource Science. Nihon Universitl'
1866 Kameino Fujis({\l'G, Kallagclll'O ]5]-0880, Japall
E-mail: kawagoe.yoshinori@nihon-u.ac.jp
Tel +81-(0)466-84-3823
Abstract
The 3-D visualization of cell membrane of cucumber fruits stored at 5°C (chilled)
and 25°C (non chilled) for 9 days was demonstrated. The 3-D images were reconstructed
li'om a series of 100 cross-sectional of 2-D images by utilizing 3-D visualization software.
The size distribution of cell membrane was determined from the volume of cell for both
storage conditions with time. The cell membrane of cucumber fruits during storage period
was then observcd through the change in volume of cell. Thc volume of cells was
calculatcd from 70 to 125 of cells for each storagc conditions. In day I, the pcrccntage of
volume sizc of cell larger than 8 x 10-\lm for both storage conditions of 5 and 25"C wcre
17.7 and 22.1 % respectively. Thc percentage of larger volumc sizc of ccll decreascd to be
1.6 and 9.7% for 5 and 25°C at storage time of 9 d. iJl contrast to this, the percentagc of
small volumc size of cell increased with time from 21.5 and 23.5% aL day I to be 56.0 and
42.4% at days 9 for 5 and 25°C. It was found that the percentage of larger size of cell for
both storagc conditions decreased and the percentage of small size of cell increased with
time. Change in the percentage of volume size of cell with time was thought to be related
3-D Visualil.atioll of eel I Membralle of Cucumber Fruits Stored at DilTerClll Temperaturc
431
with wcight loss i.e. water loss. Higher pcrcentage of small volume size of cell !(1I" fruilS
stored at low tcmperature might indicate the highcr specd of damagc in cell duc to impact
of chilling.
Keywords: 3-D visualization, cell membrane, size distribution, chilling, weight loss
l. Introduction
Low tcmperature storage is an effeetivc means of keeping horticultural products at a high post harvest
quality. However, for some horticultural products, storage under low temperature may cause chilling
injury. Chilling injury is a physiological defect of plants and their products that results in rcduced
quality and loss of product utilization following cxposure to low but non-freezing temperatures (Parkin
el al., 1989). Thc injury symptoms may develop as characterized by appearancc of surlilce injuries.
such as surfacc pilling, discoloration, watcr-soaking, etc., if the period of exposure to chilling
tempcrature becomes longer (Saltveit, 2002).
Change in cell membrane permcability as a response to chilling temperaturc has often been
investigatcd as a possiblc cause of chilling injury (Lyons, 1973). Increasc in cell membrane
permeability and increase in rates of ion leakage are associated with chilling scnsitive tissue (Saltvcit,
2000). The cell membrane pel111eability regulates the water movement in cell and thc dynamic stale of
watcr can be used to detect a chilling-induced permeability change in cell membrane (Naruke I!l aI.,
2003; Purwanto el al., 2005». [n order to better understand the mechanism of change in membranc
permeability in cell structure of horticultural products during storage at low tcmperature, visualization
and analysis of 3-D image of cell structure during storage will be cssential for the studying 011
postharvest technology.
At present, there are a number of well-established methods for calculating ecll volume changes
(Kimel berg el al., 1992). Methods for determining volume changes at single-cell level have been
presented (Altamirano el al., 1998), volume estimation by 3-D has been proposed by Allanson el al.,
1999). However, no data available on the 3-D visualization and analysis of the changes in cell
membranes of horticultural products during storage under low temperature. The objective of this study
wcre to visualize the 3-D of cell membrane of cucumber fruits stored under chilled and non chilled
temperature and to investigate the changes in cell membrane size during low temperature storage with
ti me.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Plant Matcrial and Storage Condition
Freshly harvested cucumber fruits (eucumis salivlls, L cv. Alfa Fushinari and Flesco 100) werc used as
samplc. One day after harvesting, the fruits were transported to the laboratory at ambicnt temperature.
Sample of fruits were selected for the unifol111ity of size and weight in thc range of 85 - 100g. Fruits
were then put into polyethyler!e bags (340 x 240 x 0.08 mm) which each bag contains 4 fruits. Storage
temperature was set at 5°C (chillcd) and 25°C (non chilled) for 9 days. The polycthylene bags wcre
ventilated once a day to prevent anaerobic condition.
2.2. Mcasurement
Measurements were carried out every day for weight loss and the oeeulTence of pitting as a result of
chilling injury. Analysis of 3-D images was done at day I, 5 and 9 for all storage conditions. Weight
loss, i.e. the amount of water loss, was expressed as a percent of initial weight of sample.
432
Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Seiichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
2.3.3-0 Analysis
2.3.1. Image Measurement
Sareoearp of cucumber fruits with dimension of I oX I x 20 mm was used as a sample (Figure I). After
dissection, the sample was soaked ft)r I h in a solution of Iluoreseent indicator (Rhodamine B 0.5
W('X,). The stained sample was then put in(o parallin sample holder (outer diameter of 5.5mm, inner
diameter of 2.5 mm and length of 30mm), which has been filled with OCT compound embedding
medium. Sample was then frozen under an air temperature about -36 "C for I0 min. After that, the
sample was set at MSIPS (micro-slicer image processing system) (Ueno, 2004 and 00,2004). Image of
exposed surfaces were taken with the CCD camera photometric (Cool Snapes, Roper Scientific)
through fluorescence microscope at 200 Magnification. The speed of cut rotation of micro-slicer was
set at 60rpm with the thickness of ＵｾＱｉ Ｎ
The temperature condition of MSIPS during cutting was
maintained at -40 "c. The images of I00 cross-sections were serially obtained per sample for both
storage condition of 5 and 25"C with time.
Figure I: Part of the sample disscctcd from fruits
20 111m
'_1«< I""" l........Ｂｾ
.,gg'I::iI"
-.r:=L
2.3.2. Visualization of Cell Membrane
The recorded 2-D images had 256 gray level with the resolution of 512x512 pixel (1 pixel = 0.7 ,.un).
The 3-D images was reconstructed by utilizing 3-D visualization software Slice 0 matic (Imagelabo
Company, Japan) and displayed the cell membrane. The size distribution of cell membrane was
detelll1ined from the volume of cell for both storage conditions with time.
3. Result and Oiscusion
3.1.3-0 of Cell Membrane
The 2-D images of cell membrane for cucumber fmits stored at 5°C (chilled) and 25°C (non chilled)
storage at day I are shown at Figure 2. The 3-D image of cell membrane was reconstructed from a
series of 100 cross-sectional 2-D images. Each image of cell was firstly marked and automatically
adjusted by software Slice 0 matie as shown at Figure 3. The process was carried out for all cell
images for 100 of 2-D images which each cell has a different color. The result of 3-D image of cell
membrane of cucumber fruits at 5°C in day 5 which reconstructed from 100 images of 2-D image is
shown at Figure 4. The dimension oD-D image is ＮｭｬｾＰ ＵｸＴＮＸＵＳｸＴＮＸＵＳ
]-D Visualization orCcl1 Mcmbranc or'Cucumbcr Fruits Stored at Dillcrcnl Tempcraturc
433
Figure 2: 2-D images or cell membrane ror cucumber rruits stored at 5"C and 2y 'e at day I
486/1T1
2y 'e
5"e
Figure 3: Reconstruction process of 2-D images ofccllmcmbranc
2
3
Figure 4: 3-D image of cell membrane of cucumber fruits SoC at day 5
3.2. Cell Membrane Size
Figure 5 and 6 show the change in distribution of volume of cells with time for both storage conditions
of 5 and 25°C. The volume of cells was calculated from 70 to 125 of cells for each storage conditions
and only full sizes of cells were considered. In day I, the percentage of volume size of cell largcr than
8 x /O-4[1m for both storage conditions of 5 and 25°C were 17.7 and 22.1 % respectively. The
Yohanes Aris PUrlvanlo, Seiichi Oshit,\. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori I