THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE HABIT OF READING JOURNAL ARTICLES AND 2013 EED OF UMY STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY MASTERY
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE HABIT OF READING JOURNAL
ARTICLES AND 2013 EED OF UMY STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY
MASTERY
A Skripsi
Submitted to the Faculty of Language Education
As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree
Sarjana Pendidikan
By :
Cintya Hadi Iswara
20120540113
English Education Department
Faculty of Language Education
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
2016
xiii
Abstract
Reading has many beneficial effects in language acquisition. It is supported by
Chang and Gould (2008) who explained that reading facilitates language
development. It means that the more a person reads, the more they will develop
their language like grammar and vocabulary knowledge. This research aimed to
find out the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY
students’ batch 2013, reveal the vocabulary mastery of the students in EED of
UMY students’ batch 2013 and identify the correlation between the habit of
reading journal article and 2013 EED of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery. This
research used a descriptive quantitative research to find the correlation. The
population numbers of this research were 194 students batch 2013. The sample of
research was 49 students. Moreover, this research used two instruments namely
questionnaire and vocabulary test. This research also used the validity and
reliability test. The analysis technique used product moment correlation.
The research found that the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 had in average
categories in the habit of reading journal article. It was supported by mean value
in the habit of reading journal article of 2.02. Furthermore, the research also found
that the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 were in the fair categories of
vocabulary mastery. The last result showed that probability value was 0.537 and
the number of significant correlation in this research was 0.090 which was in very
low in correlation category. It means that the correlation between the habit of
reading journal article and 2013 EED UMY students’ vocabulary mastery is not
significant and in very low in correlation category.
Keywords: reading habit, reading journal article, vocabulary mastery
Chapter One
Introduction
This chapter explains several points of the study. The first point talks about
the background of the problem which explains why researcher chose this topic
research. Then, the chapter also explains about identification and limitation of
the problem, formulation of the problem, purpose of the study and the last
significance of the study.
Background of the Problem
Reading is very important in language skill, so it should be mastered by the
students. In addition, students can get information widely without going anywhere
by reading. Reading forces the reader’s brain cell to work on a regular basis as
this will keep the reader sharper and smarter (Laddoo, 2007). When the students
read more and more, they will get more information and enable students to
improve their critical think. English Education Department (EED) of UMY has
many reading subjects. The lecturer usually use books, novel, magazine and
journal article in reading class.
Based on the researcher experience, EED of UMY often used journal article
in reading class, such as in Academic Reading and Writing class, Writing for
Career Development class, Interpretive Reading and Argumentative Writing class,
International Language Testing class and Issues in Language Teaching and
Learning class. In that subject, the student usually read many journal articles to do
the assignment and have test like close book journal. However, many students
looked lazy, confused, bored when they read the journal article. Besides, many
students also felt difficult to understand the meaning of text in journal article. That
might happens because they have small size of vocabulary.
Furthermore, vocabulary is one of components language skill that is more
important than others. This is supported by Thornbury (2004) who stated that
without grammar very little idea on a statement can be conveyed but without
vocabulary no idea on a statement can be conveyed. It means that, if we just spend
time to study grammar, we cannot improve our language much. But if we focus on
vocabulary, we can see that vocabulary will improve our language. Based on the
researcher experience, the students in EED of UMY have only small size of
vocabulary. When the students found new words, they did not try to find the
meaning. Their vocabularies did not increase. When they had a new vocabulary,
they should have tried to use the vocabularies in their activity.
Based on the background above, the researcher aimed to conduct the
research in EED of UMY batch 2013, entitled “The Correlation between the Habit
of Reading Journal Articles and 2013 EED of UMY Students’ Vocabulary
Mastery”.
Identification and Limitation of the Problem
Reading journal is applied in reading subject at English Education
Department of UMY. The reading focuses on reading journal or reading scientific
journal. By reading journal articles, the students get a lot of knowledge and
information. Thus, the researcher found some problems which was faced by
students in EED of UMY in reading subject especially reading journal article.
They are unwilling to read journal article because the content is very long and
much in reading subject. Then, they are difficulty to understand the text because
the text including in scientific text. The another problem that might faced by
students in EED of UMY is unfamiliar vocabulary, so it make them difficult to
understand the meaning of the text. Moreover, reading gives many advantages for
students especially university. The advantage of reading journal articles is to
develop and increase students’ vocabulary. Then, the students are helped to write
and get knowledge about sentence like sentence structure and complex sentence.
Automatically, reading journal article was influence in vocabulary mastery.
However, the problem in this research is limited to only on finding the correlation
between the habit of reading journal articles and 2013 UMY students’ vocabulary
mastery.
Formulation of the problem
There are three research questions in this study. Here are the researches
questions:
1. What is the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY
batch 2013?
2. What is the vocabulary mastery of the students in EED of UMY batch 2013?
3. Is there correlation between the habit of reading journal article and 2013 EED
of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery?
Purpose of the Study
Based on some research questions, there are three purposes of this research:
1. To find out the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY
students batch 2013.
2. To reveal the vocabulary mastery of the students in EED of UMY students
batch 2013.
3. To identify the correlation between the habit of reading journal article and
2013 EED of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery.
Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that this study can give benefits to:
Teachers. For the teachers, it gives significance in using of journal article in
reading activity to develop students’ vocabulary mastery in teaching and learning
process. Furthermore, it can give information about the students’ difficulties in
learning vocabulary.
Students. For the students, the results will give the understanding on
reading journal article as a way to get more new vocabulary. They can understand
and identify their difficulties of vocabulary learning by reading journal article.
Moreover, this research of course attracted the students to often read many journal
articles to gain many new words.
Other researchers. This research will give advantage for other researchers.
The result of this research can be one of the references for doing next research
which has a related topic to this research.
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Chapter Two
Literature Review
In this chapter, the researcher tries to give clear description of theoretical
framework. The subs are reading that consist of definition of reading, benefits of
reading, type of reading, reading habit and reading journal article. It followed by
vocabulary that comprised of the role of vocabulary, vocabulary mastery and kind
of vocabulary. Next is conceptual framework and at last is hypothesis.
Reading
Definition of Reading. Reading is a process of constructing meaning that
can be achieved through dynamic instruction among the following aspects like
reader’s prior knowledge, the information provided by the text and the context of
the reading situation (Klingner, Sharon & Alison, 2007). Moreover, reading is a
constructive process which the prior knowledge and experience affects the
reader’s comprehension of the text (McEntire, 2003). It means that in reading,
prior knowledge and experience are important to get proper understanding of the
information in a text.
Furthermore, Grabe and Stoller (2002) stated that reading is also to do with
purposes, experiences, strategies, skills and even attitude towards reading. It
means that reading facilitates a writer to share knowledge, ideas and feelings with
reader. It also indicates that reading is not only to get messages from a text but
also utilizing the reading purposes and strategies.
Benefits of Reading. Reading has many beneficial effects in language
acquisition. Chang and Gould (2008) believe that reading facilitates language
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development. It means that the more they read, the more they can develop their
language like their grammar and vocabulary knowledge. As Harmer (2007)
acknowledge, reading can also help students improve their spelling and writing
skills. When they fail an English reading test, they may feel disappointed and
discouraged but it does not mean that they are poor readers. They fail the English
reading test simply because they do not know enough words in order to
understand texts and answer the comprehension questions.
Types of Reading. There are two types of reading. According to Richards
and Schmidt (2002), types of reading are intensive reading and extensive reading.
Intensive reading is related to further progress in language learning under the
teacher’s guidance. It provides a basis for explaining difficulties of structure and
for extending knowledge of vocabulary and idioms. Then, reading of journal
article included in intensive reading because the students either get instruction or
assistance from the teacher. Whereas, extensive reading is reading in quantity in
order to gain a general understanding of what has been read. Thus, extensive
reading is the activity that people do for pleasure. The readers can freely choose
the text that they like, such as a novel, magazine and others. It is intended to
develop good reading habits, to build knowledge of vocabulary and structure and
to encourage a liking for reading.
Techniques of Reading. The students need certain techniques to get
meaningful information when they read a text. They can use one or more
techniques to read the reading text. They are expected to select the appropriate
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techniques to get information. According to Beatrice and Linda (2004) there are
ten techniques of reading:
Previewing. The aim of previewing is to find out what are the students
going to be reading before they actually read. Then, the students preview to get an
idea of what they will find in the text. Their brain can begin making connections,
and their comprehension will be faster and better.
Scanning. Scanning is aimed at finding specific information from the
reading text quickly. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page
seeking specific words and phrases. Thus, it also used when the students first find
a resource to determine whether it will answer their questions.
Skimming. Skimming is a high speed process and involves visually
searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning. In addition, skimming is
one of the reading skills that is aimed at finding the general idea quickly. It is
what you do when you are searching for something particular in the text the way
you might read a phone book or dictionary. Used to find a specific reference,
locate new material, locate the answer to a specific question, and get the main idea
of a selection or review.
Using vocabulary knowledge (guessing). Sometimes in a passage, the
students find the unknown or difficult words. Ask the students to guess the words.
The teacher can help the students to describe the word in English or give the
similar meaning of the words.
Making inferences. Good readers constantly make inferences as they read.
Look for clues in the text, and then use the clues to guess about the text and about
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the writer’s ideas. This is especially important when some ideas are not directly
stated. Making inferences also help a reader get around difficult vocabulary or
sentences structure.
Finding topics. In order to understand what you are reading, you need to
connect it to something you already know. To make this connection, you need to
be sure that you know what it is that you are reading about. That is, you need to
know the topic.
Discovering topics of paragraphs. It is important to be able to find the main
idea in a paragraph. The main idea tells what the paragraph is mostly about. All of
the other sentences are details that tell more about the main idea.
Understanding main idea. Understanding the main idea or gist of a piece of
text is a sophisticated reading task. Textbook chapters, articles, paragraphs,
sentences, or passages all have topics, main ideas, and supporting details. The
topic is the broad, general theme, message or what some call the subject. The
main idea is the "key concept" being expressed. Details, major or minor, support
the main idea by telling how, what, when, where, why, how much, or how many.
Locating the topic, main idea, and supporting details helps readers understand the
points the writer is attempting to express.
Identifying patterns of organization. Finding the pattern help you find the
main idea and remember the important details. Thus, looking for patterns is a way
to improve your comprehension while reading.
Summarizing. Summarizing is the process of retelling the important parts of
a passage in a much shorter form. A good summary includes the main ideas and
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the major supporting points of what you have read, does not include minor details
and your own ideas or opinions.
Reading Habit. The activity of reading is regarded as a habit when it is
repeatedly carried out. In measurable terms reading habit is often considered as
terms the amount of materials being read, the frequency of reading as well as the
average time spent on reading (Wagner, 2002). Moreover, Shen (2006) identified
reading habits, as how often, how much and what the readers read. According to
Thanuskodi (2011) defined reading habit into two; reading and habit. He
explained reading as an activity of a person who reads, and habit is the product of
the activity. The activity becomes a habit when it is done frequently, repeatedly
and constantly. Thus, the habit of reading is the activity which is done
continuously and frequently will become a behavior or routine.
Besides, reading is an important language skill in human, therefore the
reading habits need is grown in every human being. By the habit of reading a
person will gain extensive knowledge and insight as human beings will not be
separated from the need for information that is generally found in the form of
reading. Tampubolon (1990) stated that “the habit of reading is one of the
deciding factors in the ability to read” (p. 243). Automatically, if the reading is
often performed the reading skills we will also be getting better.
Reading Journal Article. Journal is a newspaper or magazine that deals
with a particular subject or profession (Oxford Dictionary, 2011). It means that
every journal has a specific subject. For example, if we search about education so
we can browse education journal article. In the other side, College (2015) has
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recognized that journal can be defined as an academic magazine which has
available on a regular schedule. That was includes the articles which is written by
experts in a field of the study. Those articles can be written by the students or
teachers that have had great specific vocabulary and science. Additionally, a
journal article also can be called as scientific article.
The reading journal article did not contain any part where students could
write new vocabulary from their reading. However, a student indicated that they
can learn new vocabulary from reading journal article. Nation and Newton (1997)
stated that to remember a word, a learner has to keep meeting the word by doing
reading in large amounts which was made possible by the reading journal article.
Furthermore, journal log model suggested by Lyutaya (2011) was utilized in the
reading journal article used in this study. The reading journal article in this study
consisted of six parts, namely: (1) Title of the book, text or article, (2) Prediction
of content based on the title, (3) An intriguing sentence or passage, (4) Inferential
or critical questions, (5) Opinion about the story, and (6) Summary or plot.
Reading journals articles are logs where students record their comments on
the assigned readings. They may react, question, argue, provide additional
examples, or write about what the readings mean to them personally. Some
teachers prefer to use more structured reading journals articles where they
ask specific questions to their students to answer in the journals (Erickson,
Peters, & Strommer, 2006, p. 125).
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Vocabulary
The Role of Vocabulary. Building up a useful vocabulary is central to the
learning of a foreign language at primary level (Cameron, 2001). Someone who
has a lot of vocabulary of foreign language could learn language easily. Since
vocabulary is all about words, and good mastery of vocabulary helps someone
understand language. Langan (2002) stated that “if you have a poor vocabulary, it
will make you have slow reading speed and limit your comprehension” (p.341).
Not only that, vocabulary is important because it gives significant impact on
reading comprehension (Athans & Devine, 2010).
Based on Neuman and Dawyer (2009) cited in Bintz (2011), vocabulary can
be defined as the words we must know to communicate effectively like words in
speaking (expressive vocabulary) and words in listening (receptive vocabulary).
Then, Linse (2006) cited in Bintz (2011) stated that “vocabulary is the collection
of words that an individual knows” (p. 121). While, learning vocabulary is
important as a part of learning English or other foreign languages since learners
learn vocabulary first before they master more complex structure. This is
supported by Richard and Renandya (2002) that “vocabulary is a core component
of language proficiency and provides much of the basis for how well learners
speak, listen, read and write” (p. 255).
Vocabulary Mastery. Vocabulary is one of the language aspects which
should be learnt. Learning is important because in order to be able to speak, write,
and listen learners have to know vocabulary first. According to Cameron (2001)
who stated that a person said to know a word if they can recognize the meaning
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when they see it. It means that in learning vocabulary learners have to know the
meaning of it and also understand and can use it in sentence context. Vocabulary
mastery is a great skill of knowledge about a set of words known by a person as a
part of specific language. Harmer (2001) states that vocabulary mastery is one of
the most obvious components of language and one of first things applied
linguistics turned their attention.
On other hand, Grabe (2009) also stated that raising the students’ awareness
of the new words that they encounter in texts represents an important learning
goal. Furthermore, he reported in his research that anew issue of current review
about vocabulary mastery stressing on the importance of making students aware
of use the new words they encounter and motivating the students to learn and use
the new words, more ever the students need to be collectors of words either by
listing words which are interesting or difficult, or by noting possible connection
between new words and known words or trying to use the new words in some
interesting way.
Based on Hirsch (2003) found that knowing at least 90 percent of the words
of a text enables the reader to get the main idea from the reading and guess
correctly what many of the unfamiliar words mean, which will help them learn
new words. Then, Harmer (2001) said that there are some aspects that have to be
discussed in vocabulary, namely: word meaning (synonym, antonym, connotation,
and denotation), extending word use such as idioms, word combination or
collocation, and the grammar of words which comprises noun, verb, adjective,
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and adverb. It means that, every student can learn some aspect like vocabulary by
reading.
Meaning. The meaning can be classified according to the form they attach
to. It can be classified into three forms: lexical meaning, morphological meaning,
and syntactic meaning. Lexical meaning is the meaning that attaches to words as
word. Whereas, morpheme is the smallest unit that are carries information about
meaning or function. And the meaning that attaches to the word arrangement in a
sentence is the syntactic meaning.
Synonym. The term synonym derives from Greek are syn- + -nymy. The two
parts mean same and name. Synonym deals with sameness of meaning, more than
one word having the same meaning, alternatively the same meaning being
expressed by more than one word. In other words, synonym is words whose
denotation is the same but has different connotation.
Antonym. Antonym is the opposite of meaning. Antonyms are not
differentiated for formality or dialect or technicality; antonyms occur within the
same style, dialect, or register.
Denotation. Based on Keraf (1984) said that denotative meaning is also
called as some terms such as denotational meaning, cognitive meaning,
conceptual meaning, ideational meaning, referential meaning, or proportional
meaning. This is called denotational, referential, conceptual, or ideational because
the meaning refers to a certain referent, concept, or idea from reference.
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Connotation. Connotation is more complicated than denotation. Widarso
(1989) state “denotation is the meaning of a word which has added the component
of meaning related to emotional overtones” (p. 69).
Use. According to Nation (2001), there are some ways to draw the
attentions to the use of words by quickly showing the grammatical pattern the
word fits into countable or uncountable, transitive or intransitive, giving a few
similar collocates, mentioning any restrictions on the use of the word like formal,
informal, impolite, only used with children, and giving a well known opposite or a
well-known word describing the group or lexical set it fits into.
Spelling. Spelling is the writing of a word or words with the necessary
letters and diacritics present in an accepted standard order, an arrangement of
letters that form a word or part of a word and the process of forming words by
putting letters together.
Pronunciation. According to Hewings (2004), pronunciation of a language
is the main components of speech which combine together. These components
range from the individual sounds that make up speech, to the way in pitch or the
rise and fall of the voice is used to convey meaning.
Sounds. The building blocks of pronunciation are the individual sounds, the
vowels and consonants go together to make words. The consonants such as /b/ and
/p/are separate in English because if they are inter changed, they will make new
words; for example, in bit and pit. Similarly, the vowels /ı/ (as in it) and /٨/(as in
up) are separate.
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Syllables. Vowel and consonant sounds combine into syllables. It can be
helpful to think of the structure of English syllables as consonant (s) + vowel +
consonant (s). This means that various combinations of vowels and consonants are
possible like vowel only (e.g. in a), consonant + vowel (e.g. in me), vowel +
consonant (e.g. in eat) and consonant + vowel + consonant (e.g. in bag)
Words. A word can be either a single syllable (e.g. cat, own) or a sequence
of two or more syllables (e.g. window, about [two syllables]; lemonade [three
syllables] or electricity [five syllables]). When a word has more than one syllable,
one of these syllables is stressed in relation to other syllables in the word, while
other syllables are said to be unstressed. For example, in “window” the first
syllable is stressed and the second is unstressed, while in “about” the first syllable
is unstressed and the second is stressed.
Kinds of Vocabulary. Lehr and Osborn (2001) explained two kinds of
vocabulary description as follow. First, words come in two forms, oral and print.
Oral vocabulary includes the words that are recognized and used in listening and
speaking. Whereas, print vocabulary are includes the word that are recognize and
used in reading and writing. Second, word knowledge is composed of two forms,
receptive and productive. Receptive vocabulary includes words that are
recognized when we hear or see them. It is the ability to comprehend passive
vocabulary which is used in reading and listening context. Whereas, productive
vocabulary includes words that are recognized when we speak or write. It is an
active ability which is used in speaking or writing.
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Review of Related Studies
To support this research, many researchers which are relevant with this
research are presented here. Those are:
The first research is research from Bastian (2013) entitled “A Correlation
Study between Student’s Reading Interest toward their Vocabulary Mastery of the
Fourth Semester of English Department Students of Salatiga in Academic Year of
2012/2013”. The aims of this research are to know the score of reading interest,
the score of vocabulary mastery, and to proven the significant correlation between
reading interest and vocabulary mastery. This research using a descriptive
quantitative research. The researcher using questionnaire to finding the score of
student’s reading interest, and the writer applied test to finding the score of
vocabulary mastery of the Fourth Semester of English Department Students of
Salatiga. The result of this research showed that score of reading interest of the
Fourth Semester of English Department Students of Salatiga is good. It can be
seen from the result of reading interest score is 77.31%. In this research also
showed that score of vocabulary mastery the respondents is excellent. It was
known from the result of score of vocabulary test is 83.70%. Then, the result of
correlation formula showed that the r-calculation is 0.483. To know the
significance of variable X to variable Y, r-calculation is compared with r-table
with the number of sample (27) students and the level of significance 5% (0.05),
which is 0.381. It proved that r-calculation is almost the same with r-table
because r-calculation is 0.483 while r-table is 0.381. It also proved that there was
positive correlation between reading interest and vocabulary mastery.
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The second research by Chen (2011) in her research on “The Impact of EFL
Students’ Vocabulary Breadth of Knowledge”. The purpose of this study was to
investigate whether EFL students’ vocabulary breadth knowledge influences their
literal reading comprehension. To accomplish this study, the mixed methods
design was used. All the participants in this study were given a set of tests which
included vocabulary levels test and reading comprehension tests. Individual
interviews were conducted after the quantitative phase and were used as
supportive data. The quantitative results indicated that vocabulary breadth of
knowledge was positively and significantly correlated to literal reading
comprehension. The qualitative findings showed that the majority of participants
agreed breadth of vocabulary knowledge played a greater role in their literal
reading comprehension process. The interview results determined the participants
relied more on breadth of vocabulary knowledge than others, for example
syntactic knowledge, during literal reading. Moreover, the interviewees who had
better language proficiency tended to utilize more literacy skills in interpreting the
content of reading passages than did lower language proficiency learners.
The third research is by Naimatun (2015) conducted a research on “The
Correlation between Reading Habits and Students’ Vocabulary Mastery at
English Education Department Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta”. The
objective of this research is to identify the students’ reading habit, to reveal
students’ vocabulary mastery and to find out the correlation between reading habit
and vocabulary mastery. This research was conducted in English Education
Department (EED of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY)). The
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population of EED UMY batch 2013 was 194. There are 106 students of EED
UMY batch 2013 participated in this research. This research used quantitative
approach and correlation as the methodology. Moreover, this research used two
instruments namely questionnaire and vocabulary test. The research found out that
the EED UMY students’ batch 2013 had good reading habit. It was supported by
the students reading habits mean value of 3.09. The research also found out that
the vocabulary mastery of EED UMY was in good category since the mean value
of vocabulary was 3.54. The last result showed that the correlation between EED
UMY students’ reading habit and vocabulary mastery is in very weak criteria of
correlation. It means that the correlation was positive but not significant with the
correlation value was 0.106 and the probability value was 0.278.
Conceptual Framework
Based on literature review, vocabulary is one of the important components
in language learning. Four skills in English language learning need much of
vocabulary. The vocabulary mastery is not a spontaneous process which is easy to
be done. We know that first language comes from the mother tongue. The process
of vocabulary mastery begins when someone like reading. English vocabulary
learning cannot run successfully without English ability (English skills) because
both of them are very important in English teaching and learning process. Then,
without vocabulary the readers cannot understand what they read. As mentioned
above, between reading and vocabulary has correlation and good effect for us. We
can read everything to get new word which can add our vocabulary.
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From the discussion above, the researcher thinks that the students can learn
and get more new vocabulary by the reading. Furthermore, reading divided in two
types like intensive and extensive reading. Intensive reading is the language
learning under teacher guidance. While, extensive reading is reading in leisure
time. Then, reading journal article belonging in intensive reading. The habit of
reading journal article became a means that encouraged students to read regularly,
one book and one article of their choice every week that gave them more
opportunities to encounter new vocabulary more. The students feel easier to
understand something faster. Actually, it has many benefits for students who learn
English language.
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Figure 2.1
Conceptual framework of the research
The Correlation between the Habit of Reading Journal Articles and
2013 EED of UMY Students’ Vocabulary Mastery
Reading Habit
Frequency
Vocabulary
Mastery
Type of reading
Intensive
Reading
journal
article
Extensive
Benefit of reading
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Hypothesis
Based on the problems above, the hypotheses of the study are stated as
follows:
1.
Alternative Hypothesis
H1: There is a significant correlation between the habit of reading journal
articles and the student’s vocabulary mastery in EED of UMY batch
2013.
2.
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant correlation between the habit of reading journal
articles and the student’s vocabulary mastery in EED of UMY batch
2013.
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Chapter Three
Methodology
This chapter presents research methodology. The research methodology
consists of research design, research setting, population and sample, research
instrument, data collection method and data analysis.
Research Design
The researcher was intended to find the correlation between the habit of
reading journal article and vocabulary mastery, so this research used quantitative
design as the research design in order to get correlation. It is supported by Burns
and Grove (2005) who stated that quantitative research is as a formal, objective,
systematic process to describe and test relationships and examine cause and effect
interactions among variables. It is cause the researcher investigated two variables
then quantitative research is suitable for this research.
Research Setting
The researcher chose EED of UMY as the researcher setting. The first
reason is EED of UMY applied some reading subject like academic reading and
writing, reading and writing for career development, interpretive reading and
argumentative writing and issues in language teaching and learning. In that
subject, students should read some journal articles, so it was easier for the
researcher to do the research. The second reason the researcher is a student of
EED of UMY, so it was easier for the researcher to get the data for this research.
This research was conducted in June 2016.
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Population and Sample
Population. The population of this research was EED of UMY students’
batch 2013 who passed at least 4 semesters in EED of UMY and got some
experiences to read a journal article in teaching and learning process. This is
supported by Nunan and Bailey (2009) that population is representing entire or all
subject research. Population is grand total of subject research which can be
consisted of by the human being, object, animal, flora, and symptom, assess the
test or event as data source owning certain characteristic in a research. Population
numbers of this research were 194 students in batch 2013.
Sample. According to Arikunto (2006) “sample is a part of the population
which is investigated” (p.131). The researcher used the method of population
research, if the research subject less than 100 is better to take all of it. Thus, it is
regarded as a population research. If the research subject more than 100, the
researcher can takes 10-15% or 20-25% from the population (Arikunto, 2006). It
is cause the population of this research were 194 students, so the researcher takes
25% of the total population which is 49 students.
The research sampling that was used is convenience sampling. Cohen,
Manion, and Morrison (2011) stated that convenience sampling is known as
accidental or opportunity sampling. Convenience sampling gives the opportunity
to contain the nearest individual to serve as respondents. The researcher can
choose the respondents who are accessible and available at that time. It facilitated
the researcher in short duration time to get the data.
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Research Instrument
In collecting the data needed, the researcher used two instruments namely
questionnaire and vocabulary test to identify the purpose of the study.
Questionnaire. Kothari (2004) argued that questionnaire is a set of
questions focused on specific topic or specialized area. This questionnaire can be
divided into sub sets depending on the sub topics of specialized area. This method
is generally adopted by research workers, private and public organizations, as well
as government organizations also. However, questionnaire in this research was in
form of statements about the habit of reading journal article to get information
about how many journal articles that was read by them in learning activity. The
questionnaire consisted of 16 items of statements and designed in Indonesian
language to make respondents was easier in filling the questionnaire. The
questionnaire items were divided into three classifications. The classifications
items are as follow.
Table 3.1
The classifications of 16 items
No.
Classifications
Items
1.
Benefit of reading
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2.
Types of reading
6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13
3.
Frequency of reading
14, 15, 16
In addition, the questionnaire that consisted of 16 items has invalid items.
There are five invalid items, so the invalid items were deleted. The questionnaire
25
only consisted of 11 items. The questionnaire items also divided into three
classifications. The classifications items are as follow.
Table 3.2
The classifications of 11 items
No.
Classifications
Items
1.
Benefit of reading
1, 2, 3, 4
2.
Types of reading
6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13
3.
Frequency of reading
15
Furthermore, the research used Likert scale in questionnaire. The definition
of Likert Scale according to Sugiyono (2009) is the scale used to measure attitude,
opinion, and perception of someone or group toward the social phenomenon. In
this scale, respondents stated their agreement and disagreement. The researcher
decided to use 1- 4 scales namely strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly
disagree. The criteria of questionnaire items are as follow.
Table 3.3
The criteria in questionnaire item
Description
Scale
Strongly Disagree
4
Disagree
3
Agree
2
Strongly Agree
1
Source: Sugiyono (2009)
26
Vocabulary Test. In this research the vocabulary test consisted of 35
numbers of words. It is cause the researcher find the size of vocabulary then
vocabulary test is suitable for this research. In addition, the researcher adapted and
modified vocabulary test from book of Meara (2010). The researcher modified
vocabulary test by adding translation. If the respondents understood the word,
they wrote the translation. It measured how many size of vocabulary that they
acquired. In the vocabulary test, the respondents should write the each and
provide the translation of word in Indonesian language. The researcher modified
the vocabulary test to make test and get the data more reliable.
Validity of the Instrument. After the researcher got the data, the researcher
analyzed the item validity of questionnaire in SPSS Program version 22. Before
the researcher distributed the instruments to respondent, the instruments had been
piloted to check whether the instrument could be used or not to measure by the
supervisor. Then, the researcher piloted the instrument to 15 students to know
whether the instrument could be used to measure the habit of reading journal
article and vocabulary mastery. The data were analyzed to identify the r value and
the researcher compared the r value and r table (0.514). The questionnaire items
and vocabulary test were said to be valid if the r value is higher than r table
(Arikunto, 2006). The criteria of items validity is shown in table 3.5 below.
27
Table 3.4
The criteria of item validity
r value > r table =valid
r value < r table = not valid
Source: Arikunto (2006)
After analyzed the criteria of item validity, the researcher found some
invalid items. From 16 statements of questionnaire, there were five invalid items.
The invalid items were deleted and the questionnaires only consisted of 11
statements. Furthermore, the vocabulary tests also used of item validity. From 100
words in the vocabulary test, more than a half of total of words in the vocabulary
test not valid. The detailed number of validity is attached on the appendix. The
table of valid items number of questionnaires and vocabulary test are as follow.
Table 3.5
Valid Item Number
No.
Categories
Valid
Not valid
1.
Benefit of reading
1, 2, 3, 4
5
2.
Types of reading
6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13
9,10
3.
Frequency of reading
15
14, 16
4.
Vocabulary test
6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20,
1, 2, 3,4, 5, 9, 10,
23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 40,
11, 13, 17, 18, 19,
41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50,
21, 22, 24, 25, 30,
51, 54, 57, 60, 68, 75,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
28
77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 90,
36, 37, 38, 39, 45,
94, 95, 97, 98, 99.
46, 47, 48, 52, 53,
55, 56, 58, 59, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
67, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 76, 78, 81,
82, 83, 86, 87, 88,
89, 91, 92, 93, 96,
100.
Reliability of the instrument. Reliability showed the finding consistency
of the research. Based on Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2011) reliability refers
to the dependability, consistency and reliability of a research. Additionally, in this
research used Cronbach’s Alpha to check the reliability of the data. Sekaran
(2000) divided the reliability indicator into three levels:
Table 3.6
The Criteria of Reliability (Alpha)
1.
0.8 – 1.0
Good
2.
0.6 – 0.799
Moderate
3.
< 0.6
Not Good
There were 11 items on questionnaire which was distributed to 49 students
EED of Batch 2013. The reliability of the questionnaire is 0.650. It means that the
29
reliability in moderate criteria and suitable to use in this research. The reliability
of 11 items is reported the table below.
Table 3.7
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
.650
N of Items
11
Data Collection Method
This research used questionnaire and vocabulary test to collect the data
correlation. It is cause the researcher wants to get information about how many
journal articles that was read by the students and find the size of vocabulary then
that instruments are suitable for this research. The researcher gave questionnaire
and vocabulary test to the 49 students of EED of UMY batch 2013. Then, asked
permission to the lecturer first before coming to the class and to the students to
become respondents in this research. The researcher explained how to answer and
fill the questionnaire and vocabulary test. After getting the data from the
distributed questionnaire and vocabulary test, the researcher analyzed the data
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.
Data Analysis
The research used a computer program called Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and it was used as a tool. Then, according to scale of
measure type of data in SPSS are divide into four. There are nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio. The Pearson product-moment correlation requires interval data
30
for analysis. Automatically, in SPSS the research using Pearson's ProductMoment Correlation. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
(Pearson’s correlation, for short) is a measure of the strength and direction of
association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval
scale. Thus, in this research have two variables. There are the habit of reading
journal article and vocabulary mastery. The first variable is the habit of reading
journal article and the score took from test like reading habit questionnaire. The
second variable is vocabulary mastery and the score took from test like
vocabulary mastery test.
After get the score from both of them, the score was input in SPSS to get
statistical analyses and to calculate descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics
usually helps the researcher for explain to the other people what is happening in
the data. Then, it could be done by using SPSS program which consist of
frequency, testing reliability, validity, includes several mathematic calculations
like mean. Moreover, prerequisites test in Pearson product-moment correlation are
normality and linearity test. It was conducted before analyzing the data. Normality
test was done to determine whether the data variable of research was normal or
not. Therefore, linearity test was to determine the linear relationship between
independent variables and the dependent variables. The data was correlated in
SPSS to get the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient is a number
between –1 and +1 that determines whether two paired sets of data are related.
The number of coefficient shows –1 was indicated the correlation is strong
negative linear correlation. It be concluded that when the variable x increase, the
31
variable y also increase. Then, the number of coefficient shows +1 was indicated
the correlation is strong positive linear correlation. It be concluded that when the
variable x increase, the variable y not increase. If a value near zero means that
there is no correlation between the two variables. Thus, the data can interpret by
the result in SPSS.
In addition, to know the students’ habit of reading journal article the
researcher divided the mean value into five categories. The first category is very
high which was ranged from 4.01-5.00. The second category is high which was
ranged from 3.01-4.00. The third category is average which was ranged from
2.01-3.00. The fourth category is low which was ranged from 1.01-2.00. The last
category is very low which was ranged from 0.01-1.00. The categories of
students’ habit of reading journal article of this research were presented in the
following table.
Table 3.8
The categories of mean value
Source: Alimi (2013)
No.
Category
Value
1.
Very High
4.01 – 5.00
2.
High
3.01 – 4.00
3.
Average
2.01 – 3.00
4.
Low
1.01 – 2.00
5.
Very Low
0.00 – 1.00
32
Moreover, the categories of the vocabulary mastery were divided into five,
because the number word is 35 so that the range is 7. The first category is
excellent which was ranged 29-35. The second category is good which was
ranged from 22-28. The third category is fair which ranged from 15-21. The
fourth category is low which was ranged from 8-14. The last category is very low
which was ranged from 1-7 point. The categories of vocabularies mastery were in
the table below.
Table 3.9
The categories of vocabularies mastery
Source : Meara (2010)
No
Number of vocabulary
Category
1.
29-35
Excellent
2.
22-28
Good
3.
15-21
Fair
4.
8-14
Low
5.
1-7
Very low
Then, the researcher analyzed the data using SPSS program version 22 to
reveal the correlation between those two variables. Thus, the researcher used
Pearson Product moment correlation. Sugiyono (2011) divided the category of
correlation into five namely very low, low, moderate, strong and very strong
category. The categories of correlation were presented in the following table.
33
Table 3.10
The correlation category
Source: Sugiyono (2011)
No
Coefficient interval
Correlation category
1.
0.80-1.000
Very strong
2.
0.50-0.799
Strong
3.
0.40-0.599
Moderate
4.
0.20-0.399
Low
5.
0.00-0.199
Very low
49
Chapter Five
Conclusion and Recommendation
In the last chapter, the researcher presents the summary of this research.
Then, the researcher also gives recommendation of this research for the readers.
Conclusion
This research found that the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 had
average categories in reading journal article habit. The mean value is 2.02. The
students did strategies in reading, especially reading journal article. They felt that
reading developed their knowledge, improve spelling skills, get many new words
and help their assignment in reading subject. While, the students also like to did
extensive reading, intensive reading or both of them.
Furthermore, the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 also had fair
categories in the vocabulary mastery. The category level in vocabulary test
showed that 17 students which were in the fair category. It followed by16 students
which were included in the low category. Then, 9 students were included in the
very low category. There were 4 students were included in the good category and
the last 3 students were included in the excellent category.
To be highlighted, this finding showed that the correlation between the habit
of reading journal article and 2013 EED UMY students’ vocabulary mastery is not
significant. The result of probability value is 0.537 and the strength and weakness
of the correlation could be seen through the significant correlation value. The
number of significant correlation in this research is 0.090 which is in a low level
50
of correlation. It means that, the habit of reading journal article is not the only
way to gain vocabularies.
Recommendation
Based on the result about the correlation between the habit of reading
journal article and 2013 EED of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery, this research
provided several recommendations for the students, the teachers and the other
researcher.
For students. Students improve and increase their habit in reading journal
article. Reading has many impacts to develop skill, like get some new words,
spelling skills and grammar. Although, an English journal article is often used in
the reading class, so, it can be easier to understand an English journal article if the
student master the vocabulary.
For teachers. The teacher should be a good motivator to the students and
support their interest in reading journal article. The teacher should help the
students to master vocabulary by using appropriate reading based on characteristic
of the student. Then, the teacher should have many variants or journal article
themes, so it students will be more enthusiast in reading journal article.
For other researchers. Other researcher could conduct the same study on
wider area. The result would give more advantages. Besides that it can use
another way to master the vocabulary, like movie, song and video.
34
Chapter Four
Findings and Discussion
In this chapter, the researcher shows the findings and discussion of the
research. The finding describes the result of the three research questions. Then,
the discussion also describes the findings with detailed explanation.
Findings
Students’ habit of reading journal article. First research question is “how
is the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY batch 2013”.
There were 11 statements that reflected benefit of reading, frequency of reading
and types of reading. The respondent responses are presented in the table below.
Table 4.1
I read to add knowle
ARTICLES AND 2013 EED OF UMY STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY
MASTERY
A Skripsi
Submitted to the Faculty of Language Education
As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree
Sarjana Pendidikan
By :
Cintya Hadi Iswara
20120540113
English Education Department
Faculty of Language Education
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
2016
xiii
Abstract
Reading has many beneficial effects in language acquisition. It is supported by
Chang and Gould (2008) who explained that reading facilitates language
development. It means that the more a person reads, the more they will develop
their language like grammar and vocabulary knowledge. This research aimed to
find out the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY
students’ batch 2013, reveal the vocabulary mastery of the students in EED of
UMY students’ batch 2013 and identify the correlation between the habit of
reading journal article and 2013 EED of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery. This
research used a descriptive quantitative research to find the correlation. The
population numbers of this research were 194 students batch 2013. The sample of
research was 49 students. Moreover, this research used two instruments namely
questionnaire and vocabulary test. This research also used the validity and
reliability test. The analysis technique used product moment correlation.
The research found that the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 had in average
categories in the habit of reading journal article. It was supported by mean value
in the habit of reading journal article of 2.02. Furthermore, the research also found
that the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 were in the fair categories of
vocabulary mastery. The last result showed that probability value was 0.537 and
the number of significant correlation in this research was 0.090 which was in very
low in correlation category. It means that the correlation between the habit of
reading journal article and 2013 EED UMY students’ vocabulary mastery is not
significant and in very low in correlation category.
Keywords: reading habit, reading journal article, vocabulary mastery
Chapter One
Introduction
This chapter explains several points of the study. The first point talks about
the background of the problem which explains why researcher chose this topic
research. Then, the chapter also explains about identification and limitation of
the problem, formulation of the problem, purpose of the study and the last
significance of the study.
Background of the Problem
Reading is very important in language skill, so it should be mastered by the
students. In addition, students can get information widely without going anywhere
by reading. Reading forces the reader’s brain cell to work on a regular basis as
this will keep the reader sharper and smarter (Laddoo, 2007). When the students
read more and more, they will get more information and enable students to
improve their critical think. English Education Department (EED) of UMY has
many reading subjects. The lecturer usually use books, novel, magazine and
journal article in reading class.
Based on the researcher experience, EED of UMY often used journal article
in reading class, such as in Academic Reading and Writing class, Writing for
Career Development class, Interpretive Reading and Argumentative Writing class,
International Language Testing class and Issues in Language Teaching and
Learning class. In that subject, the student usually read many journal articles to do
the assignment and have test like close book journal. However, many students
looked lazy, confused, bored when they read the journal article. Besides, many
students also felt difficult to understand the meaning of text in journal article. That
might happens because they have small size of vocabulary.
Furthermore, vocabulary is one of components language skill that is more
important than others. This is supported by Thornbury (2004) who stated that
without grammar very little idea on a statement can be conveyed but without
vocabulary no idea on a statement can be conveyed. It means that, if we just spend
time to study grammar, we cannot improve our language much. But if we focus on
vocabulary, we can see that vocabulary will improve our language. Based on the
researcher experience, the students in EED of UMY have only small size of
vocabulary. When the students found new words, they did not try to find the
meaning. Their vocabularies did not increase. When they had a new vocabulary,
they should have tried to use the vocabularies in their activity.
Based on the background above, the researcher aimed to conduct the
research in EED of UMY batch 2013, entitled “The Correlation between the Habit
of Reading Journal Articles and 2013 EED of UMY Students’ Vocabulary
Mastery”.
Identification and Limitation of the Problem
Reading journal is applied in reading subject at English Education
Department of UMY. The reading focuses on reading journal or reading scientific
journal. By reading journal articles, the students get a lot of knowledge and
information. Thus, the researcher found some problems which was faced by
students in EED of UMY in reading subject especially reading journal article.
They are unwilling to read journal article because the content is very long and
much in reading subject. Then, they are difficulty to understand the text because
the text including in scientific text. The another problem that might faced by
students in EED of UMY is unfamiliar vocabulary, so it make them difficult to
understand the meaning of the text. Moreover, reading gives many advantages for
students especially university. The advantage of reading journal articles is to
develop and increase students’ vocabulary. Then, the students are helped to write
and get knowledge about sentence like sentence structure and complex sentence.
Automatically, reading journal article was influence in vocabulary mastery.
However, the problem in this research is limited to only on finding the correlation
between the habit of reading journal articles and 2013 UMY students’ vocabulary
mastery.
Formulation of the problem
There are three research questions in this study. Here are the researches
questions:
1. What is the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY
batch 2013?
2. What is the vocabulary mastery of the students in EED of UMY batch 2013?
3. Is there correlation between the habit of reading journal article and 2013 EED
of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery?
Purpose of the Study
Based on some research questions, there are three purposes of this research:
1. To find out the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY
students batch 2013.
2. To reveal the vocabulary mastery of the students in EED of UMY students
batch 2013.
3. To identify the correlation between the habit of reading journal article and
2013 EED of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery.
Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that this study can give benefits to:
Teachers. For the teachers, it gives significance in using of journal article in
reading activity to develop students’ vocabulary mastery in teaching and learning
process. Furthermore, it can give information about the students’ difficulties in
learning vocabulary.
Students. For the students, the results will give the understanding on
reading journal article as a way to get more new vocabulary. They can understand
and identify their difficulties of vocabulary learning by reading journal article.
Moreover, this research of course attracted the students to often read many journal
articles to gain many new words.
Other researchers. This research will give advantage for other researchers.
The result of this research can be one of the references for doing next research
which has a related topic to this research.
5
Chapter Two
Literature Review
In this chapter, the researcher tries to give clear description of theoretical
framework. The subs are reading that consist of definition of reading, benefits of
reading, type of reading, reading habit and reading journal article. It followed by
vocabulary that comprised of the role of vocabulary, vocabulary mastery and kind
of vocabulary. Next is conceptual framework and at last is hypothesis.
Reading
Definition of Reading. Reading is a process of constructing meaning that
can be achieved through dynamic instruction among the following aspects like
reader’s prior knowledge, the information provided by the text and the context of
the reading situation (Klingner, Sharon & Alison, 2007). Moreover, reading is a
constructive process which the prior knowledge and experience affects the
reader’s comprehension of the text (McEntire, 2003). It means that in reading,
prior knowledge and experience are important to get proper understanding of the
information in a text.
Furthermore, Grabe and Stoller (2002) stated that reading is also to do with
purposes, experiences, strategies, skills and even attitude towards reading. It
means that reading facilitates a writer to share knowledge, ideas and feelings with
reader. It also indicates that reading is not only to get messages from a text but
also utilizing the reading purposes and strategies.
Benefits of Reading. Reading has many beneficial effects in language
acquisition. Chang and Gould (2008) believe that reading facilitates language
6
development. It means that the more they read, the more they can develop their
language like their grammar and vocabulary knowledge. As Harmer (2007)
acknowledge, reading can also help students improve their spelling and writing
skills. When they fail an English reading test, they may feel disappointed and
discouraged but it does not mean that they are poor readers. They fail the English
reading test simply because they do not know enough words in order to
understand texts and answer the comprehension questions.
Types of Reading. There are two types of reading. According to Richards
and Schmidt (2002), types of reading are intensive reading and extensive reading.
Intensive reading is related to further progress in language learning under the
teacher’s guidance. It provides a basis for explaining difficulties of structure and
for extending knowledge of vocabulary and idioms. Then, reading of journal
article included in intensive reading because the students either get instruction or
assistance from the teacher. Whereas, extensive reading is reading in quantity in
order to gain a general understanding of what has been read. Thus, extensive
reading is the activity that people do for pleasure. The readers can freely choose
the text that they like, such as a novel, magazine and others. It is intended to
develop good reading habits, to build knowledge of vocabulary and structure and
to encourage a liking for reading.
Techniques of Reading. The students need certain techniques to get
meaningful information when they read a text. They can use one or more
techniques to read the reading text. They are expected to select the appropriate
7
techniques to get information. According to Beatrice and Linda (2004) there are
ten techniques of reading:
Previewing. The aim of previewing is to find out what are the students
going to be reading before they actually read. Then, the students preview to get an
idea of what they will find in the text. Their brain can begin making connections,
and their comprehension will be faster and better.
Scanning. Scanning is aimed at finding specific information from the
reading text quickly. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page
seeking specific words and phrases. Thus, it also used when the students first find
a resource to determine whether it will answer their questions.
Skimming. Skimming is a high speed process and involves visually
searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning. In addition, skimming is
one of the reading skills that is aimed at finding the general idea quickly. It is
what you do when you are searching for something particular in the text the way
you might read a phone book or dictionary. Used to find a specific reference,
locate new material, locate the answer to a specific question, and get the main idea
of a selection or review.
Using vocabulary knowledge (guessing). Sometimes in a passage, the
students find the unknown or difficult words. Ask the students to guess the words.
The teacher can help the students to describe the word in English or give the
similar meaning of the words.
Making inferences. Good readers constantly make inferences as they read.
Look for clues in the text, and then use the clues to guess about the text and about
8
the writer’s ideas. This is especially important when some ideas are not directly
stated. Making inferences also help a reader get around difficult vocabulary or
sentences structure.
Finding topics. In order to understand what you are reading, you need to
connect it to something you already know. To make this connection, you need to
be sure that you know what it is that you are reading about. That is, you need to
know the topic.
Discovering topics of paragraphs. It is important to be able to find the main
idea in a paragraph. The main idea tells what the paragraph is mostly about. All of
the other sentences are details that tell more about the main idea.
Understanding main idea. Understanding the main idea or gist of a piece of
text is a sophisticated reading task. Textbook chapters, articles, paragraphs,
sentences, or passages all have topics, main ideas, and supporting details. The
topic is the broad, general theme, message or what some call the subject. The
main idea is the "key concept" being expressed. Details, major or minor, support
the main idea by telling how, what, when, where, why, how much, or how many.
Locating the topic, main idea, and supporting details helps readers understand the
points the writer is attempting to express.
Identifying patterns of organization. Finding the pattern help you find the
main idea and remember the important details. Thus, looking for patterns is a way
to improve your comprehension while reading.
Summarizing. Summarizing is the process of retelling the important parts of
a passage in a much shorter form. A good summary includes the main ideas and
9
the major supporting points of what you have read, does not include minor details
and your own ideas or opinions.
Reading Habit. The activity of reading is regarded as a habit when it is
repeatedly carried out. In measurable terms reading habit is often considered as
terms the amount of materials being read, the frequency of reading as well as the
average time spent on reading (Wagner, 2002). Moreover, Shen (2006) identified
reading habits, as how often, how much and what the readers read. According to
Thanuskodi (2011) defined reading habit into two; reading and habit. He
explained reading as an activity of a person who reads, and habit is the product of
the activity. The activity becomes a habit when it is done frequently, repeatedly
and constantly. Thus, the habit of reading is the activity which is done
continuously and frequently will become a behavior or routine.
Besides, reading is an important language skill in human, therefore the
reading habits need is grown in every human being. By the habit of reading a
person will gain extensive knowledge and insight as human beings will not be
separated from the need for information that is generally found in the form of
reading. Tampubolon (1990) stated that “the habit of reading is one of the
deciding factors in the ability to read” (p. 243). Automatically, if the reading is
often performed the reading skills we will also be getting better.
Reading Journal Article. Journal is a newspaper or magazine that deals
with a particular subject or profession (Oxford Dictionary, 2011). It means that
every journal has a specific subject. For example, if we search about education so
we can browse education journal article. In the other side, College (2015) has
10
recognized that journal can be defined as an academic magazine which has
available on a regular schedule. That was includes the articles which is written by
experts in a field of the study. Those articles can be written by the students or
teachers that have had great specific vocabulary and science. Additionally, a
journal article also can be called as scientific article.
The reading journal article did not contain any part where students could
write new vocabulary from their reading. However, a student indicated that they
can learn new vocabulary from reading journal article. Nation and Newton (1997)
stated that to remember a word, a learner has to keep meeting the word by doing
reading in large amounts which was made possible by the reading journal article.
Furthermore, journal log model suggested by Lyutaya (2011) was utilized in the
reading journal article used in this study. The reading journal article in this study
consisted of six parts, namely: (1) Title of the book, text or article, (2) Prediction
of content based on the title, (3) An intriguing sentence or passage, (4) Inferential
or critical questions, (5) Opinion about the story, and (6) Summary or plot.
Reading journals articles are logs where students record their comments on
the assigned readings. They may react, question, argue, provide additional
examples, or write about what the readings mean to them personally. Some
teachers prefer to use more structured reading journals articles where they
ask specific questions to their students to answer in the journals (Erickson,
Peters, & Strommer, 2006, p. 125).
11
Vocabulary
The Role of Vocabulary. Building up a useful vocabulary is central to the
learning of a foreign language at primary level (Cameron, 2001). Someone who
has a lot of vocabulary of foreign language could learn language easily. Since
vocabulary is all about words, and good mastery of vocabulary helps someone
understand language. Langan (2002) stated that “if you have a poor vocabulary, it
will make you have slow reading speed and limit your comprehension” (p.341).
Not only that, vocabulary is important because it gives significant impact on
reading comprehension (Athans & Devine, 2010).
Based on Neuman and Dawyer (2009) cited in Bintz (2011), vocabulary can
be defined as the words we must know to communicate effectively like words in
speaking (expressive vocabulary) and words in listening (receptive vocabulary).
Then, Linse (2006) cited in Bintz (2011) stated that “vocabulary is the collection
of words that an individual knows” (p. 121). While, learning vocabulary is
important as a part of learning English or other foreign languages since learners
learn vocabulary first before they master more complex structure. This is
supported by Richard and Renandya (2002) that “vocabulary is a core component
of language proficiency and provides much of the basis for how well learners
speak, listen, read and write” (p. 255).
Vocabulary Mastery. Vocabulary is one of the language aspects which
should be learnt. Learning is important because in order to be able to speak, write,
and listen learners have to know vocabulary first. According to Cameron (2001)
who stated that a person said to know a word if they can recognize the meaning
12
when they see it. It means that in learning vocabulary learners have to know the
meaning of it and also understand and can use it in sentence context. Vocabulary
mastery is a great skill of knowledge about a set of words known by a person as a
part of specific language. Harmer (2001) states that vocabulary mastery is one of
the most obvious components of language and one of first things applied
linguistics turned their attention.
On other hand, Grabe (2009) also stated that raising the students’ awareness
of the new words that they encounter in texts represents an important learning
goal. Furthermore, he reported in his research that anew issue of current review
about vocabulary mastery stressing on the importance of making students aware
of use the new words they encounter and motivating the students to learn and use
the new words, more ever the students need to be collectors of words either by
listing words which are interesting or difficult, or by noting possible connection
between new words and known words or trying to use the new words in some
interesting way.
Based on Hirsch (2003) found that knowing at least 90 percent of the words
of a text enables the reader to get the main idea from the reading and guess
correctly what many of the unfamiliar words mean, which will help them learn
new words. Then, Harmer (2001) said that there are some aspects that have to be
discussed in vocabulary, namely: word meaning (synonym, antonym, connotation,
and denotation), extending word use such as idioms, word combination or
collocation, and the grammar of words which comprises noun, verb, adjective,
13
and adverb. It means that, every student can learn some aspect like vocabulary by
reading.
Meaning. The meaning can be classified according to the form they attach
to. It can be classified into three forms: lexical meaning, morphological meaning,
and syntactic meaning. Lexical meaning is the meaning that attaches to words as
word. Whereas, morpheme is the smallest unit that are carries information about
meaning or function. And the meaning that attaches to the word arrangement in a
sentence is the syntactic meaning.
Synonym. The term synonym derives from Greek are syn- + -nymy. The two
parts mean same and name. Synonym deals with sameness of meaning, more than
one word having the same meaning, alternatively the same meaning being
expressed by more than one word. In other words, synonym is words whose
denotation is the same but has different connotation.
Antonym. Antonym is the opposite of meaning. Antonyms are not
differentiated for formality or dialect or technicality; antonyms occur within the
same style, dialect, or register.
Denotation. Based on Keraf (1984) said that denotative meaning is also
called as some terms such as denotational meaning, cognitive meaning,
conceptual meaning, ideational meaning, referential meaning, or proportional
meaning. This is called denotational, referential, conceptual, or ideational because
the meaning refers to a certain referent, concept, or idea from reference.
14
Connotation. Connotation is more complicated than denotation. Widarso
(1989) state “denotation is the meaning of a word which has added the component
of meaning related to emotional overtones” (p. 69).
Use. According to Nation (2001), there are some ways to draw the
attentions to the use of words by quickly showing the grammatical pattern the
word fits into countable or uncountable, transitive or intransitive, giving a few
similar collocates, mentioning any restrictions on the use of the word like formal,
informal, impolite, only used with children, and giving a well known opposite or a
well-known word describing the group or lexical set it fits into.
Spelling. Spelling is the writing of a word or words with the necessary
letters and diacritics present in an accepted standard order, an arrangement of
letters that form a word or part of a word and the process of forming words by
putting letters together.
Pronunciation. According to Hewings (2004), pronunciation of a language
is the main components of speech which combine together. These components
range from the individual sounds that make up speech, to the way in pitch or the
rise and fall of the voice is used to convey meaning.
Sounds. The building blocks of pronunciation are the individual sounds, the
vowels and consonants go together to make words. The consonants such as /b/ and
/p/are separate in English because if they are inter changed, they will make new
words; for example, in bit and pit. Similarly, the vowels /ı/ (as in it) and /٨/(as in
up) are separate.
15
Syllables. Vowel and consonant sounds combine into syllables. It can be
helpful to think of the structure of English syllables as consonant (s) + vowel +
consonant (s). This means that various combinations of vowels and consonants are
possible like vowel only (e.g. in a), consonant + vowel (e.g. in me), vowel +
consonant (e.g. in eat) and consonant + vowel + consonant (e.g. in bag)
Words. A word can be either a single syllable (e.g. cat, own) or a sequence
of two or more syllables (e.g. window, about [two syllables]; lemonade [three
syllables] or electricity [five syllables]). When a word has more than one syllable,
one of these syllables is stressed in relation to other syllables in the word, while
other syllables are said to be unstressed. For example, in “window” the first
syllable is stressed and the second is unstressed, while in “about” the first syllable
is unstressed and the second is stressed.
Kinds of Vocabulary. Lehr and Osborn (2001) explained two kinds of
vocabulary description as follow. First, words come in two forms, oral and print.
Oral vocabulary includes the words that are recognized and used in listening and
speaking. Whereas, print vocabulary are includes the word that are recognize and
used in reading and writing. Second, word knowledge is composed of two forms,
receptive and productive. Receptive vocabulary includes words that are
recognized when we hear or see them. It is the ability to comprehend passive
vocabulary which is used in reading and listening context. Whereas, productive
vocabulary includes words that are recognized when we speak or write. It is an
active ability which is used in speaking or writing.
16
Review of Related Studies
To support this research, many researchers which are relevant with this
research are presented here. Those are:
The first research is research from Bastian (2013) entitled “A Correlation
Study between Student’s Reading Interest toward their Vocabulary Mastery of the
Fourth Semester of English Department Students of Salatiga in Academic Year of
2012/2013”. The aims of this research are to know the score of reading interest,
the score of vocabulary mastery, and to proven the significant correlation between
reading interest and vocabulary mastery. This research using a descriptive
quantitative research. The researcher using questionnaire to finding the score of
student’s reading interest, and the writer applied test to finding the score of
vocabulary mastery of the Fourth Semester of English Department Students of
Salatiga. The result of this research showed that score of reading interest of the
Fourth Semester of English Department Students of Salatiga is good. It can be
seen from the result of reading interest score is 77.31%. In this research also
showed that score of vocabulary mastery the respondents is excellent. It was
known from the result of score of vocabulary test is 83.70%. Then, the result of
correlation formula showed that the r-calculation is 0.483. To know the
significance of variable X to variable Y, r-calculation is compared with r-table
with the number of sample (27) students and the level of significance 5% (0.05),
which is 0.381. It proved that r-calculation is almost the same with r-table
because r-calculation is 0.483 while r-table is 0.381. It also proved that there was
positive correlation between reading interest and vocabulary mastery.
17
The second research by Chen (2011) in her research on “The Impact of EFL
Students’ Vocabulary Breadth of Knowledge”. The purpose of this study was to
investigate whether EFL students’ vocabulary breadth knowledge influences their
literal reading comprehension. To accomplish this study, the mixed methods
design was used. All the participants in this study were given a set of tests which
included vocabulary levels test and reading comprehension tests. Individual
interviews were conducted after the quantitative phase and were used as
supportive data. The quantitative results indicated that vocabulary breadth of
knowledge was positively and significantly correlated to literal reading
comprehension. The qualitative findings showed that the majority of participants
agreed breadth of vocabulary knowledge played a greater role in their literal
reading comprehension process. The interview results determined the participants
relied more on breadth of vocabulary knowledge than others, for example
syntactic knowledge, during literal reading. Moreover, the interviewees who had
better language proficiency tended to utilize more literacy skills in interpreting the
content of reading passages than did lower language proficiency learners.
The third research is by Naimatun (2015) conducted a research on “The
Correlation between Reading Habits and Students’ Vocabulary Mastery at
English Education Department Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta”. The
objective of this research is to identify the students’ reading habit, to reveal
students’ vocabulary mastery and to find out the correlation between reading habit
and vocabulary mastery. This research was conducted in English Education
Department (EED of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY)). The
18
population of EED UMY batch 2013 was 194. There are 106 students of EED
UMY batch 2013 participated in this research. This research used quantitative
approach and correlation as the methodology. Moreover, this research used two
instruments namely questionnaire and vocabulary test. The research found out that
the EED UMY students’ batch 2013 had good reading habit. It was supported by
the students reading habits mean value of 3.09. The research also found out that
the vocabulary mastery of EED UMY was in good category since the mean value
of vocabulary was 3.54. The last result showed that the correlation between EED
UMY students’ reading habit and vocabulary mastery is in very weak criteria of
correlation. It means that the correlation was positive but not significant with the
correlation value was 0.106 and the probability value was 0.278.
Conceptual Framework
Based on literature review, vocabulary is one of the important components
in language learning. Four skills in English language learning need much of
vocabulary. The vocabulary mastery is not a spontaneous process which is easy to
be done. We know that first language comes from the mother tongue. The process
of vocabulary mastery begins when someone like reading. English vocabulary
learning cannot run successfully without English ability (English skills) because
both of them are very important in English teaching and learning process. Then,
without vocabulary the readers cannot understand what they read. As mentioned
above, between reading and vocabulary has correlation and good effect for us. We
can read everything to get new word which can add our vocabulary.
19
From the discussion above, the researcher thinks that the students can learn
and get more new vocabulary by the reading. Furthermore, reading divided in two
types like intensive and extensive reading. Intensive reading is the language
learning under teacher guidance. While, extensive reading is reading in leisure
time. Then, reading journal article belonging in intensive reading. The habit of
reading journal article became a means that encouraged students to read regularly,
one book and one article of their choice every week that gave them more
opportunities to encounter new vocabulary more. The students feel easier to
understand something faster. Actually, it has many benefits for students who learn
English language.
20
Figure 2.1
Conceptual framework of the research
The Correlation between the Habit of Reading Journal Articles and
2013 EED of UMY Students’ Vocabulary Mastery
Reading Habit
Frequency
Vocabulary
Mastery
Type of reading
Intensive
Reading
journal
article
Extensive
Benefit of reading
21
Hypothesis
Based on the problems above, the hypotheses of the study are stated as
follows:
1.
Alternative Hypothesis
H1: There is a significant correlation between the habit of reading journal
articles and the student’s vocabulary mastery in EED of UMY batch
2013.
2.
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant correlation between the habit of reading journal
articles and the student’s vocabulary mastery in EED of UMY batch
2013.
22
Chapter Three
Methodology
This chapter presents research methodology. The research methodology
consists of research design, research setting, population and sample, research
instrument, data collection method and data analysis.
Research Design
The researcher was intended to find the correlation between the habit of
reading journal article and vocabulary mastery, so this research used quantitative
design as the research design in order to get correlation. It is supported by Burns
and Grove (2005) who stated that quantitative research is as a formal, objective,
systematic process to describe and test relationships and examine cause and effect
interactions among variables. It is cause the researcher investigated two variables
then quantitative research is suitable for this research.
Research Setting
The researcher chose EED of UMY as the researcher setting. The first
reason is EED of UMY applied some reading subject like academic reading and
writing, reading and writing for career development, interpretive reading and
argumentative writing and issues in language teaching and learning. In that
subject, students should read some journal articles, so it was easier for the
researcher to do the research. The second reason the researcher is a student of
EED of UMY, so it was easier for the researcher to get the data for this research.
This research was conducted in June 2016.
23
Population and Sample
Population. The population of this research was EED of UMY students’
batch 2013 who passed at least 4 semesters in EED of UMY and got some
experiences to read a journal article in teaching and learning process. This is
supported by Nunan and Bailey (2009) that population is representing entire or all
subject research. Population is grand total of subject research which can be
consisted of by the human being, object, animal, flora, and symptom, assess the
test or event as data source owning certain characteristic in a research. Population
numbers of this research were 194 students in batch 2013.
Sample. According to Arikunto (2006) “sample is a part of the population
which is investigated” (p.131). The researcher used the method of population
research, if the research subject less than 100 is better to take all of it. Thus, it is
regarded as a population research. If the research subject more than 100, the
researcher can takes 10-15% or 20-25% from the population (Arikunto, 2006). It
is cause the population of this research were 194 students, so the researcher takes
25% of the total population which is 49 students.
The research sampling that was used is convenience sampling. Cohen,
Manion, and Morrison (2011) stated that convenience sampling is known as
accidental or opportunity sampling. Convenience sampling gives the opportunity
to contain the nearest individual to serve as respondents. The researcher can
choose the respondents who are accessible and available at that time. It facilitated
the researcher in short duration time to get the data.
24
Research Instrument
In collecting the data needed, the researcher used two instruments namely
questionnaire and vocabulary test to identify the purpose of the study.
Questionnaire. Kothari (2004) argued that questionnaire is a set of
questions focused on specific topic or specialized area. This questionnaire can be
divided into sub sets depending on the sub topics of specialized area. This method
is generally adopted by research workers, private and public organizations, as well
as government organizations also. However, questionnaire in this research was in
form of statements about the habit of reading journal article to get information
about how many journal articles that was read by them in learning activity. The
questionnaire consisted of 16 items of statements and designed in Indonesian
language to make respondents was easier in filling the questionnaire. The
questionnaire items were divided into three classifications. The classifications
items are as follow.
Table 3.1
The classifications of 16 items
No.
Classifications
Items
1.
Benefit of reading
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2.
Types of reading
6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13
3.
Frequency of reading
14, 15, 16
In addition, the questionnaire that consisted of 16 items has invalid items.
There are five invalid items, so the invalid items were deleted. The questionnaire
25
only consisted of 11 items. The questionnaire items also divided into three
classifications. The classifications items are as follow.
Table 3.2
The classifications of 11 items
No.
Classifications
Items
1.
Benefit of reading
1, 2, 3, 4
2.
Types of reading
6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13
3.
Frequency of reading
15
Furthermore, the research used Likert scale in questionnaire. The definition
of Likert Scale according to Sugiyono (2009) is the scale used to measure attitude,
opinion, and perception of someone or group toward the social phenomenon. In
this scale, respondents stated their agreement and disagreement. The researcher
decided to use 1- 4 scales namely strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly
disagree. The criteria of questionnaire items are as follow.
Table 3.3
The criteria in questionnaire item
Description
Scale
Strongly Disagree
4
Disagree
3
Agree
2
Strongly Agree
1
Source: Sugiyono (2009)
26
Vocabulary Test. In this research the vocabulary test consisted of 35
numbers of words. It is cause the researcher find the size of vocabulary then
vocabulary test is suitable for this research. In addition, the researcher adapted and
modified vocabulary test from book of Meara (2010). The researcher modified
vocabulary test by adding translation. If the respondents understood the word,
they wrote the translation. It measured how many size of vocabulary that they
acquired. In the vocabulary test, the respondents should write the each and
provide the translation of word in Indonesian language. The researcher modified
the vocabulary test to make test and get the data more reliable.
Validity of the Instrument. After the researcher got the data, the researcher
analyzed the item validity of questionnaire in SPSS Program version 22. Before
the researcher distributed the instruments to respondent, the instruments had been
piloted to check whether the instrument could be used or not to measure by the
supervisor. Then, the researcher piloted the instrument to 15 students to know
whether the instrument could be used to measure the habit of reading journal
article and vocabulary mastery. The data were analyzed to identify the r value and
the researcher compared the r value and r table (0.514). The questionnaire items
and vocabulary test were said to be valid if the r value is higher than r table
(Arikunto, 2006). The criteria of items validity is shown in table 3.5 below.
27
Table 3.4
The criteria of item validity
r value > r table =valid
r value < r table = not valid
Source: Arikunto (2006)
After analyzed the criteria of item validity, the researcher found some
invalid items. From 16 statements of questionnaire, there were five invalid items.
The invalid items were deleted and the questionnaires only consisted of 11
statements. Furthermore, the vocabulary tests also used of item validity. From 100
words in the vocabulary test, more than a half of total of words in the vocabulary
test not valid. The detailed number of validity is attached on the appendix. The
table of valid items number of questionnaires and vocabulary test are as follow.
Table 3.5
Valid Item Number
No.
Categories
Valid
Not valid
1.
Benefit of reading
1, 2, 3, 4
5
2.
Types of reading
6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13
9,10
3.
Frequency of reading
15
14, 16
4.
Vocabulary test
6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20,
1, 2, 3,4, 5, 9, 10,
23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 40,
11, 13, 17, 18, 19,
41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50,
21, 22, 24, 25, 30,
51, 54, 57, 60, 68, 75,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
28
77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 90,
36, 37, 38, 39, 45,
94, 95, 97, 98, 99.
46, 47, 48, 52, 53,
55, 56, 58, 59, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
67, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 76, 78, 81,
82, 83, 86, 87, 88,
89, 91, 92, 93, 96,
100.
Reliability of the instrument. Reliability showed the finding consistency
of the research. Based on Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2011) reliability refers
to the dependability, consistency and reliability of a research. Additionally, in this
research used Cronbach’s Alpha to check the reliability of the data. Sekaran
(2000) divided the reliability indicator into three levels:
Table 3.6
The Criteria of Reliability (Alpha)
1.
0.8 – 1.0
Good
2.
0.6 – 0.799
Moderate
3.
< 0.6
Not Good
There were 11 items on questionnaire which was distributed to 49 students
EED of Batch 2013. The reliability of the questionnaire is 0.650. It means that the
29
reliability in moderate criteria and suitable to use in this research. The reliability
of 11 items is reported the table below.
Table 3.7
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
.650
N of Items
11
Data Collection Method
This research used questionnaire and vocabulary test to collect the data
correlation. It is cause the researcher wants to get information about how many
journal articles that was read by the students and find the size of vocabulary then
that instruments are suitable for this research. The researcher gave questionnaire
and vocabulary test to the 49 students of EED of UMY batch 2013. Then, asked
permission to the lecturer first before coming to the class and to the students to
become respondents in this research. The researcher explained how to answer and
fill the questionnaire and vocabulary test. After getting the data from the
distributed questionnaire and vocabulary test, the researcher analyzed the data
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.
Data Analysis
The research used a computer program called Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and it was used as a tool. Then, according to scale of
measure type of data in SPSS are divide into four. There are nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio. The Pearson product-moment correlation requires interval data
30
for analysis. Automatically, in SPSS the research using Pearson's ProductMoment Correlation. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
(Pearson’s correlation, for short) is a measure of the strength and direction of
association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval
scale. Thus, in this research have two variables. There are the habit of reading
journal article and vocabulary mastery. The first variable is the habit of reading
journal article and the score took from test like reading habit questionnaire. The
second variable is vocabulary mastery and the score took from test like
vocabulary mastery test.
After get the score from both of them, the score was input in SPSS to get
statistical analyses and to calculate descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics
usually helps the researcher for explain to the other people what is happening in
the data. Then, it could be done by using SPSS program which consist of
frequency, testing reliability, validity, includes several mathematic calculations
like mean. Moreover, prerequisites test in Pearson product-moment correlation are
normality and linearity test. It was conducted before analyzing the data. Normality
test was done to determine whether the data variable of research was normal or
not. Therefore, linearity test was to determine the linear relationship between
independent variables and the dependent variables. The data was correlated in
SPSS to get the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient is a number
between –1 and +1 that determines whether two paired sets of data are related.
The number of coefficient shows –1 was indicated the correlation is strong
negative linear correlation. It be concluded that when the variable x increase, the
31
variable y also increase. Then, the number of coefficient shows +1 was indicated
the correlation is strong positive linear correlation. It be concluded that when the
variable x increase, the variable y not increase. If a value near zero means that
there is no correlation between the two variables. Thus, the data can interpret by
the result in SPSS.
In addition, to know the students’ habit of reading journal article the
researcher divided the mean value into five categories. The first category is very
high which was ranged from 4.01-5.00. The second category is high which was
ranged from 3.01-4.00. The third category is average which was ranged from
2.01-3.00. The fourth category is low which was ranged from 1.01-2.00. The last
category is very low which was ranged from 0.01-1.00. The categories of
students’ habit of reading journal article of this research were presented in the
following table.
Table 3.8
The categories of mean value
Source: Alimi (2013)
No.
Category
Value
1.
Very High
4.01 – 5.00
2.
High
3.01 – 4.00
3.
Average
2.01 – 3.00
4.
Low
1.01 – 2.00
5.
Very Low
0.00 – 1.00
32
Moreover, the categories of the vocabulary mastery were divided into five,
because the number word is 35 so that the range is 7. The first category is
excellent which was ranged 29-35. The second category is good which was
ranged from 22-28. The third category is fair which ranged from 15-21. The
fourth category is low which was ranged from 8-14. The last category is very low
which was ranged from 1-7 point. The categories of vocabularies mastery were in
the table below.
Table 3.9
The categories of vocabularies mastery
Source : Meara (2010)
No
Number of vocabulary
Category
1.
29-35
Excellent
2.
22-28
Good
3.
15-21
Fair
4.
8-14
Low
5.
1-7
Very low
Then, the researcher analyzed the data using SPSS program version 22 to
reveal the correlation between those two variables. Thus, the researcher used
Pearson Product moment correlation. Sugiyono (2011) divided the category of
correlation into five namely very low, low, moderate, strong and very strong
category. The categories of correlation were presented in the following table.
33
Table 3.10
The correlation category
Source: Sugiyono (2011)
No
Coefficient interval
Correlation category
1.
0.80-1.000
Very strong
2.
0.50-0.799
Strong
3.
0.40-0.599
Moderate
4.
0.20-0.399
Low
5.
0.00-0.199
Very low
49
Chapter Five
Conclusion and Recommendation
In the last chapter, the researcher presents the summary of this research.
Then, the researcher also gives recommendation of this research for the readers.
Conclusion
This research found that the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 had
average categories in reading journal article habit. The mean value is 2.02. The
students did strategies in reading, especially reading journal article. They felt that
reading developed their knowledge, improve spelling skills, get many new words
and help their assignment in reading subject. While, the students also like to did
extensive reading, intensive reading or both of them.
Furthermore, the students of EED of UMY batch 2013 also had fair
categories in the vocabulary mastery. The category level in vocabulary test
showed that 17 students which were in the fair category. It followed by16 students
which were included in the low category. Then, 9 students were included in the
very low category. There were 4 students were included in the good category and
the last 3 students were included in the excellent category.
To be highlighted, this finding showed that the correlation between the habit
of reading journal article and 2013 EED UMY students’ vocabulary mastery is not
significant. The result of probability value is 0.537 and the strength and weakness
of the correlation could be seen through the significant correlation value. The
number of significant correlation in this research is 0.090 which is in a low level
50
of correlation. It means that, the habit of reading journal article is not the only
way to gain vocabularies.
Recommendation
Based on the result about the correlation between the habit of reading
journal article and 2013 EED of UMY students’ vocabulary mastery, this research
provided several recommendations for the students, the teachers and the other
researcher.
For students. Students improve and increase their habit in reading journal
article. Reading has many impacts to develop skill, like get some new words,
spelling skills and grammar. Although, an English journal article is often used in
the reading class, so, it can be easier to understand an English journal article if the
student master the vocabulary.
For teachers. The teacher should be a good motivator to the students and
support their interest in reading journal article. The teacher should help the
students to master vocabulary by using appropriate reading based on characteristic
of the student. Then, the teacher should have many variants or journal article
themes, so it students will be more enthusiast in reading journal article.
For other researchers. Other researcher could conduct the same study on
wider area. The result would give more advantages. Besides that it can use
another way to master the vocabulary, like movie, song and video.
34
Chapter Four
Findings and Discussion
In this chapter, the researcher shows the findings and discussion of the
research. The finding describes the result of the three research questions. Then,
the discussion also describes the findings with detailed explanation.
Findings
Students’ habit of reading journal article. First research question is “how
is the habit of reading journal article of the students in EED of UMY batch 2013”.
There were 11 statements that reflected benefit of reading, frequency of reading
and types of reading. The respondent responses are presented in the table below.
Table 4.1
I read to add knowle