Aquatic mammals Floral ecosystems

4.1.3 Fisheries

All the ten sites were very important fish habitats of both ecological and socio-economic importance. The fish diversity in the habitats was very diverse. The two lagoons Belibangara and Domunli experienced eutrophication and some amount of pollution from human sources. Belibangara enjoys some amount of protection because the people of Newtown worshipped it as a deity. This therefore helps to reduce undue pressure on fish stocks in the lagoon. However, during the dry season it can get heavily polluted since it does not have an opening directly into the sea. Under such situations, it is not surprising that only hardy species such as Tilapia and Clarias are able to survive therein. At all the habitats, the catch rate was rather low indicating trends of decreasing abundance of fish populations. The algal bloom in the region was a major hindrance to fishing livelihoods at Domunli lagoon and Amansuri estuary. It is a financial drain on fishers who have to use precious time cleaning both fish and nets of green algae. Fish tainted with green algae is of lesser value on the market Nunoo Ameka, 2005. Though providing nutrients for fish species and therefore driving productivity, it needs to be addressed before opportunistic poisonous algal species could begin to bloom alongside the existing filamentous green algae. The huge diversity of fish species and the large number of juveniles caught in beach seines are threatened if the situation continues to persist Nunoo et al., 2006. Further, the Domunli lagoon appears very productive but pristine and must be considered for protection as a Ramsar site. The main reasons for poor catches according to fishers were: ｸ Poor rainfall in the area during the period ｸ Use of illegal fishing practices and chemicals: use of illegal mesh sizes, DDT, Ground mosquito coil, dynamite, carbide. ｸ Some serious and holistic attempts have to be made towards revitalizing the fishing in these habitats and the region as a whole with a view to supporting the socio-economic livelihood of inhabitants. ｸ This should include efforts to enforce new Fisheries Regulations 2010 in the Western region as well as the entire coast of Ghana. ｸ A year-long study using the simple methodologies outlined in this study would give a better picture of the situation of these habitats. ｸ Efforts must be made to especially monitor this site from the effects of the upcoming siting of gas plants near it.

4.1.4 Aquatic mammals

In Ghana, pressures from rapid population growth and declining fish catches are turning marine mammals to immediate food need. In the Western Region, there are captures of small cetaceans dolphins and whales, mainly using drift gill nets DGN. Catches have been documented periodically from two fish landing port Axim and Dixcove, albeit on a limited scale, since 1995. The species most frequently by-caught are the Clymene dolphin about 24.5, pantropical spotted dolphin and the common bottle nose dolphin. 83 Although aquatic mammals are on the first schedule of Ghana’s 1971 Wildlife Conservation Regulations Legal Instrument 685 and are protected by law, there are no explicit regulations concerning the use of cetaceans killed in nets. As a result, the use of dolphin meat as bait in shark fisheries and for human consumption is not considered illegal, which means that catch statistics can be obtained i.e. catches are not concealed for fear of sanctions and thus makes it feasible to study trends and carry out biological studies based on carcass sampling protocols e.g. morphology, growth and reproduction, feeding ecology, stock identification, genetics, parasitology, contaminant loads and pathology. Any estimate of catches of the aquatic mammals is premature, but will not be less than hundreds annually. As a result, the diversity and abundance of dolphins are under threat. There is urgent need for enforcement of Wildlife Conservation Legislature and adoption of new measures to address the protection of small cetaceans, including increased community-based education and monitoring nation-wide. Knowledge of spatial and temporal distribution of the cetaceans could provide the base for local dolphin-watching ventures.

4.1.5 Floral ecosystems

The estuaries of Azulenoanu, KpaniNyila, and Ankobra are brackish water environments. As with all ecotones, there exist environmental gradients which impose limitations on the spatial distribution of the flora. Towards the marine seaward side of the spectrum are more salt tolerant species, whilst towards the freshwater end, the flora is less tolerant of saline soils. Mangrove vegetation dominates the saline soils of the estuaries while freshwater swamp forestthicket vegetation exists where the soils are non saline. Three main types of vegetation were recognized in the study area as follows: 1. Wet Evergreen Forest – Cape Three Points Forest Reserve upland 2. Coastal forestthicket – rocky terrain, Ankobra and Cape three points 3. Freshwater swamp peat forest – Amasuri 1. The wet evergreen forest at Cape Three Points This is a floristically rich forest which may reach a height of 40 m in some places. The Cape Three Point forest reserve is a repository of several vulnerable plant species. These species are heavily exploited for timber. Seven of the species recorded during the survey are listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN threatened species categories while one is Lower RiskNear Threatened. 2. Coastal forestthicket Cape Three Points and Ankobra Thicket vegetation occurs on rocky terrains that do not have soil deep enough to carry forest vegetation. The flora of the thicket at Cape Three points and Ankobra have species of conservation concern as Ghana is concerned, though these are not listed by IUCN, Hawthorne 84 1993 Appendices 5 and 6. Elytraria ivorensis Black star and Ehretia trachyphylla Gold Star are endangered in Ghana and require urgent conservation attention. 3. Freshwater Swamp ForestPeat Forest Amansuri This vegetation appears to be an extension of the Amansuri mangrove since it has Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora racemosa and Achrostichum aureum. It is poor in species. Pierreodendron kerstingii, which occurs here, is listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN threatened species categories and as a Black star species by Hawthorne 1993. Thus this vegetation type is critical and needs to be further studied. Key to Star Rating System Star Rating system adopted in the Forest of Ghana Geographic Information Exhibitor manual Hawthorne, 1993: 1. Black Star species - Species rare internationally and at least uncommon in Ghana; urgent attention to conservation of populations needed 2. Gold Star species - Fairly rare internationally andor locally 3. Blue star species - Widespread internationally but rare in Ghana or vice-versa 4. Scarlet star species - Common, but under serious pressure from heavy exploitation 5. Red Star species - Common, but under pressure from exploitation 6. Pink Star species - Common and moderately exploited. Also non-abundant species of high potential value 7. Green Star species- No particular conservation concern, common in Ghana.

4.1.6 Socio-economics