Investigation Of Reproducing Domestic Wastewater.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
INVESTIGATION OF REPRODUCING DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering
(MANUFACTURING PROCESS)
by
NORAIDA DIANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN
B050710057
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
2011
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Invest igat ion of Reproducing Domest ic Wast ewat er
SESI PENGAJIAN: 20010/ 11 Semest er 2
Saya NORAIDA DIANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpust akaan Universit i
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat -syarat kegunaan sepert i berikut :
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universit i Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis.
2. Perpust akaan Universit i Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
unt uk t uj uan pengaj ian sahaj a dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpust akaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pert ukaran ant ara inst it usi pengaj ian t inggi.
4. **Sila t andakan ( √
)
SULIT
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarj ah keselamat an
at au kepent ingan Malaysia yang t ermakt ub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang t elah dit ent ukan
oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dij alankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
Alamat Tet ap:
Blok 2-11-07, Pangsapuri Cheras
Ut ama, Taman Cheras Ut ama,
PENYELIA PSM
(Tandat angan dan Cop Rasmi)
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur.
Tarikh: _________________________
Tarikh: _______________________
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT at au TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyat akan sekali sebab dan t empoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT at au TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Investigation of Reproducing Domestic
Wastewater” is the results of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature
:
………………………………………….
Author’s Name
:
NORAIDA DIANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN
Date
:
17 MAY 2011
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM
as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Bachelor of
Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Process). The member of the
supervisory committee is as follow:
………………………………
Supervisor
(Signature & Official Stamp of Supervisor)
ABSTRAK
Rawatan sisa air adalah penting pada masa kini kerana meningkatnya peningkatan
populasi dunia dan meningkatnya pencemaran air bersih di seluruh dunia. Keadaan
menjadi lebih buruk dengan penggunaan yang sewenang-wenangnya dan
pembaziran air yang semakin menjadi-jadi. Jadi, rawatan air sisa amat penting
dalam memastikan kewujudan air bersih di masa akan datang. Dengan adanya
rawatan air bersih, penggunaan air bersih dalam penggunaan air luaran dapat
digantikan dengan air sisa yang telah dirawat. Contoh penggunaan air luaran ialah
basuh kereta, siraman kebun, pam tandas, dan basuh baju. Penggunaan luaran ini
mengambil
sebilangan
besar
peratusan
penggunaan
air
harian.
Walaubagaimanapun, untuk membina system rawatan air sisa, beberapa kajian dan
eksperimen perlu dilakukan kerana Malaysia tidak terlalu terdedah kepada teknologi
ini.
Kajian yang boleh dilakukan dengan memerhati negara yang telah
mengaplikasikan teknologi ini seperti Jerman, Australia, Belanda, dan Timur
Tengah. Kajian ini dapat dijadikan garis panduan dalam membina system ini di
Malaysia. Pembinaan system ini bermula dengan pembinaan system pengumpulan
air sisa di tempat kajian. Selepas itu, beberapa sampel akan diambil dari air sisa itu.
Sampel-sampel itu akan menjalani ujian pH dan ujian suhu untuk memastikan sama
ada rawatan yang dilakukan berjaya atau tidak. Lebih rendah nilai pH dan suhu dari
nilai air sisa yang sebenarnya adalah lebih baik. Data yang dikumpul akan dianalisis
dan dikumpulkan ke dalam graf yang sesuai untuk menunjukkan hasil rawatan.
Hasil rawatan dibincangkan dan beberapa cadangan diberikan untuk menambahbaik
lagi projek ini di masa akan datang.
i
ABSTRACT
Wastewater treatment is a very crucial nowadays due to the increased of world
population and the increased of clean water pollution around the world. To make
matter worst people keep using the clean water with careless and wasting it. Thus,
wastewater treatment is very crucial in maintaining the existence of clean water.
With wastewater treatment water usage in external used can be converted by using
the treated water.
Example of external usage of water is car washing, garden
irrigation, toilet flushing, and laundry. These external usages took large sum of
percentage in daily water consumption.
However, to construct a wastewater
treatment, some research and experiments need to be done because Malaysia has not
been exposed with this technology. The research can be done by observing the
countries that have applying this technology such as Germany, Australia,
Netherlands, and Middle East. The research can be guidelines to construct the
system in Malaysia.
The system construction started with construction the
wastewater harvesting system in test site. Then, some samples will be taken from
the wastewater that is collected.
After that, the samples will undergo pH and
temperature testing to determine whether the treatment done was successful or not.
The lower the pH and temperature value from the original value, the better the
treatment testing done. Then, clear test was done to do visual comparison between
the sample before and after wastewater treatment. The data collected then were
analyzed and group into suitable graph to show the outcome of the treatment. The
results were discussed and some recommendations stated to improve the project in
the future.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmannirahim
The name of Almighty Allah. Grateful with the blessing .for his opportunity, a
million thank to my dear supervisor En. Sivarao A/L Subramonian, whose help
and give a good brilliant advice and suggestion. Whose turn me to be good
person and to a brighter side. He is responsible person; give me spirit when I
lose. I would like to express my heartiest appreciation to him for all his help,
guidance and continuous support throughout all this time.
To my beloved father Kamaruddin Ab. Rashid, my mother Rohana Binti Hamat,
my sister Nor’amilin and Noor Ain Aziantie, my brother Noor Azmin, Noor
Arief Hakimie and Noor Aliff Fitri for giving me constant support ,love strength,
confidence and guidance that I could not do without. May Allah bless all of you.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRAK
i
ABSTRACT
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
iii
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xi
1.INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope
4
1.5
Importance of Study
4
1.6
Expected Result
4
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Water Parameter Definition
5
2.2
Rules and Regulations Regarding Wastewater Treatment
7
2.3
Wastewater Quality and Its Composition
11
2.3.1
Wastewater Quality
11
2.3.2
Wastewater Composition
11
2.3.3
Wastewater Characteristics
13
2.4
Possible Usage of Treated Wastewater
14
2.5
Quality Requirement According to Applications
14
2.5.1
Toilet Flushing and Laundry
14
2.6
Wastewater Fraction
15
2.7
Filtration System Elements
15
Sponge Filter
15
2.7.1
iv
2.7.2
Maifanite Stone
16
2.7.3
Activated Carbon
17
3.METHODOLOGY
20
3.1
Overview of the Methodology
20
3.2
Approach
21
3.2.1 Constant Water Parameter
22
3.2.2 Variable Water Parameter
23
3.3
Experimental Preparation
24
3.3.1 Wastewater Source
24
3.3.2 Wastewater Daily Volume
24
3.3.3 Flow Rate of Wastewater Flow
25
3.3.4 Wastewater Concentration
25
3.3.5 Wastewater Harvesting System
27
3.3.5.1
Filtration System
27
3.3.5.1.1 Type 1 Filtration System
27
3.3.5.1.2 Type 2 Filtration System
28
3.3.6 Apparatus for Constructing Wastewater Harvesting System
28
3.3.7 Procedure of Treated Wastewater Testing
29
3.3.7.1
pH Meter Testing
29
3.3.7.2
Parts per Million (ppm) Calculations
31
3.3.7.3
Clear Testing
31
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
32
4.1
pH Meter Testing
32
4.1.1 pH Value Testing Result
32
4.1.1.1
First Wash
32
4.1.1.2
Second Wash
34
4.1.1.3
Third Wash
35
4.1.2 Temperature Testing Result
4.1.2.1
36
First Wash
36
v
4.1.2.2
Second Wash
37
4.1.2.3
Third Wash
39
4.1.3 Chlorination
40
4.1.3.1
pH Value
40
4.1.3.2
Temperature
41
4.2
Parts per Million (ppm) Calculations
42
4.3
Clear Test
43
4.4
Odour Emission Test
44
4.5
Discussion
45
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
47
5.1
Conclusion
47
5.2
Recommendations
48
REFERENCES
49
APPENDICES
A
B
vi
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Table of water parameter definition (Mehlhart et al, 2005)
2.2
Table of rules and regulations regarding wastewater treatment (Domestic
Greywater Treatment System Guidelines, 2005)
2.3
8
Criteria according to applications (Domestic Greywater Treatment System
Guidelines, 2005)
2.4
5
10
Wastewater (greywater) composition (Toifl M., Diaper C., and O’Halloran
R., 2008)
12
2.5
Faecal coliform numbers in greywater prior to storage (Jepperson and Solley, 1994)
12
2.6
Wastewater (greywater) characteristics (Draft Guidelines for the Reuse of
13
Greywater in Western Australia, 2002).
2.7
Quality requirement for toilet flushing and laundry (Mehlhart et al, 2005)
14
3.1
Experiment to obtain quality requirements according to applications
22
3.2
Constant water parameters
22
3.3
Variable water parameters for toilet flushing and laundry
23
3.4
Variable water parameters for surface irrigation
23
3.5
Types of concentration (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/).
26
4.1
pH value for first wash with comparison between filtration system between Type 1
32
and Type 2.
4.2
pH value for second wash with comparison between filtration system between
34
Type 1 and Type 2.
4.3
pH value for third wash with comparison between filtration system between Type 1
35
and Type 2.
4.4
Temperature value for first wash with comparison between filtration system
36
between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.5
Temperature value for second wash with comparison between filtration system
37
between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.6
Temperature value for third wash with comparison between filtration system
between Type 1 and Type 2.
vii
39
4.7
Comparison of pH value between filtration process only and chlorination process.
40
4.8
Comparison of temperature between filtration process only and chlorination
41
process.
4.9
Clear test sample comparison.
43
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
Household water usage volumes (Water Corporation, 2002)
2.1
Average partial water flows (litres per inhabitant and day) for private
3
15
household in new buildings and sanitary rehabilitated buildings (Mehlhart,
2001).
2.2
White and soft sponge.
15
2.3
Blue and hard sponge.
16
2.4
Maifanite stone.
16
2.5
Activated carbon, as viewed by an electron microscope (http://en.
17
wikipedia.org/).
2.6
PAC and GAC (http://www.cameroncarbon.com/).
18
2.7
Activated charcoal (GAC).
19
3.1
Schematic diagram summarizing the overall experimental approach
21
undertaken.
3.2
Type 1 filtration system.
27
3.3
Type 2 filtration System
28
3.4
pH meter (FKM laboratories).
30
3.5
Ways in using pH meter (FKM laboratories).
30
4.1
Graph pH value for first wash with comparison between filtration
33
system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.2
Graph pH value for second wash with comparison between filtration
34
system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.3
Graph pH value for third wash with comparison between filtration
36
system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.4
Graph temperature value for first wash with comparison between
37
filtration system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.5
Graph temperature value for second wash with comparison between
38
filtration system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.6
Graph temperature value for third wash with comparison between
filtration system between Type 1 and Type 2.
ix
39
4.7
Graph comparison of pH value between filtration process only and
40
chlorination process.
4.8
Graph comparison of temperature between filtration process only and
chlorination process.
x
41
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BOD
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
cfu
-
colony form units
COD
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
E.coli
-
Endotherms coli
EPA
-
Environment Protection Agency
EU
-
Europe United
GAC
-
Granular activated carbon
MPN
-
Most probable number
NWS
-
New South Wales
PAC
-
Powdered activated carbon
ppm
-
Parts per million
SS
-
Suspended solids
TBN
-
To be nominated
TKN
-
Total kjeldahl nitrogen
TOC
-
Total organic carbon
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will describe the background of the research with the problem that
initiated the research. Besides that, this chapter also consists of the objectives,
importance of the research and expected result from the result. This chapter will
describe a little bit about the research and what to expect in the next chapter.
1.1
Background
Wastewater is used-water from kitchens, bathrooms, laundry, toilets and similarly
used rooms. Wastewater can be divided into two groups which are blackwater and
greywater. Blackwater is the drain from toilets, which contains urine and faeces.
Greywater is other part of wastewater. It is the drain from laundry, bathtubs and
shower trays and kitchen wastewater. Greywater is the parts of the wastewater that
will be treated into recycle water for external usage.
Acording to fbr association, greywater is chosen due to its high volume produced
daily about 70 L(c*d). According to Draft Guidelines for the Reuse Greywater in
Western Australia, greywater can be divided into three streams which are bathroom
greywater that contributes 55%, laundry greywater contributes 34% and kitchen
greywater contributes 11% of total greywater production.
However, greywater
production and its degree of pollution are mainly determined by the habits of the
consumers and result of products of personal hygiene. Basically, greywater contain
soaps, detergents, fibers from clothes, hair, suspended solids, dissolved solids, food
particles, grease and oil.
1
Possible usages of treated greywater are believed to be toilet flushing, laundry,
irrigation and infiltration. However, some experiments have to be done to obtain the
quality requirement for each possible usage to determine whether it is compatible or
not. Thus, a suitable water treatment should be generated to collect the greywater
and treat it to achieve the respective quality requirement and water standard. The
treatment consists of chemical and mechanical treatments.
Therefore, a greywater harvesting system should be constructed to collect greywater
from pilot house.
Then, the collected greywater will be treated with selected
chemical and mechanical treatment until the quality requirement and water standard
are achieved.
1.2
Problem Statement
Nowadays global water resources seem to be unable to support the needs of almost
seven billion of world population. This situation worsens with the increase demand
for domestic, industrial and irrigation needs and to add it up with severe rivers
pollution around the world. Thus, there are some parts of the world that people
cannot access to safe drinking water. According to National Water Resources Study
2000, Malaysia’s water requirement will increase by 63% from 11 billion m3 (2008)
to 17.7 billion m3 (2050). Thus, the study showed that, even Malaysia is blessed
with abundant of rainfall; a precaution measure should be taken to prevent clean
water scarcity in the future.
2
Figure 1.1: Household water usage volumes according to Water Corporation (2002).
From Figure1.1 above, it showed that 90% of household water usage is used for
external use. Therefore, 900 liters of wastewater will be discharged each day into
raw sewage (approximately 1000 liters distributed to a house). Hence, if there are
1000 houses, there will be 900 000 liters of wastewater each day. It such a waste
because the wastewater can be recycled and reused for external usage such as toilet
flushing, garden watering, car washing, and laundry. By doing this, clean drinking
water can be saved and conserve the existing clean water resources.
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this research are:
1. To construct wastewater harvesting system;
2. To treat wastewater to its respective quality requirement according to its
intended used;
3. To reduce river pollution by treating the wastewater before discharge it
into the river; and
4. To reduce clean drinking water usage in the external water usage area.
3
1.4
Scope
This research includes the study on wastewater parameter, quality, composition and
characteristics. Besides that, rules and regulations regarding wastewater treatment
are being investigated to understand the guidelines of the system.
The quality
requirement for treated wastewater regarding the intended usage need to be studied
of and come out with a system that able to improve the wastewater quality. The
wastewater testing decided were pH testing, temperature testing, parts per million
(ppm) calculations and clear test. Then, the result of each testing will be transform
into graph
1.5
Importance of Study
The primary concern in this research is the ability to achieve the quality requirement
stated for each intended usage. Even if this research succeeds in achieving the
quality requirement, there are some rules and regulations that need to be obeyed to
avoid any danger to human, animal and plants. Besides that, there are some chemical
experiments that need to be done without any mistakes to ensure the validity of the
experiments. Furthermore, the harvesting system also needs to be monitored from
time to time to maintain its quality.
1.6
Expected Result
At the end of the research, the study and the experiment is expected to successfully
produce treated water that can be used in toilet flushing, laundry and able to be
discharge into surface water. Besides that, the usage of the treated water also will
not harm any human being, animals and plant.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will focus on the facts, data, equipments and processes related to
project. With this chapter, the reader will be able to understand scientific terms,
equipments used, and processes used. For this project, this chapter will discussed
about water parameter definition, rules and regulations regarding wastewater
treatment, wastewater quality and its compositions, possible usage of the treated
wastewater, and quality requirements according to applications.
2.1
Water Parameter Definition
Water parameter is a limiting factor in water quality where the parameter is used to
indicate the water quality.
The parameter will indicate the range that suitable
according to its intended use. Thus, the range will be differ accordingly because
differ water application require different range of parameter.
For example, toilet
flushing’s water parameter range will be differ from land irrigation. All the water
parameter definition used in this research is stated in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Table of water parameter definition (Mehlhart et al, 2005).
Parameter
Definition
Biochemical
The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microbiological
Oxygen
action when a sample is incubated usually for 5 days at 20oC,
Demand (BOD)
expressed in miligrams per litre (mg/L).
Suspended
Solids retained after filtration either through glass fibre filter
solids (SS)
paper followed by washing and drying at 105oC, or by
5
centrifuging followed by washing and removal of the
supernantant liquid expressed in miligrams per litre (mg/L).
Thermotolerant
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram negative, non-spore
coliforms
forming, rod shaped bacteria, distinguished from non-faecal
coliform organisms by incubation at 44.5oC.
Total kjeldahl
A method for measurement of total nitrogen including organic
nitrogen (TKN)
nitrogen and ammonia based on wet oxidation expressed in
miligrams per litre (mg/L). It is used in lieu of dissolved oxygen
for intermittent process assessment.
Disinfection
A process which reduces the number of micro-organisms but does
not sterilise or remove all micro-organisms.
Pathogens
Disease causing microbes eg. viruses, bacteria, helminths and
protozoa.
pH
An indicator used to identify whether a liquid is acidic or basic.
Coliform
The commonly used bacteria indicator of sanitary quality of foods
bacteria
and water.
Faecel coliform
As indicator of water quality. In general, increased level of faecel
coliforms provide a warning of failure in water treatment, a break
in the integrity of the distribution system or possible
contamination with pathogen.
Pseudomonas
A common bacteria that can cause disease in human and animals.
aeruginosa
Chemical
The chemical oxygen demand is a measure of the oxidizability of
Oxygen
a substance, expressed as the equivalent amount in oxygen of an
Demand (COD)
oxidizing reagent consumed by the substance under fixed
laboratory conditions.
Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the amount of particulate matter that is
suspended in water. Water that has high turbidity appears cloudy
or opaque. High turbidity can cause increased water temperatures
because suspended particles absorb more heat and can also reduce
the amount of light penetrating the water.
Temperature
Water temperature affects the ability of water to hold oxygen, the
6
rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants and the metabolic rates of
aquatic organisms.
Total organic
The amount of carbon bound in an organic compound and is often
carbon (TOC)
used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of
pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
E. coli
A Gram negative rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found
in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some, such as serotype, can
cause serious food poisoning in humans.
Conductivity
The ability or power to conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or
sound. Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary
distilled water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide of the air has a
conductivity of about 10 x 10-6 W-1*m-1 (20 dS/m). Because the
electrical current is transported by the ions in solution, the
conductivity increases as the concentration of ions increases.
Total
Total phosphorus is the measure of the total concentration of
phosphorus
phosphorus present in a water sample.
2.2
Rules and Regulations Regarding Wastewater Treatment
In constructing a wastewater treatment system, there are some rules and regulations
that need to be followed in order to construct a success and reliable system. The
rules and regulations constructed by the New South Wales (NSW) Health
Department with the title of Domestic Greywater Treatment System Guidelines. The
rules and regulations are under Part 4, Clause 43(1), Local Government (Approval)
Regulation, 1999. The rules and regulations are as in Table 2.2:
7
Table 2.2: Table of rules and regulations regarding wastewater treatment (Domestic Greywater
Treatment System Guidelines, 2005).
Criteria
Rules and Regulations
Health and
Greywater systems (does not include bucketing) must be
Safety
dispose of greywater below the ground surface unless treated
Requirement
and disinfected to an appropriate standard.
Greywater system must be designed and operated without direct
contact with human and animal except for maintenance.
No cross connection with the clean drinking water supply.
Greywater must not be allowed to enter any stormwater
drainage system.
Greywater shall not be in direct contact with edible plants and
fruits but it can be used to irrigate fruits plants.
No opportunity for mosquito breed exists in any part of the
greywater system.
Design Criteria
Chemical disinfectant usage shall be incorporated with separate
disinfection contact chamber and effluent holding chamber to
allow sufficient contact time for disinfectant.
The system shall be designed to treat greywater waste stream
from a minimum of eight persons and a maximum of ten
persons, based on minimum daily flow of 90 liters per person
daily.
The system shall be designed to treat all nominated greywater
streams arising from domestic premises.
If the system is intended to install in a sewered area, the system
shall be capable of connection to the sewer such that:
- An overflow to the environment will not occur;
- The operator may direct greywater to the sewer during raining
season or circumstances adverse.
The system shall be constructed according to design
specifications and good trade practises to ease the maintenance
8
INVESTIGATION OF REPRODUCING DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering
(MANUFACTURING PROCESS)
by
NORAIDA DIANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN
B050710057
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
2011
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Invest igat ion of Reproducing Domest ic Wast ewat er
SESI PENGAJIAN: 20010/ 11 Semest er 2
Saya NORAIDA DIANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpust akaan Universit i
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat -syarat kegunaan sepert i berikut :
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universit i Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis.
2. Perpust akaan Universit i Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
unt uk t uj uan pengaj ian sahaj a dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpust akaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pert ukaran ant ara inst it usi pengaj ian t inggi.
4. **Sila t andakan ( √
)
SULIT
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarj ah keselamat an
at au kepent ingan Malaysia yang t ermakt ub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang t elah dit ent ukan
oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dij alankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
Alamat Tet ap:
Blok 2-11-07, Pangsapuri Cheras
Ut ama, Taman Cheras Ut ama,
PENYELIA PSM
(Tandat angan dan Cop Rasmi)
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur.
Tarikh: _________________________
Tarikh: _______________________
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT at au TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyat akan sekali sebab dan t empoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT at au TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Investigation of Reproducing Domestic
Wastewater” is the results of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature
:
………………………………………….
Author’s Name
:
NORAIDA DIANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN
Date
:
17 MAY 2011
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM
as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Bachelor of
Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Process). The member of the
supervisory committee is as follow:
………………………………
Supervisor
(Signature & Official Stamp of Supervisor)
ABSTRAK
Rawatan sisa air adalah penting pada masa kini kerana meningkatnya peningkatan
populasi dunia dan meningkatnya pencemaran air bersih di seluruh dunia. Keadaan
menjadi lebih buruk dengan penggunaan yang sewenang-wenangnya dan
pembaziran air yang semakin menjadi-jadi. Jadi, rawatan air sisa amat penting
dalam memastikan kewujudan air bersih di masa akan datang. Dengan adanya
rawatan air bersih, penggunaan air bersih dalam penggunaan air luaran dapat
digantikan dengan air sisa yang telah dirawat. Contoh penggunaan air luaran ialah
basuh kereta, siraman kebun, pam tandas, dan basuh baju. Penggunaan luaran ini
mengambil
sebilangan
besar
peratusan
penggunaan
air
harian.
Walaubagaimanapun, untuk membina system rawatan air sisa, beberapa kajian dan
eksperimen perlu dilakukan kerana Malaysia tidak terlalu terdedah kepada teknologi
ini.
Kajian yang boleh dilakukan dengan memerhati negara yang telah
mengaplikasikan teknologi ini seperti Jerman, Australia, Belanda, dan Timur
Tengah. Kajian ini dapat dijadikan garis panduan dalam membina system ini di
Malaysia. Pembinaan system ini bermula dengan pembinaan system pengumpulan
air sisa di tempat kajian. Selepas itu, beberapa sampel akan diambil dari air sisa itu.
Sampel-sampel itu akan menjalani ujian pH dan ujian suhu untuk memastikan sama
ada rawatan yang dilakukan berjaya atau tidak. Lebih rendah nilai pH dan suhu dari
nilai air sisa yang sebenarnya adalah lebih baik. Data yang dikumpul akan dianalisis
dan dikumpulkan ke dalam graf yang sesuai untuk menunjukkan hasil rawatan.
Hasil rawatan dibincangkan dan beberapa cadangan diberikan untuk menambahbaik
lagi projek ini di masa akan datang.
i
ABSTRACT
Wastewater treatment is a very crucial nowadays due to the increased of world
population and the increased of clean water pollution around the world. To make
matter worst people keep using the clean water with careless and wasting it. Thus,
wastewater treatment is very crucial in maintaining the existence of clean water.
With wastewater treatment water usage in external used can be converted by using
the treated water.
Example of external usage of water is car washing, garden
irrigation, toilet flushing, and laundry. These external usages took large sum of
percentage in daily water consumption.
However, to construct a wastewater
treatment, some research and experiments need to be done because Malaysia has not
been exposed with this technology. The research can be done by observing the
countries that have applying this technology such as Germany, Australia,
Netherlands, and Middle East. The research can be guidelines to construct the
system in Malaysia.
The system construction started with construction the
wastewater harvesting system in test site. Then, some samples will be taken from
the wastewater that is collected.
After that, the samples will undergo pH and
temperature testing to determine whether the treatment done was successful or not.
The lower the pH and temperature value from the original value, the better the
treatment testing done. Then, clear test was done to do visual comparison between
the sample before and after wastewater treatment. The data collected then were
analyzed and group into suitable graph to show the outcome of the treatment. The
results were discussed and some recommendations stated to improve the project in
the future.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmannirahim
The name of Almighty Allah. Grateful with the blessing .for his opportunity, a
million thank to my dear supervisor En. Sivarao A/L Subramonian, whose help
and give a good brilliant advice and suggestion. Whose turn me to be good
person and to a brighter side. He is responsible person; give me spirit when I
lose. I would like to express my heartiest appreciation to him for all his help,
guidance and continuous support throughout all this time.
To my beloved father Kamaruddin Ab. Rashid, my mother Rohana Binti Hamat,
my sister Nor’amilin and Noor Ain Aziantie, my brother Noor Azmin, Noor
Arief Hakimie and Noor Aliff Fitri for giving me constant support ,love strength,
confidence and guidance that I could not do without. May Allah bless all of you.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRAK
i
ABSTRACT
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
iii
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xi
1.INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope
4
1.5
Importance of Study
4
1.6
Expected Result
4
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Water Parameter Definition
5
2.2
Rules and Regulations Regarding Wastewater Treatment
7
2.3
Wastewater Quality and Its Composition
11
2.3.1
Wastewater Quality
11
2.3.2
Wastewater Composition
11
2.3.3
Wastewater Characteristics
13
2.4
Possible Usage of Treated Wastewater
14
2.5
Quality Requirement According to Applications
14
2.5.1
Toilet Flushing and Laundry
14
2.6
Wastewater Fraction
15
2.7
Filtration System Elements
15
Sponge Filter
15
2.7.1
iv
2.7.2
Maifanite Stone
16
2.7.3
Activated Carbon
17
3.METHODOLOGY
20
3.1
Overview of the Methodology
20
3.2
Approach
21
3.2.1 Constant Water Parameter
22
3.2.2 Variable Water Parameter
23
3.3
Experimental Preparation
24
3.3.1 Wastewater Source
24
3.3.2 Wastewater Daily Volume
24
3.3.3 Flow Rate of Wastewater Flow
25
3.3.4 Wastewater Concentration
25
3.3.5 Wastewater Harvesting System
27
3.3.5.1
Filtration System
27
3.3.5.1.1 Type 1 Filtration System
27
3.3.5.1.2 Type 2 Filtration System
28
3.3.6 Apparatus for Constructing Wastewater Harvesting System
28
3.3.7 Procedure of Treated Wastewater Testing
29
3.3.7.1
pH Meter Testing
29
3.3.7.2
Parts per Million (ppm) Calculations
31
3.3.7.3
Clear Testing
31
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
32
4.1
pH Meter Testing
32
4.1.1 pH Value Testing Result
32
4.1.1.1
First Wash
32
4.1.1.2
Second Wash
34
4.1.1.3
Third Wash
35
4.1.2 Temperature Testing Result
4.1.2.1
36
First Wash
36
v
4.1.2.2
Second Wash
37
4.1.2.3
Third Wash
39
4.1.3 Chlorination
40
4.1.3.1
pH Value
40
4.1.3.2
Temperature
41
4.2
Parts per Million (ppm) Calculations
42
4.3
Clear Test
43
4.4
Odour Emission Test
44
4.5
Discussion
45
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
47
5.1
Conclusion
47
5.2
Recommendations
48
REFERENCES
49
APPENDICES
A
B
vi
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Table of water parameter definition (Mehlhart et al, 2005)
2.2
Table of rules and regulations regarding wastewater treatment (Domestic
Greywater Treatment System Guidelines, 2005)
2.3
8
Criteria according to applications (Domestic Greywater Treatment System
Guidelines, 2005)
2.4
5
10
Wastewater (greywater) composition (Toifl M., Diaper C., and O’Halloran
R., 2008)
12
2.5
Faecal coliform numbers in greywater prior to storage (Jepperson and Solley, 1994)
12
2.6
Wastewater (greywater) characteristics (Draft Guidelines for the Reuse of
13
Greywater in Western Australia, 2002).
2.7
Quality requirement for toilet flushing and laundry (Mehlhart et al, 2005)
14
3.1
Experiment to obtain quality requirements according to applications
22
3.2
Constant water parameters
22
3.3
Variable water parameters for toilet flushing and laundry
23
3.4
Variable water parameters for surface irrigation
23
3.5
Types of concentration (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/).
26
4.1
pH value for first wash with comparison between filtration system between Type 1
32
and Type 2.
4.2
pH value for second wash with comparison between filtration system between
34
Type 1 and Type 2.
4.3
pH value for third wash with comparison between filtration system between Type 1
35
and Type 2.
4.4
Temperature value for first wash with comparison between filtration system
36
between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.5
Temperature value for second wash with comparison between filtration system
37
between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.6
Temperature value for third wash with comparison between filtration system
between Type 1 and Type 2.
vii
39
4.7
Comparison of pH value between filtration process only and chlorination process.
40
4.8
Comparison of temperature between filtration process only and chlorination
41
process.
4.9
Clear test sample comparison.
43
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
Household water usage volumes (Water Corporation, 2002)
2.1
Average partial water flows (litres per inhabitant and day) for private
3
15
household in new buildings and sanitary rehabilitated buildings (Mehlhart,
2001).
2.2
White and soft sponge.
15
2.3
Blue and hard sponge.
16
2.4
Maifanite stone.
16
2.5
Activated carbon, as viewed by an electron microscope (http://en.
17
wikipedia.org/).
2.6
PAC and GAC (http://www.cameroncarbon.com/).
18
2.7
Activated charcoal (GAC).
19
3.1
Schematic diagram summarizing the overall experimental approach
21
undertaken.
3.2
Type 1 filtration system.
27
3.3
Type 2 filtration System
28
3.4
pH meter (FKM laboratories).
30
3.5
Ways in using pH meter (FKM laboratories).
30
4.1
Graph pH value for first wash with comparison between filtration
33
system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.2
Graph pH value for second wash with comparison between filtration
34
system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.3
Graph pH value for third wash with comparison between filtration
36
system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.4
Graph temperature value for first wash with comparison between
37
filtration system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.5
Graph temperature value for second wash with comparison between
38
filtration system between Type 1 and Type 2.
4.6
Graph temperature value for third wash with comparison between
filtration system between Type 1 and Type 2.
ix
39
4.7
Graph comparison of pH value between filtration process only and
40
chlorination process.
4.8
Graph comparison of temperature between filtration process only and
chlorination process.
x
41
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BOD
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
cfu
-
colony form units
COD
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
E.coli
-
Endotherms coli
EPA
-
Environment Protection Agency
EU
-
Europe United
GAC
-
Granular activated carbon
MPN
-
Most probable number
NWS
-
New South Wales
PAC
-
Powdered activated carbon
ppm
-
Parts per million
SS
-
Suspended solids
TBN
-
To be nominated
TKN
-
Total kjeldahl nitrogen
TOC
-
Total organic carbon
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will describe the background of the research with the problem that
initiated the research. Besides that, this chapter also consists of the objectives,
importance of the research and expected result from the result. This chapter will
describe a little bit about the research and what to expect in the next chapter.
1.1
Background
Wastewater is used-water from kitchens, bathrooms, laundry, toilets and similarly
used rooms. Wastewater can be divided into two groups which are blackwater and
greywater. Blackwater is the drain from toilets, which contains urine and faeces.
Greywater is other part of wastewater. It is the drain from laundry, bathtubs and
shower trays and kitchen wastewater. Greywater is the parts of the wastewater that
will be treated into recycle water for external usage.
Acording to fbr association, greywater is chosen due to its high volume produced
daily about 70 L(c*d). According to Draft Guidelines for the Reuse Greywater in
Western Australia, greywater can be divided into three streams which are bathroom
greywater that contributes 55%, laundry greywater contributes 34% and kitchen
greywater contributes 11% of total greywater production.
However, greywater
production and its degree of pollution are mainly determined by the habits of the
consumers and result of products of personal hygiene. Basically, greywater contain
soaps, detergents, fibers from clothes, hair, suspended solids, dissolved solids, food
particles, grease and oil.
1
Possible usages of treated greywater are believed to be toilet flushing, laundry,
irrigation and infiltration. However, some experiments have to be done to obtain the
quality requirement for each possible usage to determine whether it is compatible or
not. Thus, a suitable water treatment should be generated to collect the greywater
and treat it to achieve the respective quality requirement and water standard. The
treatment consists of chemical and mechanical treatments.
Therefore, a greywater harvesting system should be constructed to collect greywater
from pilot house.
Then, the collected greywater will be treated with selected
chemical and mechanical treatment until the quality requirement and water standard
are achieved.
1.2
Problem Statement
Nowadays global water resources seem to be unable to support the needs of almost
seven billion of world population. This situation worsens with the increase demand
for domestic, industrial and irrigation needs and to add it up with severe rivers
pollution around the world. Thus, there are some parts of the world that people
cannot access to safe drinking water. According to National Water Resources Study
2000, Malaysia’s water requirement will increase by 63% from 11 billion m3 (2008)
to 17.7 billion m3 (2050). Thus, the study showed that, even Malaysia is blessed
with abundant of rainfall; a precaution measure should be taken to prevent clean
water scarcity in the future.
2
Figure 1.1: Household water usage volumes according to Water Corporation (2002).
From Figure1.1 above, it showed that 90% of household water usage is used for
external use. Therefore, 900 liters of wastewater will be discharged each day into
raw sewage (approximately 1000 liters distributed to a house). Hence, if there are
1000 houses, there will be 900 000 liters of wastewater each day. It such a waste
because the wastewater can be recycled and reused for external usage such as toilet
flushing, garden watering, car washing, and laundry. By doing this, clean drinking
water can be saved and conserve the existing clean water resources.
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this research are:
1. To construct wastewater harvesting system;
2. To treat wastewater to its respective quality requirement according to its
intended used;
3. To reduce river pollution by treating the wastewater before discharge it
into the river; and
4. To reduce clean drinking water usage in the external water usage area.
3
1.4
Scope
This research includes the study on wastewater parameter, quality, composition and
characteristics. Besides that, rules and regulations regarding wastewater treatment
are being investigated to understand the guidelines of the system.
The quality
requirement for treated wastewater regarding the intended usage need to be studied
of and come out with a system that able to improve the wastewater quality. The
wastewater testing decided were pH testing, temperature testing, parts per million
(ppm) calculations and clear test. Then, the result of each testing will be transform
into graph
1.5
Importance of Study
The primary concern in this research is the ability to achieve the quality requirement
stated for each intended usage. Even if this research succeeds in achieving the
quality requirement, there are some rules and regulations that need to be obeyed to
avoid any danger to human, animal and plants. Besides that, there are some chemical
experiments that need to be done without any mistakes to ensure the validity of the
experiments. Furthermore, the harvesting system also needs to be monitored from
time to time to maintain its quality.
1.6
Expected Result
At the end of the research, the study and the experiment is expected to successfully
produce treated water that can be used in toilet flushing, laundry and able to be
discharge into surface water. Besides that, the usage of the treated water also will
not harm any human being, animals and plant.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will focus on the facts, data, equipments and processes related to
project. With this chapter, the reader will be able to understand scientific terms,
equipments used, and processes used. For this project, this chapter will discussed
about water parameter definition, rules and regulations regarding wastewater
treatment, wastewater quality and its compositions, possible usage of the treated
wastewater, and quality requirements according to applications.
2.1
Water Parameter Definition
Water parameter is a limiting factor in water quality where the parameter is used to
indicate the water quality.
The parameter will indicate the range that suitable
according to its intended use. Thus, the range will be differ accordingly because
differ water application require different range of parameter.
For example, toilet
flushing’s water parameter range will be differ from land irrigation. All the water
parameter definition used in this research is stated in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Table of water parameter definition (Mehlhart et al, 2005).
Parameter
Definition
Biochemical
The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microbiological
Oxygen
action when a sample is incubated usually for 5 days at 20oC,
Demand (BOD)
expressed in miligrams per litre (mg/L).
Suspended
Solids retained after filtration either through glass fibre filter
solids (SS)
paper followed by washing and drying at 105oC, or by
5
centrifuging followed by washing and removal of the
supernantant liquid expressed in miligrams per litre (mg/L).
Thermotolerant
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram negative, non-spore
coliforms
forming, rod shaped bacteria, distinguished from non-faecal
coliform organisms by incubation at 44.5oC.
Total kjeldahl
A method for measurement of total nitrogen including organic
nitrogen (TKN)
nitrogen and ammonia based on wet oxidation expressed in
miligrams per litre (mg/L). It is used in lieu of dissolved oxygen
for intermittent process assessment.
Disinfection
A process which reduces the number of micro-organisms but does
not sterilise or remove all micro-organisms.
Pathogens
Disease causing microbes eg. viruses, bacteria, helminths and
protozoa.
pH
An indicator used to identify whether a liquid is acidic or basic.
Coliform
The commonly used bacteria indicator of sanitary quality of foods
bacteria
and water.
Faecel coliform
As indicator of water quality. In general, increased level of faecel
coliforms provide a warning of failure in water treatment, a break
in the integrity of the distribution system or possible
contamination with pathogen.
Pseudomonas
A common bacteria that can cause disease in human and animals.
aeruginosa
Chemical
The chemical oxygen demand is a measure of the oxidizability of
Oxygen
a substance, expressed as the equivalent amount in oxygen of an
Demand (COD)
oxidizing reagent consumed by the substance under fixed
laboratory conditions.
Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the amount of particulate matter that is
suspended in water. Water that has high turbidity appears cloudy
or opaque. High turbidity can cause increased water temperatures
because suspended particles absorb more heat and can also reduce
the amount of light penetrating the water.
Temperature
Water temperature affects the ability of water to hold oxygen, the
6
rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants and the metabolic rates of
aquatic organisms.
Total organic
The amount of carbon bound in an organic compound and is often
carbon (TOC)
used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of
pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
E. coli
A Gram negative rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found
in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some, such as serotype, can
cause serious food poisoning in humans.
Conductivity
The ability or power to conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or
sound. Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary
distilled water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide of the air has a
conductivity of about 10 x 10-6 W-1*m-1 (20 dS/m). Because the
electrical current is transported by the ions in solution, the
conductivity increases as the concentration of ions increases.
Total
Total phosphorus is the measure of the total concentration of
phosphorus
phosphorus present in a water sample.
2.2
Rules and Regulations Regarding Wastewater Treatment
In constructing a wastewater treatment system, there are some rules and regulations
that need to be followed in order to construct a success and reliable system. The
rules and regulations constructed by the New South Wales (NSW) Health
Department with the title of Domestic Greywater Treatment System Guidelines. The
rules and regulations are under Part 4, Clause 43(1), Local Government (Approval)
Regulation, 1999. The rules and regulations are as in Table 2.2:
7
Table 2.2: Table of rules and regulations regarding wastewater treatment (Domestic Greywater
Treatment System Guidelines, 2005).
Criteria
Rules and Regulations
Health and
Greywater systems (does not include bucketing) must be
Safety
dispose of greywater below the ground surface unless treated
Requirement
and disinfected to an appropriate standard.
Greywater system must be designed and operated without direct
contact with human and animal except for maintenance.
No cross connection with the clean drinking water supply.
Greywater must not be allowed to enter any stormwater
drainage system.
Greywater shall not be in direct contact with edible plants and
fruits but it can be used to irrigate fruits plants.
No opportunity for mosquito breed exists in any part of the
greywater system.
Design Criteria
Chemical disinfectant usage shall be incorporated with separate
disinfection contact chamber and effluent holding chamber to
allow sufficient contact time for disinfectant.
The system shall be designed to treat greywater waste stream
from a minimum of eight persons and a maximum of ten
persons, based on minimum daily flow of 90 liters per person
daily.
The system shall be designed to treat all nominated greywater
streams arising from domestic premises.
If the system is intended to install in a sewered area, the system
shall be capable of connection to the sewer such that:
- An overflow to the environment will not occur;
- The operator may direct greywater to the sewer during raining
season or circumstances adverse.
The system shall be constructed according to design
specifications and good trade practises to ease the maintenance
8