Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I” (The Movie)

SPEECH ERRORS MADE BY MIKE LOWREY AND MARCUS BURNETT IN “BAD BOYS I” (THE MOVIE) A THESIS
BY: FITRIA HARDINI Reg.No.060705048
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2010
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, honor and praise would be dedicated to God, Allah SWT and Muhammad SAW for giving me love, bless, and guidance through life and especially during the preparation and process of finishing this thesis.
It is realized that this thesis will not come into existence without so many helps, encouragement, criticism, advices, guidance and also prays from some persons around me.
Therefore, appreciation and gratitude would be delivered to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A.,Ph. D, the Head of English Department Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. Hum., and the Secretary Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum, for help and suggestions related to the improvements of the proposal and other administrative supports.
Gratefulness is dedicated to my Supervisor, Drs. Ridwan hanafiah, S.H, M.A. and also to my Co-supervisor, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D for their generous helps and supports especially in correcting this thesis as well as suggestions and advices. Gratitude is also expressed to all of my lecturers in English Department who taught and contributed their knowledge during the academic years.
Deep appreciation and tender love would be represented to my beloved Mom, H.Panjaitan and my brother M. Firdaus Rangkuti who have sacrificed everything for my study until I can finish my thesis. Thank you so much for giving me spiritual supports and always pray the best for me. Thank you so much for loving me and being the light for my journey. For my brother Firda, thank you so much for your patience and your hope for me. It is a very precious thing I ever had. For my Dad, thank you so much for everything. I dedicated this thesis for you.
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Special thanks dedicated to Dedi Kurniawan Yunus. Thank you so much for your helps, attentions and supports. Thank you so much for lending me your computer because you know that I really need it for serious writing.
And the last but not least, special thanks for my big family (IMSI) where I met so many ridiculous and unique friends : Dodo, Kajol, Takem, and Reza Oddtizz (thank you so much for giving me a very weird and fun moment everyday), 3D gangster : sister Dina and Dj. My friends of batch 06 : Dewi, Rika, Kinuy, Ifa, Ari, Wilda, Mawardi, etc, for my brothers and sisters of batch 05 : Fifi Boesya, Kiki, Ai, Lili, Yuyu, Windy, Ayuk, etc.
Finally, I realized that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticisms and advices are highly appreciated. This thesis is hoped to be useful for those who are interested in academic works.
Medan, March 2010 The writer,
Fitria Hardini
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SYMBOLS OF SPEECH ERRORS

[ // ] […] [/] [\] [ \\ ] [—] [---] [ *…* ] [→ ]

→ Silent Pause → Filled Pause → Repeats → False Starts Retraced → False Starts Un-Retraced → Corrections → Stutters → Interjections → Slips of the Tongue

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ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesalahan ujaran (speech errors) yang tercakup dalam studi Psikolinguistik. Dalam skripsi ini objek yang dianalisa adalah kesalah ujaran yang dilakukan oleh dua karakter utama dalam film Bad Boys (the movie) : Mike Lowrey yang diperankan oleh Will Smith dan Marcus Burnett yang diperankan oleh Martin Lawrence. Analisa ini difokuskan pada kesalah ujaran yang bersifat umum (common types of speech errors), yaitu silent pause, filled pause, repeats, false starts retraced, false starts un-retraced, corrections,interjections, dan slips of the tongue yang terbagi menjadi anticipation, perseveration, reversal, blends, haplologies, misderivation,and word substitution.
Pengkajian topik ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Langkah yang dilakukan dalam penganalisaan adalah pertama, mengumpulkan data dengan cara mengunduh transkrip film Bad Boys. Kedua, mengidentifikasi jenis kesalahan dengan menganalisa film Bad Boys secara langsung dengan proses menonton. Ketiga, memberi penomoran pada data yang selanjutnya akan diklasifikasikan ke dalam tipe speech errors. Data dianalisa dengan menggunakan teori Clark & Clark (1977) dan Fomkin (1973).
Dari hasil analisa yang diperoleh ditemukan bahwa Mike Lowrey dan Marcus Burnett melakukan kesalahan-kesalahan umum ujaran yang tidak sesuai dengan transkrip aslinya. Jenis kesalahan umum yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh Mike Lowrey adalah Filled Pause sebanyak 16 kali (38,3%), Silent Paused sebanyak 14 kali (23,4%), Stutters sebanyak 11 kali (23,4%), Repeats sebanyak 8 kali (12,8%), dan Interjection sebanyak 1 kali (2,1%). Sementara Marcus Burnett melakukan lebih banyak kesalahan antara lain Filled Pause sebanyak 29 kali (32,6,1), Silent Pause sebanyak 36 kali (24,2%), Stutters sebanyak 18 kali (20%), Repeats sebanyak 13 kali (11,6%), Corrections sebanyak 9 kali (10,05%), dan Interjections sebanyak 1 kali (1,05%).Jenis kesalahan bahasa umum yang tidak ditemukan adalah Un-retraced False Starts dan false starts retraced (0%).
Sedangkan slips of the tongue yang dilakukan oleh Mike Lowrey adalah word substitution sebanyak 3 kali (100%) dan Marcus Burnett melakukan 2 tipe kesalahan antara lain Word Substitution sebanyak 6 kali (75%) dan Blends sebanyak 7 kali (25%).
Dari hasil analisa juga ditemukan bahwa umumnya silent pause terjadi sebelum kata benda dan sebelum kata sifat. Repeat,interjections dan stutters terjadi di awal kalimat dimana Stutter biasanya terjadi pada kata ganti benda, kata tanya, dan kata kerja. Correction umumnya juga terjadi di awal kalimat sementara Blends terjadi di akhir kalimat. Word Substitution terjadi di pertengahan kalimat dan biasanya terjadi pada kata bantu.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….. i SYMBOLS OF SPEECH ERRORS……………………………………………… iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….. v

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………. 1

1.1 Background of the Analysis…..………………………… 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis…………………………………4

1.3 Objectives of he Analysis………………………………. 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis…………………………………….4

1.5 Significance of theAnalysis….…………………………. 5

1.6 Review of Related Literatures….………………………. 6

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ………………………. 8

2.1 Execution of Speech Plans…………………………….. 8

2.2.1 The Ideal Delivery…………………………… 9

2.2 Speech Errors…………………………………………. 11

2.2.1 Common Types of Speech Errors…………… 12

2.2.2 Common Types of Tongue-Slips……………. 15

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS METHOD………………………………….. 17 3.1 Data Collecting Method……………………………… 17

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3.2 Data Analysis Procedures…………………………… 18.

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS………………….. 20

4.1 Data…………………………………………………. 20

4.1.1 Data I (Mike Lowrey)…………………….. 20

4.1.2 Data II (Marcus Burnett)…………………. 24

4.2 Data I Analysis……………………………………… 31

4.2.1 Common Speech Errors………………….. 31

4.2.2 Slips of the Tongue……………………….. 38

4.3 Data II Analysis……………………………………. 39

4.3.1 Common Speech Errors………………….. 39

4.3.2 Slips of the Tongue………………………. 54

4.4 Findings……………………………………………. 57

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS……………… 62

5.1 Conclusions………………………………………… 62

5.2 Suggestions………………………………………… 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX 1

DATA

APPENDIX 2

LIST OF TABLES

APPENDIX 3

BAD BOYS MOVIE TRANSCRIPT

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ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesalahan ujaran (speech errors) yang tercakup dalam studi Psikolinguistik. Dalam skripsi ini objek yang dianalisa adalah kesalah ujaran yang dilakukan oleh dua karakter utama dalam film Bad Boys (the movie) : Mike Lowrey yang diperankan oleh Will Smith dan Marcus Burnett yang diperankan oleh Martin Lawrence. Analisa ini difokuskan pada kesalah ujaran yang bersifat umum (common types of speech errors), yaitu silent pause, filled pause, repeats, false starts retraced, false starts un-retraced, corrections,interjections, dan slips of the tongue yang terbagi menjadi anticipation, perseveration, reversal, blends, haplologies, misderivation,and word substitution.
Pengkajian topik ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Langkah yang dilakukan dalam penganalisaan adalah pertama, mengumpulkan data dengan cara mengunduh transkrip film Bad Boys. Kedua, mengidentifikasi jenis kesalahan dengan menganalisa film Bad Boys secara langsung dengan proses menonton. Ketiga, memberi penomoran pada data yang selanjutnya akan diklasifikasikan ke dalam tipe speech errors. Data dianalisa dengan menggunakan teori Clark & Clark (1977) dan Fomkin (1973).
Dari hasil analisa yang diperoleh ditemukan bahwa Mike Lowrey dan Marcus Burnett melakukan kesalahan-kesalahan umum ujaran yang tidak sesuai dengan transkrip aslinya. Jenis kesalahan umum yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh Mike Lowrey adalah Filled Pause sebanyak 16 kali (38,3%), Silent Paused sebanyak 14 kali (23,4%), Stutters sebanyak 11 kali (23,4%), Repeats sebanyak 8 kali (12,8%), dan Interjection sebanyak 1 kali (2,1%). Sementara Marcus Burnett melakukan lebih banyak kesalahan antara lain Filled Pause sebanyak 29 kali (32,6,1), Silent Pause sebanyak 36 kali (24,2%), Stutters sebanyak 18 kali (20%), Repeats sebanyak 13 kali (11,6%), Corrections sebanyak 9 kali (10,05%), dan Interjections sebanyak 1 kali (1,05%).Jenis kesalahan bahasa umum yang tidak ditemukan adalah Un-retraced False Starts dan false starts retraced (0%).
Sedangkan slips of the tongue yang dilakukan oleh Mike Lowrey adalah word substitution sebanyak 3 kali (100%) dan Marcus Burnett melakukan 2 tipe kesalahan antara lain Word Substitution sebanyak 6 kali (75%) dan Blends sebanyak 7 kali (25%).
Dari hasil analisa juga ditemukan bahwa umumnya silent pause terjadi sebelum kata benda dan sebelum kata sifat. Repeat,interjections dan stutters terjadi di awal kalimat dimana Stutter biasanya terjadi pada kata ganti benda, kata tanya, dan kata kerja. Correction umumnya juga terjadi di awal kalimat sementara Blends terjadi di akhir kalimat. Word Substitution terjadi di pertengahan kalimat dan biasanya terjadi pada kata bantu.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Analysis
Language is one of the important thing in communication. It is so basic for us that life without words or languages is too impossible. Everybody speaks, writes, reads, and listens languages. They transfer their emotions, ideas, informations and meanings using languages to interact with others everytime and everywhere. As a means of communication, language facilitates our relationship with others and helps us to understand everything in the world including arts and science even from the simplest thing to the most difficult ones. Then as a set of system, language consists of a system of sounds, a system of grammar and a system of meaning in which we can put our creativity and invention. As Sapir (2001:7) in his book Language:An Introduction to the Study of Speech states:
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.”
In speaking process (conversation), the speaker transfers messages to listener so that speaking and listening are two activities which seemed to be ordinary skills. When people speak they arrange linguistic symbols in their mind (brain) and then produce them in the form of language by their organs of speech. That’s why we cannot separate speech with the process of thought as Sapir (2001:6) states:
“They are just as truly creation of the human kind, flights of the human fancy, as anything else in language.”
When people produce language or speech, actually they strive for what we call with “ideal delivery”. Clark and Clark (1977:261) say that ideal delivery is the correct way of

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executing a sentence where the speakers know what they really want to say and say it fluently. However, in the reality some speakers fail to get that ideal delivery and almost every speaker makes errors unconsciously. These errors are called common types of speech errors. These errors appear sometimes in daily conversation, in formal meetings and in seminars.
Dian Juwita Hutapea, in her thesis Speech Errors made by Barrack Obama in His Presidential Inaugural Speech (2009:21 ) says that “ideal delivery is frequently heard in the speech of actor, practiced reader, orator, newsreader, etc. They execute most types of sentences in a single fluent speak under one smooth intonation.” From the statement, we can conclude that speech errors tend to happen mostly in spontaneous conversations and seldom to be found in planned speech of actor. Therefore, the writer is interested to choose speech errors as the topic of analysis because the writer wants to prove whether speech errors still seldom to be found in speech of actor if the actor is Black American. This question appears because we all know that speech errors can be made by everyone from every level of people including actors.
According to Clark and Clark (1977), there are nine types of common speech errors, namely silent pause, filled pause, hesitation pause, repeats (the repetition of one or more words in a row) and then false starts (the corrections of a word), retraced false starts (the repetition of one or more words before the corrected words), then, there are corrections, interjections, stutters, and slips of the tongue or tongue-slips.
While Fromkin (1973) in Psychology and Language :An Introduction to Psycholinguistics written by Clark and Clark (1977) divided Tongue-Slips into seven types, they are Anticipations, Perseverations, Reversals, Blends, Haplologies, Misderivations and Word Substitutions.
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As we know that there are so many movies consist of these errors but Bad Boys I movie is chosen by the writer to be the object of analysis because it is assumed that both main characters in Bad Boys I make speech errors in their conversation and they are easy to identify. Moreover, Bad Boys I featured two professional actors as the main characters named Martin Lawrence and Will Smith. Both of them are successful in their acting until now but still it is not impossible for them to make errors.
Bad Boys I which was released in 1995 is very funny and interesting movie. In this movie, Marcus Burnett is a hen-pecked family man. Mike Lowrey is more a loose cannon. They are partners in the Miami Police Department, and they are about to take on a highly dangerous case. 100 million dollars of heroin, from the biggest drug bust of their careers, is stolen from police headquarters. Now, they have 72 hours to reclaim the heroin before the Internal Affairs Divisions gets involved. This situation puts Mike and Marcus hot on the trail of a French drug kingpin named Fouchet. Mike asks Max Logan, a hooker he knows, to keep an eye open for high rollers. Max asks her best friend Julie Mott to tag along with her to the home of former cop Eddie Dominguez to spy him. But at Dominguez’s house, Fouchet kills Max. Julie witnessed the murder, so she contacts the police. Then Mike and Marcus have to protect Julie Mott because Fouchet wants to kill her.
Bad Boys I is starred by Will Smith as Mike Lowrey, Martin Lawrence as Marcus Burnett, Téa Leoni as Julie Mott, Tchéky Karyo as Fouchet, Joe Pantoliano as Captain Howard, Emmanuel Xuereb as Eddie Dominguez and Theresa Randle as Theresa Burnett.
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1.2 Problems of Analysis 1. What types of Speech Errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I” (the movie)? 2. What is the dominant type of Speech Errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I” (the movie)? 3. What is the dominant pattern of speech errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in their utterance?
1.3 Objectives of Analysis 1. To find the types of Speech Errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I” (the movie). 2. To find the dominant type of Speech Errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I” (the movie).. 3. To find out is the dominant pattern of speech errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in their utterances.
1.4 Scope of Analysis In this thesis, the focus of analysis concerns with the common types of Speech Errors
made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in Bad Boys I and also the dominant pattern of speech errors. According to Clark & Clark (1977), the common types of speech errors are
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Silent Pause, Filled Pause, Repeats, False Starts (Un-retraced), False Starts (Retraced), Corrections, Interjections, Stutters, and Slips of the Tongue.

While the classification of Tongue-Slips based on Fromkin’s (1973) point of view (in Clark and Clark (1977) ), i.e : Anticipations, Perseverations, Reversals, Blends, Haplologies, Misderivations, and Word Substitutions.
After identifying and analyzing the data, the writer will find the dominant types of Speech Errors in the dialogues. The analysis is concerned with the two main characters in “Bad Boys I” movie : Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett. The source of data taken from the script of Bad Boys I (the movie) downloaded from the internet (www.moviescriptandsreenplay.com) and from the original screen of Bad Boys I movie. The duration of movie is 1 hour 58 minutes and 46 seconds. Then, the analysis is also concerned with the dominant pattern of speech errors in the dialogues.
1.5 Significances of Analysis The significances which will be expected from this thesis are as follows:
1. The readers will get informations about ideal delivery in speaking process. 2. The readers will get information about common types of Speech Errors based on Clark &
Clark and classification of Tongue-Slips based on Fromkin 3. The readers will get the fact-findings that Speech Errors also found in movie. 4. The readers will get information about the dominant types of Speech Errors in “Bad Boys
I” ( the movie).
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5. The readers will get information about the dominant pattern of speech errors in the sentence which is uttered by actors in Bad Boys I (the movie).
1.6 Review of Related Literatures In writing this thesis, some relevant references were collected. First, Clark and
Clark’s (1977) Psychology and Language : An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. This book explains about Psycholinguistics and the classification of Speech errors as the main topic of this thesis which consists of Silent Pause, Filled Pause, Repeats, False Starts (Un-retraced), False Starts (Retraced), Corrections, Interjections, Stutters, and Slips of the Tongue. In this book we also can find the theory of Fromkin who divided Slips of the Tongue into seven : Anticipations, Perseverations, Reversals, Blends, Haplologies, Misderivations, and Word Substitutions. The theories that are used in this analysis are the theory of Clark & Clark and Fromkin. Their theories are used to recognize the common types speech errors made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I” (the movie).
Second, Edward Sapir (1949) in Language : An Introduction to the Study of Speech explains about language and the elements of speech. According to Sapir, “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols” (2001:7) while the elements of speech are Radical Element or stem or root of word and Grammatical Element or affix.
Third, Gleason and Ratner (1998) in Psycholinguistics concerns with the domain of Psycholinguistics Inquiry in chapter II which consists of three major : Comprehension (how people understand spoken and written language), Speech Production (how people produce
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language) and Acquisition (how people learn language). This idea is related to the topic of this thesis. This book also includes types of speech which is included in this thesis.
Fourth, Dian Junita Hutapea thesis (2009:21) entitled Speech Errors made by Barrack Obama in His Presidential Inaugural Speech, her thesis discuses speech errors in Inaugural speech by Barack Obama at January 20th 2009. Some informations are picked from her thesis to support this thesis. Her statement about “ideal delivery is frequently heard in the speech of actor, practiced reader, orator, newsreader, etc. They execute most types of sentences in a single fluent speak under one smooth intonation” becomes the background of this writing.
Fifth, Nawawi (1993) Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. This book explains about research methods which consists of qualitative and quantitative research and how to collect data. The method taken from this book is Qualitative Descriptive research which is limited on the effort of finding a problem or a condition or an event as the way it is. In other words, this method is simply about fact finding. “ Penelitian ini terbatas pada usaha mengungkapkan suatu masalah atau keadaan atau peristiwa sebagaimana adanya sehingga bersifat sekedar untuk mengungkapkan fakta (fact finding).”
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Execution of Speech Plans Speaking is the process which consists of two fundamental types of activity : planning and execution. Before speaking, the speaker plans what they want to say in their mind, then they put their plan into execution, uttering the segments, words, phrases and sentences that make up the plan. However, it is difficult to find when the speakers actually begin to plan because usually they are planning what to say next while executing what they had planned moments before. So it is impossible to say where planning leaves off and execution begins. Clark and Clark (1977:224-225) say that there are some steps before speakers execute their speech, they are: 1) Discourse Plans. This is the first step for speakers to decide what kind of discourse they are participating in whether they want to tell a story, converse with other people, give instructions, describe an event or the like. Each kind of discourse has a different structure, and they must plan their utterances to fit. Each utterance must contribute to the discourse by conveying the right message. 2) Sentence Plans. After the speakers are given the discourse and their intention to produce a sentence with the right message, they must decide on the speech act, what to put as subject, new information, and what to subordinate to what. They also have to decide of how
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they will utter their speech : directly (by means of literal meaning), or indirectly (by means of irony, understatement, other indirect rhetorical devices). 3) Constituent Plans. In this time, the speakers begin planning sentence constituents. They have to pick the right words, phrases, or idioms to inhabit each constituent and put them in the right order. Although they may have planned the global form of a sentence, they normally select specific words only phrase by phrase. 4) Articulatory Program. As specific words are chosen, they are formed into an “articulatory program” in a memory “buffer” capable of holding all the words of a planned constituent at once. It contains a representation of the actual phonetic segments, stress, and intonation pattern that will be executed at the next step. 5) Articulation. This is the final step for speakers to execute the contents of the articulatory program. This is done by mechanisms that add sequence and timing to the articulatory program, telling the articulatory muscles what they should do when. This step results in audible sounds, the speech that the speaker intended to produce.
Speaking is a complicated process to analyze. Historically, the study of speaking has confronted investigators with very tough problems. One of the toughest is that because it is difficult to exert control over what people say, it has been difficult to conduct experiments to
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study it. However, the rough outline above shows the division speakers generally take before executing their speech.
2.1.1 The Ideal Delivery The ideal delivery is a term which is the opposite of Speech Errors. The ideal delivery
is defined as the correct way of executing a sentence. According to Clark and Clark (1977:261), “we can call one sentence as the ideal delivery when it is executed in a single fluent speech train under one smooth intonation contour”. Ideal delivery can be settled if the speakers know what they really want to say and say it fluently except in what we call as Grammatical Juncture. This is because in the ideal delivery speakers can breathe at juncture but not within clauses.
According to Clark and Clark (1977:297), there are three hesitations points at which speakers are liable to stop for planning:
1. Grammatical Junctures It is the logical place to stop and to plan the sentence’s skeleton and the first constituent of the upcoming sentence. Pause at these junctures tend to be long and frequent.
2. Other constituent boundaries Within sentences these boundaries are the appropriate place to stop and to plan details of the next major constituent. This stopping place typically marked by a filled pause.
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3. Before the first content word within a constituent
This stopping place, like the previous kind, gives speakers time to plan the very next major constituent. It is typically marked by a silent pause or by a repeat of the beginning of the constituent.
From the three hesitation points above, we can find that in ideal delivery Grammatical Juncture is the only place in sentences where speakers may pause to take a breath before continuing the sentence without interrupting fluent speech. Besides, there is another obligatory pause that is called conventional pauses and serves a specific linguistics purpose. For example :
1. Her brother the dentist is as ugly as a mule.
2. Her brother, the dentist, is as ugly as a mule.

From the examples above, we can see that the “comma pauses” in 2 give a different interpretation from 1 and must therefore be present to signal this interpretation. So, Ideal delivery has these characteristics.
In speaking activity, everyone wants to make that ideal delivery. One of the reasons is to make them better understood because if there are so many breaks in speech, and not in constituent boundaries, speech is very difficult to understand ( Clark& Clark 1977:261). This is because, in ideal delivery all breaks will be at grammatical junctures not within clauses. Other reason is that people who speak fluently are very likely judged cleverer, abler, and more effective than the people without the same fluency. So, it is natural, in most circumstances, to strive for the ideal delivery although it is very difficult to make it in the process of speaking. So even if they should run into difficulty planning a constituent, they should try to execute it as much as a single unit as they can.
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2.2 Speech Errors Speech Errors are some errors made in the process of speech production which occur
regularly in normal conversation so that speech errors are the opposite of ideal delivery. Lashley (1958) in Psycholinguistics noted that “when we think in words, the thoughts come in grammatical form with subject, verb, object, and modifying clauses falling into place without our having the slightest perception of how the sentence structure is produced.”
There are some patterns of speech errors according to some experts. For example, Maclay & Osgood(1959) in Gleason and Ratner’s (1998 : 318) state that hesitation (unfilled pauses) are more likely to be occur before content words such as nouns, verbs, and modifiers, than before function words such as articles, helping verbs, and so forth. It is of interest to note that in the study of the speech produced in seminars, classes, business meetings, and similar context, in both planned talks and spontaneous conversation. While Deese (1978,1980) in Gleason and Ratner’s (1998 : 318) found that speakers used complete sentences, 98% of which were grammatically correct. Therefore, this thesis will also analyze briefly about the patterns of speech errors based on the findings.
There are also some opinions about the terms of speech errors. Some experts like Gleason and Ratner called speech errors as slips of the tongue and some other used the term speech disfluencies to call this errors. While in Clark and Clark(1977), slips of the tongue or tongue-slips is one of the type of common speech errors itself.
So in this thesis, the tongue-slips will be explained separately based on Fromkin (1973) in Clark and Clark (1977: 274) so that it will be easier to classify and understand all of the speech errors types.
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2.2.1 Common Types of Speech Errors The Common Types of Speech Errors based on Clark and Clark point of view (1977)
are: 1. Silent Pause Silent pause is a period of no speech between words. In the process of speaking, speed of talking is almost entirely determined by the amount of such pausing. It is considered that people who speak slowly hesitate a lot, but when they speed up their rate of words, they will do it by eliminating the pauses, not by shortening the words. According to Maclay and Osgood (1959) in Clark and Clark’s (1977:262), fast speakers are fluent because they do not hesitate much, and slow speakers are not as fluent because they hesitate a great deal. It is symbolized by [ // ] For example : 1. Turn on the // heater switch 2. Filled Pause Filled pause is a period or gap filled with fillers when speakers speak slowly. In Linguistics, fillers are sounds or words that are spoken to fill up gaps in utterances for example the words uh, ah, mm, er or the like. Different languages have different characteristic filler sounds; in English, the most common filler sounds are uh , er and um. Like, y'know and basically are more prevalent among youths. It is symbolized by [ …. ] For example : 1. Turn on, uh, the heater switch
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3. Repeats Repeat is the situation where speaker repeats one or words in a row. It is symbolized by [ / ]. For example : 1. Turn on the heater / the heater switch 2. Those / those dirty cups
4. Retrace Falls Starts Retrace Falls Starts is a correction of a word including the repetition of one or more words before the correct word. It is symbolized by [ \ ] For example : 1. Turn on the stove \ the heater switch 2. Those clean \ those dirty cups
5. Un-retrace Falls Starts Un-retrace Falls Starts is almost similar with Retrace Falls Starts but there’s no repetition of one or more words in a row. It is symbolized by [\\] For example : 1. Turn on the stove \\ heater switch 2.These \\ those dirty cups
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6. Corrections Corrections happen when the speaker replaces certain old words with the new ones, indicating that the old words have been misplanned. The category called corrections are like false starts, except that they contain an explicit corrections phrase like I mean, or rather, well or that is to mark the phrase as the corrections. … that is (reference editing), or or rather (nuance editing), I mean (mistake editing), Well
( claim editing). It is symbolized by [-] For example : Turn on the stove switch—I mean, the heater switch 7. Stutters Stutters happen when the speaker feels hesitate, stumbling, tense, jerky or nervous. Stutters are signed by repeating one letter or syllable for many times before a certain word that will be said next. It is symbolized by [---] For example : Turn on the h-h-h-heater switch
8. Interjections The word "interjection" literally means "thrown in between" from the Latin inter ("between") and iacere ("throw"). Interjections indicate that the speakers have had to stop to think about what to say next. In this situation, they select a particular interjection to signal why they have had to stop. Actually, interjection is almost similar with filled pause but Interjections are used when the speaker encounters events that cause these emotions — unexpectedly, painfully, surprisingly or in many other
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sudden ways. The interjection’s words are oh, ah, well, and say. Interjection happens when the speaker remembers about something, which is related to the topic of the speaking suddenly. English words used mostly as interjections include ugh, wow, ouch, scat, alas, and eureka.
It is symbolized by [ *.…* ]

For example : 1. John would like, oh, carrots.

( oh : referent selection)

2. John would like—ah, carrots. (ah : memory success)

3. John would like, well, carrots. (well : word approximation)

4. John would like, say, carrots. (say : exemplification)

See other example below:

As I entered the room — Oh, my goodness! What I saw! — he was still standing there.

2.2.2

Common Types of Tongue-Slips

Slips of the Tongue (Tongue-Slips) based on Fromkin (1973) consist of some subtypes and it is symbolized by [→ ], they are:

1. Anticipation

Anticipation is where an early output item is corrupted by an element belonging to a later one. For example : reading list → leading list.

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2. Perseveration Perseveration is the opposite of anticipation. Where a later output item is corrupted by an element belonging to an earlier one. For example : waking rabbits → waking wabbits.
3. Reversal Reversal is two segments are interchange. It occurred in two syllables. For example : radio →dario
4. Blends Blends are the speaker blends two words together taken the first half of one, and the second half of the other. For example : ladies and gentlemen→ ladlemen
5. Haplologies Haplologies are the speaker leaves out the short stretch of speech. It can be omitted on syllable. For example : beautiful girl → beauful girl
6. Misderivation Misderivation is the speaker attaches a wrong suffix and prefix to the word. For example : unbelievable→ misbelievable
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7. Word Substitution Word Substitution is the speaker produces the word that is wrong, difficulty related idea semantically or phonologically to the word intended. For example : - the shop are open → the shop are closen - Some swimmers sink→ Some swimmers drown
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CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS METHOD
3.1 Data Collecting Method
In writing this thesis, Qualitative Descriptive method is applied in the process of data analysis. This thesis is simply about fact-finding. Nawawi (1993:31) states that Qualitative Descriptive is a research method that is an effort to solve a problem or a condition or an event as the way it is. In other words, this method is simply about fact finding.
“ Penelitian ini terbatas pada usaha mengungkapkan suatu masalah atau keadaan atau peristiwa sebagaimana adanya sehingga bersifat sekedar untuk mengungkapkan fakta (fact finding).”
Therefore, Descriptive Statistic is applied in the process of tabulating data. The script will be analyzed by watching the original screen so that the types of Speech Errors which are found can be identified and classified based on the text.
Library research as the method of research is also applied in this thesis to find some relevant theories that support the writing especially from all references deal with Psycholinguistics.
In collecting the required data, Purposive sampling is applied in this thesis. As Bailey (1987:94) states that :
“In purposive sampling the investigator does not necessarily have a quota to fill from within various strata, as in quota sampling, but neither does he or she just pick the nearest warm bodies, as inconvenience sampling. Rather, the researcher uses his or her own judgment about which respondents to choose and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.” The population is the movie transcript which is taken from internet (www.moviescriptandsreenplay.com). The writer will take the data by watching Bad Boys I
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movie and comparing the movie transcript with the actors’ utterances heard in that movie. Then, the data will be numbered, classified and tabulated based on its frequency using percentages to find out the dominant types of speech errors.
All data will be tabulated using Frequency Distribution where data will be calculated into percentages using the formula below (Bungin, 2001: 189):
N = fx × 100 % n
N = percentage of errors fx = frequency of errors n = total number of frequency
3.2 Data Analysis Procedure After collecting the data, the writer will analyze them to find out the dominant
patterns of speech errors. The systematic procedures were taken as follows: 1) Comparing between the transcript and the dialogues spoken by main characters in that movie : Mike Lowrey and Marcuss Burnett to find the speech errors in it. 2) Identifying the errors and their positions in the sentences. 3) Finding out the pattern of errors in the sentences. In this analysis process, the writer only focus with silent pauses and filled pause in both characters’
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dialogues. The writer wants to find out whether the position of pauses are after or before the nouns, verbs, adjectives, possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives. The analysis will be put after the data. The writer also wants to find out whether all types of errors dominantly happen in the beginning of in the e end of constituent. 4) The writer will make the conclusions which consist of the dominant types of speech errors and also the dominant pattern of errors in sentences based on the analysis.
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data
4.1.1 Data I (Mike Lowrey)
1. What is this having-a-picnic shit in my car? 6. Let me tell you how bad a day you're having.
You're jacking two cops. 8. I only tell your husband my sleazy sex stories. 10. Listen, I need some help, again. 11. Major ill shit happened down at the police department.
0:16:58 There's a lot of hero in involved. There will be a lot of cash involved. There will definitely be some jolly young men who want to party. 12. I'm not asking you to get into any wild shit. Just call me if you hear something. 13. That's right. You ain't getting none at home.
0:17:34 You got extra energy. Go ahead. Burn it off, baby. We got anything, Francine? 14. No, man.
0:19:18 Dead guy.

0:00:55 0:03:03 0:11:34 0:16:40
0:17:14

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Looks like somebody's home.
Let me take a stab at this one.
He sells the ventilation plans to the bad guys.
He gets rich, but he gets dead.
15. Whoa. Wait. 0:19:30
Why do you act like this every
time we're around a dead body?
16. My bad. 0:20:08
18. I'm supposed to apologize for my family leaving me money? All I ever wanted to be was a cop. I get up early and take it to the max every day. I'm the first guy through the door and the last to leave the crime scene...
so fuck you and fuck them...
and fuck everybody who got a problem with Mike Lowrey. 20. Looks like we have two shades of lipstick here, gentlemen.
Somebody is missing from the party. 40 You sound like a nagging wife. 43. Wait a minute. What the hell is going on here? 44 Can we get a time-out, Captain?
Am I the designated homeless? 45 I wanted to...
but Captain Howard said I'm irresponsible. No, he said, "A loose cannon, "because I've been shooting in public. Out of now here sometimes.

0:22:09
0:29:52 0:46:58 0:48:34 0:49:57 0:51:14

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46. I read a book that could probably help y'all. I saw it on... 0:51:49
53 You're sick. Something is wrong with you. You have a problem, and you should have your self checked. Yeah. Probably.
54 Later. Don't wait up. I'll be all right. Why don't you rent a movie? Something we can kick back to. What you wearing?
57 Yeah, that never stopped you before. Just let me know if you get anything.
58 Yeah. He's my man, so we... All those on the wall.
59 I'm sorry. That looks like a stain on your rug. Damn.
62 Let's go see if little Duke is gonna be okay, shall we? Me and you.
65 What was that? 66 This is official police business!
You had no business in there! And can you please drive this thing? 69 Yes, you're right. This started because of missing drugs, but let me tell you something. There is absolutely nothing more important to Mike... than doing this guy that killed Max. I know he has a hard time expressing his feelings. Come on. It will be all right, okay? We need you. Part of the team. 70 You know the barrels of ether that blew up on the ice cream truck? 77 She's like a wife.

0:57:37 0:58:390
0:59:29 1:00:37 1:01:16 1:02:16 1:10:21 1:10:37 1:13:240
1:14:43 1:18:25

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82 Marcus, what are you doing? 83 Fuck it! Some shit is making you crazy.
You know there's nothing going on between me and Theresa! Man, I've been your partner for six years... and I've been your boy all my life. For you to even think... To let some dumb shit like that creep up in your mind... This is me! What is wrong with you? 84 Yeah, I'm fine. 85 Sorry it's not up to your usual high standards.

1:21:52 1:22:29
1:22:47 1:27:29

Why don't you whip it out for her, big boy?

1:27:55

your forehead.

Shut up. 86 Why don't you whip it out for her, big boy?

1:27:55

your forehead.

Shut up. 87. Whoa.
Hold it. You know Sinclair has every phone in the station tapped. We have to do that in person. 89 It can't hurt for her to take a peek. 96 Go do what you have to do. Fletcher, you told us this would move a little quicker than this. 101 Yeah, you're like a magnet for random gunfire.

1:278:44
1:29:04 1:39:06 1:53:53

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4.1.2 Data II (Marcus Burnett)
2. Please, man, I'm not getting my sex at home. 0:01:00
Don't deny me this.
3. Look, where's your cup holders? 0:01:18
4. You don't have one? 0:01:23
$ 80.000 for this car, and you ain't got no cup holder?
5 I ain't no Wesley Snipes.
I just hang out with stupid-ass
friends that drive stupid-ass cars...
that attract a lot of motherfucking attention!
6 Baby, it's my job. It's what it requires.
I'm a better cop when I get some in the morning.
I feel lighter on my feet. 9. Excuse me, but if you two want to
0:13:07 get personal, I could step out... 17 Yeah, you got it all figured out, don't you?
0:21:11

0:03:02 0:10:08

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You got to have faith, player. Everybody in the damn unit will be out of a job. But don't worry. They tend to think Mike Lowrey will be all right.

Especially since they think you some rich kid playing cop.

Look, man, I ain't got no trust fund.

For me: No job, no check.

That's like all the other guys in the unit. Most of us. 19. Why I got to be all that? 21. Yeah, baby. Look, I know quality time was my idea.
0:31:39 22. Whoa. Calm down. Talk to me now. Yeah.
0:34:36 23. Get Mike down here to handle this.
0:35:12

0:22:31

24. 'Cause I'm Mike Lowrey. 0:36:01

We ain't got much time.

25. I knew Max from way back. 0:36:30
I helped her brother get out of jail. 26. So, from time to time, we'd get
0:36:36 together, a little bump and grind. 27. Give me that! Give me the bat! You want to go out? Fine!
0:36:50 You don't want to believe me, you go at this shit alone! I forgot! The bad guys probably know where you live. Which means they're coming for your ass. Good luck.

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28. Look, lady... 0:37:19
do you have any more bats, golf clubs...
or anything like that you could swing at me? 29. I knew Max.
0:37:29 I care about Max also. I'm just here to help you 30. I didn't expect to walk into Yankee Stadium either.
0:37:48 Now, we have to get out of here. Let's go. 31. Protective custody.
0:38:01
32. Fine, lady. Where would you feel safe? 0:40:46
33. Yeah, my place. 0:40:55
My place is... No way. Right. My place. Yeah, my place is shit. Mike Lowrey place. You right. That's the best idea you came up with tonight. Wait here. 34. Yeah, come on. Watch your step walking through.
0:42:32 Damn, I must have left some incense burning. Welcome to Casa de Lowrey. This is kind of... I'm always moving my switches. I'm always decorating, so sometimes
I just don't know where shit is.
Damn! Shit!
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Why am I tripping on shit I know is there?

You found a light switch.

I should have known it was there since I decorated the place. Yeah. 35. I feel like having your right now...
0:43:15 It's honest money. I'm a second generation rich kid. 36. Yeah. If that's what you want to call it. I don't mind bats swung at my head, bullets damn near grazing my ass. Gives me a rush. Look... let me give you a broad stroke of the place. Got some T-bones in the fridge for Luke and Dukie. Sorry. Your fridge is this way. I confuse my own shit. 37. You ain't with the bad guys now.
0:44:06 You're with the cops...

0:43:33

with Mike Lowrey.

Everything will be all right. Trust me.

I'll be back.

I know there's no time to joke, but remember in the movie... All right. 38. The moment Lowrey gets in, have him call me at home.
0:44:48 At my home. 39. Damn.
0:46:02 I went undercover.

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It required taking off the ring for a second, but I got the ring. I just put my hand in my pocket because that's where it was... and it's right back on, baby. Can I get a pillow? If it isn't the guy who doesn't return phone calls. Where have you been the last 12 hours? I've been paging you all night. We got a situation here you need to know about. 41 That ain't the point. The point is if your partner pages you ... you might want to get back to your partner. I want to meet the man who whupped your ass. I want to meet who whupped Shaft's ass. Look at me, man. You don't know what I've been through. My wife kicked me out of the house, kicked me out of my happy home. But you got to go off by your self. "I got this, partner." Bullshit. 42 Look, man... I damn near had to pass a pop quiz before she believed I was him. 47. Look, we have to go through some mug shots.
0:53:21 I'll hook into the computer. We can do this. 48. Sometimes I don't even look at my shelves.
0:53:34 I forget all the pictures were here. That's my partner, Marcus Burnett. 49. I can see how it may throw you a little bit.
0:53:45 It's a cop thing. These pictures are up here for every time he saved my life.

0:47:08 0:48:04

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Lf you go to his place ain't nothing but pictures of me. It's like a shrine. Just a reminder. 50. You're not listening. It's not registering.
0:54:23 Believe me. Did you sleep in the bed? Didn't you feel the dents? The dents come from all that. That's how I get down. 51. You know what? I won't eat baloney no more.
0:55:39 How about a pickle? Can I eat it? 52. Yeah, it is kind of nice. Since I'm gonna be like Mike, I might as well dress like Mike. I wanna be like Mike. 55. Give me the phone! Baby! 56. Hello? Hey, man, don't play like that. That's my family. Don't break up a happy home. 60 I'm getting rid of it. Yeah, you don't need that. I'm throwing that out anyway. I just want a new look. 61 That's why I love him. Now, me? 63 Look at you . Can you stay focused? 64 Here! Go! This is good. Noah's chasing us! 67 Goddamn. You the man! You the fucking man tonight! 68 Should I add this to your body count?
There goes our only lead to the dope.
Ain't this a bitch? 71 I'm not understanding. I really don't. 72 Do you just attract violent people? 73. Do you see the emotion I'm going through now?

0:57:27
0:58:53 0:59:05
1:01:36 1:01:52 1:06:11 1:10:15 1:10:55 1:12:36
1:15:09 1:15:14 1:15:53

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That means this shit is serious. Me and this mother fucker's not vibing right now. That's what that means. 74. I'll sit down for a minute...
1:16:36 'cause I'm guarding shit, you know.
I'm watching out for the bad boys.
I can see things, you know... real well from my "peripheals." 75. Now, you don't want that.
1:17:40 'Cause when I come... I come with the thunder. 76. That ain't me. That's Marcus.
1:17:54 You know what I'm saying? He's the married one. 78 Keep a guy like what? 79 He's got a quality women respond to. 80 Fuck off, barking-ass dog. Shut up. Sneak up on my own house. 81 His ass upstairs. Supposed to be my boy. You motherfucker. Ducking and weaving up and down. Look at this shit. Is this what you want? Got me climbing like a chimp. But I ain't going out like that. It don't take anybody that long to get into bed. Got my babies in the house. Your man can't get no quality time... but my partner can get so