ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS USED BY KANGEAN PEOPLE IN PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS USED BY KANGEAN PEOPLE IN
PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
THESIS
By:
LAILYA SEPTY AMALYAH
09360069
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS USED BY KANGEAN PEOPLE IN
PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
THESIS
By:
LAILYA SEPTY AMALYAH
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS USED BY KANGEAN PEOPLE IN
PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to
achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
LAILYA SEPTY AMALYAH
09360069
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
---Time is more than money--“...Allah will exalt in degree those of you who believe, and those who
have been granted knowledge”
(QS. Al-Mujaadilah:11)
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved mother and father,
My dearest brother and my big family,
The apple of my eyes,
And my friends.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises and thanks be to Allah S.W.T, the most beneficent and the most
merciful. With His help, guide, and blessing, the writer is able to finish this thesis.
Invocation and peace are delivered to Prophet Muhammad S.A.W for having guided
human being including the writer to the straightway, Islam.
The writer would express the gratitude to her advisors, Drs. Jarum, M.Ed. and
Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd. for their guidance, kindness, and patience in giving their
precious time and knowledge during consultation period. To all English Department
lecturers, thanks for giving knowledge, attention, and guide during her study in this
university.
Besides, the writer is deeply grateful to beloved mother Arifah and her father
M. Fajar Muhafi, S.Pd., her brother Adistya Umar Akbar, also all of Kwe Kim Pou
family who always pray and give support to her until finishing this thesis. Moreover,
the writer also thanks to A. Ahsan, her best friends (Ayu, Ria, Isty, Lis), and BBrothers English 09 who always give her affection. Thanks for togetherness we had.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis would be very helpful for the next works
that will be done.
Malang, 28 October 2013
Lailya Septy Amalyah
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET .........................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ..............................................................................................
ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ..........................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the Study ...............................................................................
1
1.2 Research Problems ........................................................................................
2
1.3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................
3
1.4 Scope and Limitation ....................................................................................
4
1.5 Significance of the Research .........................................................................
4
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms .........................................................................
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................
6
2.1 Language and Culture ...................................................................................
6
2.2 Pangkak .........................................................................................................
7
2.3 Symbol ..........................................................................................................
7
2.3.1 Kinds of Symbol ..................................................................................
9
2.3.1.1 Natural Symbol ......................................................................
9
2.3.1.2 Conventional Symbol ............................................................
10
2.3.1.2 Private Symbol ......................................................................
10
2.2 Current Literature Relevant to the Research Questions ................................
11
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
12
3.1 Research Design ............................................................................................
12
3.2 Informant
................................................................................................
13
3.3 Data Collection .............................................................................................
13
3.3.1 Data ......................................................................................................
13
3.3.2 Data Instrument ...................................................................................
13
3.3.2.1 Observation ...........................................................................
14
3.3.2.1.1 Complete Participant .............................................
14
3.3.2.1.2 Participant as Observer .........................................
14
3.3.2.1.3 Observer as Participat ..........................................
14
3.3.2.1.4 Complete Observer ...............................................
15
3.3.2.1.5 Collaborative Partner ............................................
15
3.3.2.2 Interview ................................................................................
16
3.3.3 Procedures of Data Collection .............................................................
16
3.4 Data Analysis ................................................................................................
17
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ....................
18
4.1 Findings .........................................................................................................
18
4.1.1 Symbols on Pangkak Ceremony ..........................................................
18
4.1.1.1 Symbols on Traditional Uniform ..........................................
18
4.1.1.2 Symbols on Traditional Dance ..............................................
19
4.1.1.3 Symbols on Traditional Song ................................................
19
4.1.2 Meaning of Symbols ............................................................................
21
4.1.2.1 Symbols on Traditional Uniform ..........................................
21
4.1.2.2 Symbols on Traditional Dance .............................................
22
4.1.2.3 Symbols on Traditional Song ................................................
23
4.1.3 Relationship of Symbols and Kangean Culture ...................................
24
4.2 Discussion .....................................................................................................
24
4.2.1 Conventional Symbols on Pangkak .....................................................
25
4.2.2 Natural Symbols on Pangkak ..............................................................
26
4.2.3 Private Symbol on Pangkak ................................................................
27
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................................
28
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................
28
5.2 Suggestion .....................................................................................................
29
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................
30
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Ary, Donald, et. al. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education. Canada:
Wadsworth
Baker, Anne and Kees Hengeveld (Ed). 2012. Linguistics. Singapore: Ho Printing
Singapore Pte Ltd.
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics. New York: Routledge
Coupland, Nikolas and Adam Jaworski (Ed). 1997. Sociolinguistics. USA: ST.
MARTIN’S PRESS INC.
Crowther, Jonathan (Ed). 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Fatimah, Dwi Fitri. 2004. Study on symbols in ‘Ruwatan’ tradition in Sukolilo
Tuban. Thesis. Unpublished. Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Kottak, Conrad Philip. 1991. Cultural Anthropology. New York: McGraw- Hill
Companies, Inc.
Martin, Judith N., et. al. 2001. Intercultural Communication. USA: The McGrawHill Companies, Inc.
Matsumoto, David. 1996. Culture and Psychology. USA: Brook/ Cole Publishing
Company.
Neuman, W. Laurence. 2000. Social Research Methods Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. USA: University of Wisconsin at Whitewater.
Samovar, Larry A. and Richard E. Porter. 2001. Communication Between
Cultures. USA: Thomson Learning, Inc.
Siswanto, Lutsfi. 2012. Searching for Identity of Modern Kangean People.
(Online), (http://maduraberaksi.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_24.html)
Spencer-Oatey, Helen (Ed). 2008. Culturally Speaking;Culture, Communication
and Politeness Theory. New York: Continuum.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents such topics as : background of study, research problems,
research objectives, scope and limitation, significance of the research, and definition
of key terms. Each section is presented as follows.
1.1 Background of Study
Culture is shared learned behavior which is transmitted from one generation
to another for the purpuses of promoting individual and social survival, adaptation,
and growth and development (Marsella, in Samovar and Richard: 2001). Culture,
consists of what is usually called „high culture‟: literature, music, painting, etc., but
also the much wider domain of values, norms, and customs of a society (Baker and
Kees, 2012). According to Spencer-Oatey, culture is manifested through co-occurring
regularities within the social group. These regularities can be found in a wide range of
elements, including basic assumptions, fundamental values, deep-seated orientations
to life, attitudes, beliefs, policies, procedures and behavioural conventions (2008).
Matsumoto (1996) states:
Culture is an elusive, abstract concept that forms the basis for much of our
understanding of life. It is sum of all the learned ways of living that have
been carried down from one generation to the next in the form of rituals,
tradition, heritage, and behaviors. Culture is the set of programmed
responses that we and our ancestors before us have learned to adapt to our
environment and to others around us in daily living. It is, in fact, the
software of our minds.
Everything that exists in society and becomes identity of its people is culture, and
every region in this world has different culture. Indonesia is a country that consists of
1
many races, ethnics, and customs; it makes Indonesia rich of cultures, especially
traditional cultures.
Traditional culture is the soul of society that can show the character of one
society it self, people in society express their ideas or feelings with arts such as:
dance, song, painting, etc. According to Nanda (in Samovar and Richard: 2001), the
link between art and culture can be found in every culture: art is a symbolic way of
communicating. One of the most important functions of art is to communicate,
display, and reinforce important cultural themes and values. The arts thus have an
integrative function in society.
Kangean, which is known as Bekisar Island has many traditional cultures, one
of them is Pangkak. Pangkak is a traditional ceremony for harvest moment. The word
Pangkak has meaning „cut‟ in Maduranese. Pangkak ceremony is done by Kangean
people in ricefield to enrich togetherness and as a „ thank God‟ ceremony. There are
many symbols used in Pangkak ceremony, each symbol has relationship with general
culture of Kangean people.
Macionis stated that a symbol is anything that carries a particular meaning
recognized by people who share culture (in Samovar and Richard: 2001). The
symbols used in traditional ceremony become a unique identity of some regions in
Indonesia, because they can reflect the culture that has diversity each other.
Nowdays, traditional culture becomes extinct because only some people
appreciate it. Without knowing the traditional culture, people cannot love the
beautiful art in this country. Based on the phenomena above, the researcher is
interested to analyze the symbols used by society in traditional ceremony. Knowing
2
the symbols that related to culture is important to enrich knowledge of
sociolinguistic. Thus, the researcher is extremely interested in conducting a research
and writing it in a thesis entitled “Analysis of Symbols Used by Kangean People in
Pangkak Traditional Ceremony”.
1.2 Research Problems
Based on the background above, the researcher formulates the problems as
below:
1. What are the symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak traditional
ceremony?
2. What are the meaning of symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak
traditional ceremony?
3. What are the relationship between the symbols used by Kangean people in
Pangkak traditional ceremony with their general culture?
1.3 Research Objectives
According to the question exposed in the statement of problems, this study is
intended:
1. To know the symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak traditional
ceremony.
2. To know the meaning of symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak
traditional ceremony.
3. To find the relationship between the symbols used by Kangean people in
Pangkak traditional ceremony with their general culture.
3
1.4 Scope and Limitation
This research is focuses on Pangkak traditional ceremony done by Kangean
people and highlights on its symbols. Because there is no formal document about
Pangkak itself, this research is limited to only study based on observation and
interview, and also focused in Angon-Angon Village.
1.5 Significance of the Research
Theoretically, this analysis can enlarge the sociolinguistic study especially
about symbol in traditional ceremony.
Practically, the result of this study can give information and knowledge to
teachers and students who want to analysis symbols. It may also help further
researchers who want to develop and continue another analysis of the related topic of
this study.
1.6 Key Terms
To avoid the misinterpretation, it is necessary to define the key terms, they are
described as follow:
1. Symbol is an image, object, etc that suggest or refers to something else
(Crowther, 1995). In this study, symbols refers to words, things used, and
actions done by Kangean people in Pangkak ceremony which have certain
meanings.
2. Pangkak is traditional ceremony done by Kangean people on harvest
event. This ceremony done in ricefield while farmers cut rice.
4
3. Tradition is the passing of beliefs or customs from one generation to the
next (Crowther, 1995). In this study, tradition refers to some acts relate to
the culture and become routine every harvest time.
4. Ceremony is a formal act or series of formal acts performed on a religious
or public occasion (Crowther, 1995). In this study, ceremony refers to the
rituals to get togetherness and to reach better outcome of harvest.
5
PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
THESIS
By:
LAILYA SEPTY AMALYAH
09360069
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS USED BY KANGEAN PEOPLE IN
PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
THESIS
By:
LAILYA SEPTY AMALYAH
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS USED BY KANGEAN PEOPLE IN
PANGKAK TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to
achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
LAILYA SEPTY AMALYAH
09360069
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
---Time is more than money--“...Allah will exalt in degree those of you who believe, and those who
have been granted knowledge”
(QS. Al-Mujaadilah:11)
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved mother and father,
My dearest brother and my big family,
The apple of my eyes,
And my friends.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises and thanks be to Allah S.W.T, the most beneficent and the most
merciful. With His help, guide, and blessing, the writer is able to finish this thesis.
Invocation and peace are delivered to Prophet Muhammad S.A.W for having guided
human being including the writer to the straightway, Islam.
The writer would express the gratitude to her advisors, Drs. Jarum, M.Ed. and
Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd. for their guidance, kindness, and patience in giving their
precious time and knowledge during consultation period. To all English Department
lecturers, thanks for giving knowledge, attention, and guide during her study in this
university.
Besides, the writer is deeply grateful to beloved mother Arifah and her father
M. Fajar Muhafi, S.Pd., her brother Adistya Umar Akbar, also all of Kwe Kim Pou
family who always pray and give support to her until finishing this thesis. Moreover,
the writer also thanks to A. Ahsan, her best friends (Ayu, Ria, Isty, Lis), and BBrothers English 09 who always give her affection. Thanks for togetherness we had.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis would be very helpful for the next works
that will be done.
Malang, 28 October 2013
Lailya Septy Amalyah
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET .........................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ..............................................................................................
ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ..........................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the Study ...............................................................................
1
1.2 Research Problems ........................................................................................
2
1.3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................
3
1.4 Scope and Limitation ....................................................................................
4
1.5 Significance of the Research .........................................................................
4
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms .........................................................................
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................
6
2.1 Language and Culture ...................................................................................
6
2.2 Pangkak .........................................................................................................
7
2.3 Symbol ..........................................................................................................
7
2.3.1 Kinds of Symbol ..................................................................................
9
2.3.1.1 Natural Symbol ......................................................................
9
2.3.1.2 Conventional Symbol ............................................................
10
2.3.1.2 Private Symbol ......................................................................
10
2.2 Current Literature Relevant to the Research Questions ................................
11
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
12
3.1 Research Design ............................................................................................
12
3.2 Informant
................................................................................................
13
3.3 Data Collection .............................................................................................
13
3.3.1 Data ......................................................................................................
13
3.3.2 Data Instrument ...................................................................................
13
3.3.2.1 Observation ...........................................................................
14
3.3.2.1.1 Complete Participant .............................................
14
3.3.2.1.2 Participant as Observer .........................................
14
3.3.2.1.3 Observer as Participat ..........................................
14
3.3.2.1.4 Complete Observer ...............................................
15
3.3.2.1.5 Collaborative Partner ............................................
15
3.3.2.2 Interview ................................................................................
16
3.3.3 Procedures of Data Collection .............................................................
16
3.4 Data Analysis ................................................................................................
17
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ....................
18
4.1 Findings .........................................................................................................
18
4.1.1 Symbols on Pangkak Ceremony ..........................................................
18
4.1.1.1 Symbols on Traditional Uniform ..........................................
18
4.1.1.2 Symbols on Traditional Dance ..............................................
19
4.1.1.3 Symbols on Traditional Song ................................................
19
4.1.2 Meaning of Symbols ............................................................................
21
4.1.2.1 Symbols on Traditional Uniform ..........................................
21
4.1.2.2 Symbols on Traditional Dance .............................................
22
4.1.2.3 Symbols on Traditional Song ................................................
23
4.1.3 Relationship of Symbols and Kangean Culture ...................................
24
4.2 Discussion .....................................................................................................
24
4.2.1 Conventional Symbols on Pangkak .....................................................
25
4.2.2 Natural Symbols on Pangkak ..............................................................
26
4.2.3 Private Symbol on Pangkak ................................................................
27
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................................
28
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................
28
5.2 Suggestion .....................................................................................................
29
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................
30
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Ary, Donald, et. al. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education. Canada:
Wadsworth
Baker, Anne and Kees Hengeveld (Ed). 2012. Linguistics. Singapore: Ho Printing
Singapore Pte Ltd.
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics. New York: Routledge
Coupland, Nikolas and Adam Jaworski (Ed). 1997. Sociolinguistics. USA: ST.
MARTIN’S PRESS INC.
Crowther, Jonathan (Ed). 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Fatimah, Dwi Fitri. 2004. Study on symbols in ‘Ruwatan’ tradition in Sukolilo
Tuban. Thesis. Unpublished. Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Kottak, Conrad Philip. 1991. Cultural Anthropology. New York: McGraw- Hill
Companies, Inc.
Martin, Judith N., et. al. 2001. Intercultural Communication. USA: The McGrawHill Companies, Inc.
Matsumoto, David. 1996. Culture and Psychology. USA: Brook/ Cole Publishing
Company.
Neuman, W. Laurence. 2000. Social Research Methods Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. USA: University of Wisconsin at Whitewater.
Samovar, Larry A. and Richard E. Porter. 2001. Communication Between
Cultures. USA: Thomson Learning, Inc.
Siswanto, Lutsfi. 2012. Searching for Identity of Modern Kangean People.
(Online), (http://maduraberaksi.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_24.html)
Spencer-Oatey, Helen (Ed). 2008. Culturally Speaking;Culture, Communication
and Politeness Theory. New York: Continuum.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents such topics as : background of study, research problems,
research objectives, scope and limitation, significance of the research, and definition
of key terms. Each section is presented as follows.
1.1 Background of Study
Culture is shared learned behavior which is transmitted from one generation
to another for the purpuses of promoting individual and social survival, adaptation,
and growth and development (Marsella, in Samovar and Richard: 2001). Culture,
consists of what is usually called „high culture‟: literature, music, painting, etc., but
also the much wider domain of values, norms, and customs of a society (Baker and
Kees, 2012). According to Spencer-Oatey, culture is manifested through co-occurring
regularities within the social group. These regularities can be found in a wide range of
elements, including basic assumptions, fundamental values, deep-seated orientations
to life, attitudes, beliefs, policies, procedures and behavioural conventions (2008).
Matsumoto (1996) states:
Culture is an elusive, abstract concept that forms the basis for much of our
understanding of life. It is sum of all the learned ways of living that have
been carried down from one generation to the next in the form of rituals,
tradition, heritage, and behaviors. Culture is the set of programmed
responses that we and our ancestors before us have learned to adapt to our
environment and to others around us in daily living. It is, in fact, the
software of our minds.
Everything that exists in society and becomes identity of its people is culture, and
every region in this world has different culture. Indonesia is a country that consists of
1
many races, ethnics, and customs; it makes Indonesia rich of cultures, especially
traditional cultures.
Traditional culture is the soul of society that can show the character of one
society it self, people in society express their ideas or feelings with arts such as:
dance, song, painting, etc. According to Nanda (in Samovar and Richard: 2001), the
link between art and culture can be found in every culture: art is a symbolic way of
communicating. One of the most important functions of art is to communicate,
display, and reinforce important cultural themes and values. The arts thus have an
integrative function in society.
Kangean, which is known as Bekisar Island has many traditional cultures, one
of them is Pangkak. Pangkak is a traditional ceremony for harvest moment. The word
Pangkak has meaning „cut‟ in Maduranese. Pangkak ceremony is done by Kangean
people in ricefield to enrich togetherness and as a „ thank God‟ ceremony. There are
many symbols used in Pangkak ceremony, each symbol has relationship with general
culture of Kangean people.
Macionis stated that a symbol is anything that carries a particular meaning
recognized by people who share culture (in Samovar and Richard: 2001). The
symbols used in traditional ceremony become a unique identity of some regions in
Indonesia, because they can reflect the culture that has diversity each other.
Nowdays, traditional culture becomes extinct because only some people
appreciate it. Without knowing the traditional culture, people cannot love the
beautiful art in this country. Based on the phenomena above, the researcher is
interested to analyze the symbols used by society in traditional ceremony. Knowing
2
the symbols that related to culture is important to enrich knowledge of
sociolinguistic. Thus, the researcher is extremely interested in conducting a research
and writing it in a thesis entitled “Analysis of Symbols Used by Kangean People in
Pangkak Traditional Ceremony”.
1.2 Research Problems
Based on the background above, the researcher formulates the problems as
below:
1. What are the symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak traditional
ceremony?
2. What are the meaning of symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak
traditional ceremony?
3. What are the relationship between the symbols used by Kangean people in
Pangkak traditional ceremony with their general culture?
1.3 Research Objectives
According to the question exposed in the statement of problems, this study is
intended:
1. To know the symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak traditional
ceremony.
2. To know the meaning of symbols used by Kangean people in Pangkak
traditional ceremony.
3. To find the relationship between the symbols used by Kangean people in
Pangkak traditional ceremony with their general culture.
3
1.4 Scope and Limitation
This research is focuses on Pangkak traditional ceremony done by Kangean
people and highlights on its symbols. Because there is no formal document about
Pangkak itself, this research is limited to only study based on observation and
interview, and also focused in Angon-Angon Village.
1.5 Significance of the Research
Theoretically, this analysis can enlarge the sociolinguistic study especially
about symbol in traditional ceremony.
Practically, the result of this study can give information and knowledge to
teachers and students who want to analysis symbols. It may also help further
researchers who want to develop and continue another analysis of the related topic of
this study.
1.6 Key Terms
To avoid the misinterpretation, it is necessary to define the key terms, they are
described as follow:
1. Symbol is an image, object, etc that suggest or refers to something else
(Crowther, 1995). In this study, symbols refers to words, things used, and
actions done by Kangean people in Pangkak ceremony which have certain
meanings.
2. Pangkak is traditional ceremony done by Kangean people on harvest
event. This ceremony done in ricefield while farmers cut rice.
4
3. Tradition is the passing of beliefs or customs from one generation to the
next (Crowther, 1995). In this study, tradition refers to some acts relate to
the culture and become routine every harvest time.
4. Ceremony is a formal act or series of formal acts performed on a religious
or public occasion (Crowther, 1995). In this study, ceremony refers to the
rituals to get togetherness and to reach better outcome of harvest.
5