TUGAS AKHIR DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN Revitalisasi MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat Edukasi Islam di Surakarta.
TUGAS AKHIR
DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN
ARSITEKTUR (DP3A)
REVITALISASI MAN 2 SURAKARTA SEBAGAI PUSAT EDUKASI
ISLAM DI SURAKARTA
Diajukan sebagai pelengkap dan syarat guna mencapai gelar Sarjana Teknik
Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Disusun Oleh:
Awita Aryani Mardikasari
NIM D300150108
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS
MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2017
ABSTRAK
Gedung Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta merupakan
bangunan peninggalan masa kolonial yang mempunyai gaya arsitektur Indische.
Saat ini Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta telah mempunyai museum
Pendidikan Islam pertama kali di Indonesia, museum tersebut bertempat di
Boarding School Mambaul Ulum Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta.
Adanya keterkaitan antar kedua nya, maka di pindahkanlah museum Pendidikan
Islam ke Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta, kareana ketidak efektifan
keberadaan museum di Boarding School Mambaul Ulum. Dipindahkannya
museum, serta penambahan fasilitas perpustakaan, dan keterbukaan masjid di
harapkan dapat mengedukasi tidak hanya warga sekolah, tetapi juga masyarakat
umum, sehingga akhirnya Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta dapat
menjadi edukasi islam yang ada di Surakarta dan sekitarnya.
Kata Kunci: Museum, Edukasi, Bangunan Kolonial
ABSTRACTS
Building Land of Madrasa Aliyah (MAN) 2 Surakarta is a colonial building which
has the architectural style of the Indies. The current Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2
Surakarta museum has had its first Islamic education in Indonesia, the museum is
housed in the Boarding School of Mambaul Ulum Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2
Surakarta. The existence of link ages between both, then move it to the Islamic
Education museum
Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2 Surakarta, because
efective
of existence of museums in Mambaul Ulum Boarding School. Blessed museum, as
well as the
addition
of the library
facilities, and
openness can
be expected in educating the mosque not only residents of the school, but also the
general public, so that eventually the Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2 Surakarta
Islamic education that can be there in Surakarta anda surrounding areas.
Keywords: museum, educational, colonial building
vi
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Segala puji bagi Allah SWT, atas berkah dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis
dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir yang berjudul “Revitalisasi MAN 2 Suakarta
Sebagai Pusat Edukasi Islam Di Surakarta”.
Disusunnya Tugas Akhir ini, tidak lain adalah sebagai prasyarat agar bisa
mendapatkan gelar Strata 1 (S1). Karena keterbatasan penulis, penyusunan Tugas
Akhir ini tidak akan terselesaikan dengan baik tanpa bantuan berbagai pihak,
untuk itu penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada:
1. Bapak, ibu, dan adik yang telah banyak memberikan kasih sayang,
semangat, dan doa yang tulus
2. Bapak dan ibu Mulyono yang sudah sangat baik dan perhatian dari segi
apapun
3. Ibu Dr. Ir. W. Nurjayanti, MT; selaku Ketua Jurusan Program S1
Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
4. Bapak Ir. Nurhasan, ST, MT selaku Sekretaris Program S1 Arsitektur
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
5. Ibu Suryaning Setyowati, ST, MT selaku Dosen yang menerima
mahasiswa transfer
6. Ibu Rini Hidayati, ST, MT selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik.
7. Bapak Ir. Alpha Fabela P, MT; selaku Dosen Pembimbing Tugas Akhir
8. Ibu Suharyani, ST; Selaku Koordinator Tugas Akhir
9. Seluruh dosen dan staff karyawan Program S1 Arsitektur Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta
10. Guru dan karyawan MAN 2 Surakarta yang telah memberikan banyak
informasi
11. Agus Abidin, A.Md. selaku teman terbaik, yang selalu membantu dan
mengarahkan
vii
12. Syirli Maulina, A.Md. dan Nadia Nur Amelia, A.Md. Teman satu dosen
pembimbing yang selalu memberi semangat
13. Teman Arsitektur Bravo 12, Anantya Pangga, A.Md; Amor Samasan,
A.Md; Achmad Yulianto, A.Md; A.R. Rayhan Noor, A.Md; Mentari
Khanza, A.Md; Della Irawan, A.Md; Dwi Astuti, A.Md; Dini Iscahyani,
A.Md. yang selalu kompak sejak awal masuk kuliah di Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Penulis menyadari Tugas Akhir ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu
kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penyusun harapkan sebagai masukan
untuk studi selanjutnya.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, 26 Oktober 2016
Penulis
viii
DAFTAR ISI
TUGAS AKHIR ................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ ii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN .....................................................................................iii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN ..................................................................................... iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI.............................................................. v
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... vi
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xv
DAFTAR TABEL ..........................................................................................xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
1.1
Deskripsi Judul ..................................................................................... 1
1.2
Latar Belakang ..................................................................................... 2
1.3
Permasalahan ........................................................................................ 6
1.4
Tujuan ................................................................................................... 7
1.5
Sasaran .................................................................................................. 7
1.6
Lingkup Pembahasan ........................................................................... 7
1.7
Metode Pembahasan ............................................................................. 7
1.7.1
Metode Deskriptif ......................................................................... 7
1.7.2
Metode Analisa ............................................................................. 8
1.8
Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................... 8
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA......................................................................... 9
2.1
Pendidikan ............................................................................................ 9
ix
2.1.1
Pengertian Pendidikan ................................................................... 9
2.1.2
Tujuan Pendidikan ........................................................................ 9
2.1.3
Tingkat pendidikan...................................................................... 10
2.2
Pendidikan Islam ................................................................................ 11
2.2.1
Pengertian Pendidikan Islam ....................................................... 11
2.2.2
Landasan Pendidikan Islam......................................................... 12
2.2.3
Tujuan Pendidikan Islam............................................................. 12
2.2.4
Sasaran Pendidikan Islam ........................................................... 14
2.3
Sekolah ............................................................................................... 18
2.3.1
Pengertian Sekolah ...................................................................... 18
2.3.2
Jenis-Jenis Sekolah ..................................................................... 18
2.4
Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ...................................................................... 19
2.4.1
Pengertian Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ............................................. 19
2.4.2
Tujuan Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ................................................... 20
2.4.3
Kurikulum Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ........................................... 20
2.5
Asrama (Boarding School) ................................................................. 21
2.5.1
Pegertian asrama ......................................................................... 21
2.5.2
Fungsi Asrama ............................................................................ 22
2.6
Cagar Budaya ..................................................................................... 22
2.6.1
Jenis Cagar Budaya ..................................................................... 23
2.6.2
Klasifikasi Bangunan Cagar Budaya .......................................... 24
2.7
Konservasi .......................................................................................... 24
2.7.1
Pengertian Konservasi ................................................................. 24
2.7.2
Perluasan Tindakan Konsevasi ................................................... 26
2.8
Bangunan Publik ................................................................................ 28
x
2.8.1
Pengertian Bangunan Publik ....................................................... 28
2.8.2
Masjid.......................................................................................... 28
2.8.3
Perpustakaan ............................................................................... 29
2.8.4
Museum ....................................................................................... 30
2.8.5
Landmark .................................................................................... 31
2.8.6
Plaza............................................................................................ 32
2.9
Arsitektur Indisch ............................................................................... 33
2.9.1
Sejarah arsitektur Indisch ............................................................ 33
2.9.2
Arsitektur “Indische Empire Style” ............................................ 33
2.10
Arsitektur Bernuansa Islami ............................................................... 34
2.10.1
Pengertian Arsitektur Islami ....................................................... 34
2.10.2
Pendekatan Arsitektur Islami ...................................................... 34
2.10.3
Katagori Bangunan Bernuasa Islami ........................................... 34
2.11
Studi Objek Islamic Center Baiturrahman Semarang ........................ 38
BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM LOKASI PERENCANAAN ......................... 40
3.1
Lokasi/ Data Fisik .............................................................................. 40
3.1.1
Tinjauan Umum Kota Surakarta ................................................. 40
3.1.2
Geografi dan Iklim ...................................................................... 41
3.1.3
Hidrologi ..................................................................................... 43
3.1.4
Tinjauan Madrasah Aliyah (MA) di Surakarta ........................... 44
3.1.5
Tinjauan Bangunan Cagar Budaya di Surakarta ......................... 44
3.2
Data Non Fisik.................................................................................... 45
3.2.1
Kependudukan............................................................................. 45
3.2.2
Pendidikan ................................................................................... 46
3.3
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Surakarta Tahun 2011-2031...... 49
xi
3.3.1
Rencana Struktur Ruang ............................................................. 49
3.3.2
Koefisien Dasar Bangunan .......................................................... 51
3.3.3
Koefisien Lantai Bangunan ......................................................... 52
3.3.4
Garis Sepadan Bangunan ............................................................ 53
3.3.5
Kawasan Cagar Budaya .............................................................. 55
3.3.6
Ketentuan Umum Peraturan Zonasi Pendidikan ......................... 56
3.4
Tinjauan Lokasi Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta ......... 57
3.4.1
Kecamatan Laweyan ................................................................... 57
3.4.2
Kelurahan Sriwedari.................................................................... 58
3.4.3
Gambaran Wilayah Site............................................................... 58
3.4.4
Tinjauan Sejarah Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta . 61
3.4.5
Eksisting Fisik Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta .... 62
3.5
Gagasan Perencanaan ......................................................................... 74
3.5.1
Analisis Konsep MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat Edukasi Islam di
Surakarta .................................................................................................... 74
3.5.2
Tugas dan Peran serta Fungsi MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat
Edukasi Islam di Surakarta ........................................................................ 74
3.5.3
Sasaran dan Lingkup Pelayanan MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat
Edukasi Islam di Surakarta ........................................................................ 75
BAB IV ANALISIS PENDEKATAN DAN KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN
PERANCANGAN ............................................................................................ 76
4.1
Analisis dan Konsep Makro ............................................................... 76
4.2
Analisis dan Konsep Site .................................................................... 77
4.2.1
Pencapaian................................................................................... 77
4.2.2
Sirkulasi ...................................................................................... 78
4.2.3
Orientasi Matahari ....................................................................... 79
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4.2.4
View ............................................................................................. 80
4.2.5
Zoning ......................................................................................... 82
4.3
Analisis dan Konsep Tata Ruang ....................................................... 84
4.3.1
Kebutuhan Ruang ........................................................................ 84
4.3.2
Perhitungan Besaran Ruang ........................................................ 88
4.3.3
Pola Hubungan Ruang ................................................................ 94
4.3.4
Pola Kegiatan Ruang ................................................................... 99
4.4
Analisis Dan Konsep Gubahan Massa ............................................. 102
4.5
Analisis Dan Konsep Gaya Arsitektur ............................................. 103
4.5.1
Analisis Gaya Arsitektur Indisch .............................................. 103
4.5.2
Analisis Gaya Arsitektur Bernuasa Islami ................................ 110
4.6
Analisis Dan Konsep Tampilan Arsitertur ....................................... 111
4.6.1
Eksterior .................................................................................... 111
4.6.2
Interior ...................................................................................... 112
4.7
Analisis dan Konsep Struktur ........................................................... 113
4.7.1
Analisis dan Konsep Struktur Bangunan Cagar Budaya........... 113
4.7.2
Analisis Perkuatan Pondasi ....................................................... 115
4.7.3
Analisis Perkuatan Kolom Bangunan ....................................... 116
4.7.4
Analisis Upper Structure ........................................................... 117
4.8
Analisis dan Konsep Utilitas ............................................................ 119
4.8.1
Sistem Jaringan Air Bersih ....................................................... 119
4.8.2
Sistem Jaringan Air Kotor ......................................................... 120
4.8.3
Sistem Pencahayaan Alami ....................................................... 120
4.8.4
Sistem Penghawaan Alami ........................................................ 121
4.8.5
Sistem Akustik .......................................................................... 122
xiii
4.8.6
Sistem Jaringan Listrik .............................................................. 122
4.8.7
Sistem Jaringan Panel Surya ..................................................... 123
4.8.8
Sistem Penanggulangan Kebakaran .......................................... 123
4.8.9
Sistem Jaringan Sound System .................................................. 124
4.8.10
Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi dan wifi ................................. 124
4.8.11
Sistem Jaringan CCTV .............................................................. 125
4.8.12
Sistem Pembuangan Sampah .................................................... 125
4.9
Analisi dan Konsep Lanscape .......................................................... 126
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 131
LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 135
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. 1 Prasasti cagar budaya di MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 3
Gambar 1. 2 Bagian atas bangunan masjid ............................................................. 3
Gambar 1. 3 Pintu bagian Tata Usaha ..................................................................... 4
Gambar 1. 4 Suasana di dalam ruangan kepala sekolah ......................................... 4
Gambar 1. 5 Gambar plaza sekolah ........................................................................ 4
Gambar 1. 6 Suasana di dalam Museum Pendidikan Islam .................................... 6
Gambar 2. 1 Masjid ............................................................................................... 29
Gambar 2. 2 National Library of Malaysia ........................................................... 30
Gambar 2. 3 Museum Sumpah Pemuda ................................................................ 31
Gambar 2. 4 Landmark Gedung Lawang Sewu ................................................... 32
Gambar 2. 5 Plaza ................................................................................................. 32
Gambar 2. 6 Aktifitas membersihkan sekolah ...................................................... 35
Gambar 2. 7 Masjid Raya Baiturrahman............................................................... 38
Gambar 2. 8 TK-SD Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman ....................................................... 39
Gambar 3. 1 Peta kota Surakarta ........................................................................... 40
Gambar 3. 2 Grafik Suhu udara di Surakarta tahun 2013 ..................................... 42
Gambar 3. 3 Diagram Piramida penduduk Surakarta .......................................... 46
Gambar 3. 4 Grafik Jumlah sekolah di Kota Surakarta tahun 2013...................... 48
Gambar 3. 5 Grafik Jumlah murid dan guru di Surakarta tahun 2013 .................. 48
Gambar 3. 6 Peta Rencana Struktur Ruang Kota Surakarta.................................. 51
Gambar 3. 7 Peta Kecamatan Lawean .................................................................. 57
Gambar 3. 8 Peta Kelurahan Sriwedari ................................................................. 58
Gambar 3. 9 Wilayah site MAN 2 Surakarta ........................................................ 58
Gambar 3. 10 Plafon Masjid MAN 2 Surakarta .................................................... 59
Gambar 3. 11 Selasar bangunan sisi barat MAN 2 Surakarta ............................... 60
Gambar 3. 12 Tebal dan keramik dinding masjid MAN 2 Surakarta ................... 60
xv
Gambar 3. 13 Pohon Tanjung di MAN 2 Surakarta.............................................. 61
Gambar 3. 14 Masjid MAN 2 Surakarta ............................................................... 70
Gambar 3. 15 Interior Masjid MAN 2 Surakarta .................................................. 71
Gambar 3. 16 Kondisi fisik masjid bagian belakang ............................................ 71
Gambar 3. 17 Bagunan bagian barat MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 72
Gambar 3. 18 Plaza MAN 2 Surakarta ................................................................. 72
Gambar 3. 19 Bagunan bagian timur MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 73
Gambar 3. 20 Bagunan bagian timur MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 73
Gambar 4. 1 Situasi MAN 2 Surakarta ................................................................. 76
Gambar 4. 2 Pencapaian ........................................................................................ 77
Gambar 4. 3 Sirkulasi ............................................................................................ 78
Gambar 4. 4 Orientasi matahari ............................................................................ 79
Gambar 4. 5 View to site ....................................................................................... 80
Gambar 4. 6 View in site ....................................................................................... 81
Gambar 4. 7 Zoning .............................................................................................. 82
Gambar 4. 8 Zoning kebisingan di MAN 2 Surakarta .......................................... 83
Gambar 4. 9 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang makro ................................................. 94
Gambar 4. 10 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area sekolah .................................... 96
Gambar 4. 11 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area Boarding School (asrama) ...... 97
Gambar 4. 12 Bagan Pola hubungan pusat edukasi umum ................................... 98
Gambar 4. 13 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area Masjid ...................................... 98
Gambar 4. 14 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area auditorium ................................ 99
Gambar 4. 15 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang makro .................................................. 99
Gambar 4. 16 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang area sekolah ..................................... 100
Gambar 4. 17 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang area boarding school asrama ............ 100
Gambar 4. 18 Bagan Pola kegiatan pusat edukasi umum .................................. 100
Gambar 4. 19 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang area Masjid ..................................... 101
Gambar 4. 20 Bagan Pola kegiatan area auditorium ........................................... 101
Gambar 4. 21 Analisis konsep massa di MAN 2 Surakarta ................................ 102
xvi
Gambar 4. 22 Pengambilan langgam indisch ...................................................... 104
Gambar 4. 23 Penghawaan dan Pencahayaan Alami .......................................... 110
Gambar 4. 24 Kaligrafi asmaul husna yang ada di plaza .................................... 111
Gambar 4. 25 Dinding bearing wall di MAN 2 Surakarta .................................. 114
Gambar 4. 26 Plat lantai 2 bangunan MAN 2 Surakarta..................................... 114
Gambar 4. 27 Struktur atap masjid ..................................................................... 115
Gambar 4. 30 Penutup atap masjid ..................................................................... 115
Gambar 4. 29 Perkuatan pondasi ........................................................................ 116
Gambar 4. 30 Macam pembesaran kolom........................................................... 117
Gambar 4. 31 Contoh aplikasi struktur atap baja ................................................ 118
Gambar 4. 32 Contoh struktur komposit ............................................................. 118
Gambar 4. 33 Struktur beton bertulang ............................................................... 119
Gambar 4. 34 Diagram Distribusi air bersih ....................................................... 120
Gambar 4. 35 Bagan Distribusi air kotor ............................................................ 120
Gambar 4. 36 Kemiringan langit-langit ............................................................. 121
Gambar 4. 37 Desain jendela clerestory ............................................................. 121
Gambar 4. 38 cross ventilation ........................................................................... 121
Gambar 4. 39 Dinding Akustik ........................................................................... 122
Gambar 4. 40 Bagan Sistem jaringan listrik ....................................................... 122
Gambar 4. 41 Jaringan panel surya ..................................................................... 123
Gambar 4. 42 Alat pemadam kebakaran ............................................................. 123
Gambar 4. 43 Bagan Sistem pemadam kebakaran .............................................. 124
Gambar 4. 44 Bagan Jaringan sound system ....................................................... 124
Gambar 4. 45 Bagan Jaringan telekomunikasi .................................................... 125
Gambar 4. 46 Bagan Jaringan CCTV .................................................................. 125
Gambar 4. 47 Landscape..................................................................................... 127
Gambar 4. 48 Penanaman pohon ........................................................................ 127
Gambar 4. 49 Penahanan bak tanaman (analisis penulis, 2016) ......................... 128
xvii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 3. 1 Banyaknya kecamatan di Kota Surakarta tahun 2013. ........................ 41
Tabel 3. 2 Rata-rata curah hujan di Kota Surakarta tahun 2013 ........................... 42
Tabel 3. 3 Data MAN dan MAS di Surakarta ....................................................... 44
Tabel 3. 4 Satistik penduduk Kota Surakarta ........................................................ 45
Tabel 3. 5 Persentase APS penduduk Kota Surakarta........................................... 47
Tabel 3. 6 Koefisien Dasar Bangunan, Koefisien Daerah Hijau, dan Koefisien
Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau .................................................................................... 52
Tabel 3. 7 Ketinggian dan koefisien bangunan ..................................................... 53
Tabel 3. 8 Banyaknya penduduk Kecamatan Lawean .......................................... 57
Tabel 3. 9 Fasilitas sarana dan prasarana .............................................................. 62
Tabel 3. 10 Evaluasi fasilitas sarana dan prasarana MAN 2 Surakarta ................ 63
Tabel 3. 11 Evaluasi penghawaan dan pencahayaan alami MAN 2 Surakarta ..... 65
Tabel 3. 12 Evaluasi Edukasi Islam MAN 2 Surakarta ........................................ 68
Tabel 4. 1 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok sekolahan ................................................ 84
Tabel 4. 2 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok pusat edukasi umum ............................... 85
Tabel 4. 3 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok Masjid ..................................................... 86
Tabel 4. 4 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok Boarding School (asrama) ...................... 86
Tabel 4. 5 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok auditorium .............................................. 87
Tabel 4. 6 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok global servis ............................................ 88
Tabel 4. 7 Perhitungan ruang kelompok masjid.................................................... 88
Tabel 4. 8 Perhitungan ruang kelompok pusat edukasi umum ............................. 89
Tabel 4. 9 Perhitungan ruang kelompok unit kelas dan pendukung ..................... 90
Tabel 4. 10 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok auditorium ............................................ 91
Tabel 4. 11 Perhitungan ruang kelompok Boarding School (asrama) .................. 91
Tabel 4. 12 Perhitungan ruang kelompok global servis ....................................... 92
Tabel 4. 13 Perhitungan ruang kelompok area parkir ........................................... 92
Tabel 4. 14 Rekapitulasi Perhitungan ruang kelompok ........................................ 93
Tabel 4. 15 : Keterangan analisis konsep massa MAN 2 Surakarta ................... 102
xviii
Tabel 4. 16 Daftar Penyelesaian Revitalisasi ...................................................... 104
Tabel 4. 17 Material Eksterior ............................................................................ 111
Tabel 4. 18 Material Interior............................................................................... 112
Tabel 4. 19 Tabel elemen lanscape (analisa pribadi, 2016) ................................ 128
xix
DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN
ARSITEKTUR (DP3A)
REVITALISASI MAN 2 SURAKARTA SEBAGAI PUSAT EDUKASI
ISLAM DI SURAKARTA
Diajukan sebagai pelengkap dan syarat guna mencapai gelar Sarjana Teknik
Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Disusun Oleh:
Awita Aryani Mardikasari
NIM D300150108
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS
MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2017
ABSTRAK
Gedung Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta merupakan
bangunan peninggalan masa kolonial yang mempunyai gaya arsitektur Indische.
Saat ini Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta telah mempunyai museum
Pendidikan Islam pertama kali di Indonesia, museum tersebut bertempat di
Boarding School Mambaul Ulum Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta.
Adanya keterkaitan antar kedua nya, maka di pindahkanlah museum Pendidikan
Islam ke Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta, kareana ketidak efektifan
keberadaan museum di Boarding School Mambaul Ulum. Dipindahkannya
museum, serta penambahan fasilitas perpustakaan, dan keterbukaan masjid di
harapkan dapat mengedukasi tidak hanya warga sekolah, tetapi juga masyarakat
umum, sehingga akhirnya Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta dapat
menjadi edukasi islam yang ada di Surakarta dan sekitarnya.
Kata Kunci: Museum, Edukasi, Bangunan Kolonial
ABSTRACTS
Building Land of Madrasa Aliyah (MAN) 2 Surakarta is a colonial building which
has the architectural style of the Indies. The current Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2
Surakarta museum has had its first Islamic education in Indonesia, the museum is
housed in the Boarding School of Mambaul Ulum Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2
Surakarta. The existence of link ages between both, then move it to the Islamic
Education museum
Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2 Surakarta, because
efective
of existence of museums in Mambaul Ulum Boarding School. Blessed museum, as
well as the
addition
of the library
facilities, and
openness can
be expected in educating the mosque not only residents of the school, but also the
general public, so that eventually the Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 2 Surakarta
Islamic education that can be there in Surakarta anda surrounding areas.
Keywords: museum, educational, colonial building
vi
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Segala puji bagi Allah SWT, atas berkah dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis
dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir yang berjudul “Revitalisasi MAN 2 Suakarta
Sebagai Pusat Edukasi Islam Di Surakarta”.
Disusunnya Tugas Akhir ini, tidak lain adalah sebagai prasyarat agar bisa
mendapatkan gelar Strata 1 (S1). Karena keterbatasan penulis, penyusunan Tugas
Akhir ini tidak akan terselesaikan dengan baik tanpa bantuan berbagai pihak,
untuk itu penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada:
1. Bapak, ibu, dan adik yang telah banyak memberikan kasih sayang,
semangat, dan doa yang tulus
2. Bapak dan ibu Mulyono yang sudah sangat baik dan perhatian dari segi
apapun
3. Ibu Dr. Ir. W. Nurjayanti, MT; selaku Ketua Jurusan Program S1
Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
4. Bapak Ir. Nurhasan, ST, MT selaku Sekretaris Program S1 Arsitektur
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
5. Ibu Suryaning Setyowati, ST, MT selaku Dosen yang menerima
mahasiswa transfer
6. Ibu Rini Hidayati, ST, MT selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik.
7. Bapak Ir. Alpha Fabela P, MT; selaku Dosen Pembimbing Tugas Akhir
8. Ibu Suharyani, ST; Selaku Koordinator Tugas Akhir
9. Seluruh dosen dan staff karyawan Program S1 Arsitektur Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta
10. Guru dan karyawan MAN 2 Surakarta yang telah memberikan banyak
informasi
11. Agus Abidin, A.Md. selaku teman terbaik, yang selalu membantu dan
mengarahkan
vii
12. Syirli Maulina, A.Md. dan Nadia Nur Amelia, A.Md. Teman satu dosen
pembimbing yang selalu memberi semangat
13. Teman Arsitektur Bravo 12, Anantya Pangga, A.Md; Amor Samasan,
A.Md; Achmad Yulianto, A.Md; A.R. Rayhan Noor, A.Md; Mentari
Khanza, A.Md; Della Irawan, A.Md; Dwi Astuti, A.Md; Dini Iscahyani,
A.Md. yang selalu kompak sejak awal masuk kuliah di Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Penulis menyadari Tugas Akhir ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu
kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penyusun harapkan sebagai masukan
untuk studi selanjutnya.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, 26 Oktober 2016
Penulis
viii
DAFTAR ISI
TUGAS AKHIR ................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ ii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN .....................................................................................iii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN ..................................................................................... iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI.............................................................. v
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... vi
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xv
DAFTAR TABEL ..........................................................................................xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
1.1
Deskripsi Judul ..................................................................................... 1
1.2
Latar Belakang ..................................................................................... 2
1.3
Permasalahan ........................................................................................ 6
1.4
Tujuan ................................................................................................... 7
1.5
Sasaran .................................................................................................. 7
1.6
Lingkup Pembahasan ........................................................................... 7
1.7
Metode Pembahasan ............................................................................. 7
1.7.1
Metode Deskriptif ......................................................................... 7
1.7.2
Metode Analisa ............................................................................. 8
1.8
Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................... 8
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA......................................................................... 9
2.1
Pendidikan ............................................................................................ 9
ix
2.1.1
Pengertian Pendidikan ................................................................... 9
2.1.2
Tujuan Pendidikan ........................................................................ 9
2.1.3
Tingkat pendidikan...................................................................... 10
2.2
Pendidikan Islam ................................................................................ 11
2.2.1
Pengertian Pendidikan Islam ....................................................... 11
2.2.2
Landasan Pendidikan Islam......................................................... 12
2.2.3
Tujuan Pendidikan Islam............................................................. 12
2.2.4
Sasaran Pendidikan Islam ........................................................... 14
2.3
Sekolah ............................................................................................... 18
2.3.1
Pengertian Sekolah ...................................................................... 18
2.3.2
Jenis-Jenis Sekolah ..................................................................... 18
2.4
Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ...................................................................... 19
2.4.1
Pengertian Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ............................................. 19
2.4.2
Tujuan Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ................................................... 20
2.4.3
Kurikulum Madrasah Aliyah (MA) ........................................... 20
2.5
Asrama (Boarding School) ................................................................. 21
2.5.1
Pegertian asrama ......................................................................... 21
2.5.2
Fungsi Asrama ............................................................................ 22
2.6
Cagar Budaya ..................................................................................... 22
2.6.1
Jenis Cagar Budaya ..................................................................... 23
2.6.2
Klasifikasi Bangunan Cagar Budaya .......................................... 24
2.7
Konservasi .......................................................................................... 24
2.7.1
Pengertian Konservasi ................................................................. 24
2.7.2
Perluasan Tindakan Konsevasi ................................................... 26
2.8
Bangunan Publik ................................................................................ 28
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2.8.1
Pengertian Bangunan Publik ....................................................... 28
2.8.2
Masjid.......................................................................................... 28
2.8.3
Perpustakaan ............................................................................... 29
2.8.4
Museum ....................................................................................... 30
2.8.5
Landmark .................................................................................... 31
2.8.6
Plaza............................................................................................ 32
2.9
Arsitektur Indisch ............................................................................... 33
2.9.1
Sejarah arsitektur Indisch ............................................................ 33
2.9.2
Arsitektur “Indische Empire Style” ............................................ 33
2.10
Arsitektur Bernuansa Islami ............................................................... 34
2.10.1
Pengertian Arsitektur Islami ....................................................... 34
2.10.2
Pendekatan Arsitektur Islami ...................................................... 34
2.10.3
Katagori Bangunan Bernuasa Islami ........................................... 34
2.11
Studi Objek Islamic Center Baiturrahman Semarang ........................ 38
BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM LOKASI PERENCANAAN ......................... 40
3.1
Lokasi/ Data Fisik .............................................................................. 40
3.1.1
Tinjauan Umum Kota Surakarta ................................................. 40
3.1.2
Geografi dan Iklim ...................................................................... 41
3.1.3
Hidrologi ..................................................................................... 43
3.1.4
Tinjauan Madrasah Aliyah (MA) di Surakarta ........................... 44
3.1.5
Tinjauan Bangunan Cagar Budaya di Surakarta ......................... 44
3.2
Data Non Fisik.................................................................................... 45
3.2.1
Kependudukan............................................................................. 45
3.2.2
Pendidikan ................................................................................... 46
3.3
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Surakarta Tahun 2011-2031...... 49
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3.3.1
Rencana Struktur Ruang ............................................................. 49
3.3.2
Koefisien Dasar Bangunan .......................................................... 51
3.3.3
Koefisien Lantai Bangunan ......................................................... 52
3.3.4
Garis Sepadan Bangunan ............................................................ 53
3.3.5
Kawasan Cagar Budaya .............................................................. 55
3.3.6
Ketentuan Umum Peraturan Zonasi Pendidikan ......................... 56
3.4
Tinjauan Lokasi Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta ......... 57
3.4.1
Kecamatan Laweyan ................................................................... 57
3.4.2
Kelurahan Sriwedari.................................................................... 58
3.4.3
Gambaran Wilayah Site............................................................... 58
3.4.4
Tinjauan Sejarah Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta . 61
3.4.5
Eksisting Fisik Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta .... 62
3.5
Gagasan Perencanaan ......................................................................... 74
3.5.1
Analisis Konsep MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat Edukasi Islam di
Surakarta .................................................................................................... 74
3.5.2
Tugas dan Peran serta Fungsi MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat
Edukasi Islam di Surakarta ........................................................................ 74
3.5.3
Sasaran dan Lingkup Pelayanan MAN 2 Surakarta Sebagai Pusat
Edukasi Islam di Surakarta ........................................................................ 75
BAB IV ANALISIS PENDEKATAN DAN KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN
PERANCANGAN ............................................................................................ 76
4.1
Analisis dan Konsep Makro ............................................................... 76
4.2
Analisis dan Konsep Site .................................................................... 77
4.2.1
Pencapaian................................................................................... 77
4.2.2
Sirkulasi ...................................................................................... 78
4.2.3
Orientasi Matahari ....................................................................... 79
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4.2.4
View ............................................................................................. 80
4.2.5
Zoning ......................................................................................... 82
4.3
Analisis dan Konsep Tata Ruang ....................................................... 84
4.3.1
Kebutuhan Ruang ........................................................................ 84
4.3.2
Perhitungan Besaran Ruang ........................................................ 88
4.3.3
Pola Hubungan Ruang ................................................................ 94
4.3.4
Pola Kegiatan Ruang ................................................................... 99
4.4
Analisis Dan Konsep Gubahan Massa ............................................. 102
4.5
Analisis Dan Konsep Gaya Arsitektur ............................................. 103
4.5.1
Analisis Gaya Arsitektur Indisch .............................................. 103
4.5.2
Analisis Gaya Arsitektur Bernuasa Islami ................................ 110
4.6
Analisis Dan Konsep Tampilan Arsitertur ....................................... 111
4.6.1
Eksterior .................................................................................... 111
4.6.2
Interior ...................................................................................... 112
4.7
Analisis dan Konsep Struktur ........................................................... 113
4.7.1
Analisis dan Konsep Struktur Bangunan Cagar Budaya........... 113
4.7.2
Analisis Perkuatan Pondasi ....................................................... 115
4.7.3
Analisis Perkuatan Kolom Bangunan ....................................... 116
4.7.4
Analisis Upper Structure ........................................................... 117
4.8
Analisis dan Konsep Utilitas ............................................................ 119
4.8.1
Sistem Jaringan Air Bersih ....................................................... 119
4.8.2
Sistem Jaringan Air Kotor ......................................................... 120
4.8.3
Sistem Pencahayaan Alami ....................................................... 120
4.8.4
Sistem Penghawaan Alami ........................................................ 121
4.8.5
Sistem Akustik .......................................................................... 122
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4.8.6
Sistem Jaringan Listrik .............................................................. 122
4.8.7
Sistem Jaringan Panel Surya ..................................................... 123
4.8.8
Sistem Penanggulangan Kebakaran .......................................... 123
4.8.9
Sistem Jaringan Sound System .................................................. 124
4.8.10
Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi dan wifi ................................. 124
4.8.11
Sistem Jaringan CCTV .............................................................. 125
4.8.12
Sistem Pembuangan Sampah .................................................... 125
4.9
Analisi dan Konsep Lanscape .......................................................... 126
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 131
LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 135
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. 1 Prasasti cagar budaya di MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 3
Gambar 1. 2 Bagian atas bangunan masjid ............................................................. 3
Gambar 1. 3 Pintu bagian Tata Usaha ..................................................................... 4
Gambar 1. 4 Suasana di dalam ruangan kepala sekolah ......................................... 4
Gambar 1. 5 Gambar plaza sekolah ........................................................................ 4
Gambar 1. 6 Suasana di dalam Museum Pendidikan Islam .................................... 6
Gambar 2. 1 Masjid ............................................................................................... 29
Gambar 2. 2 National Library of Malaysia ........................................................... 30
Gambar 2. 3 Museum Sumpah Pemuda ................................................................ 31
Gambar 2. 4 Landmark Gedung Lawang Sewu ................................................... 32
Gambar 2. 5 Plaza ................................................................................................. 32
Gambar 2. 6 Aktifitas membersihkan sekolah ...................................................... 35
Gambar 2. 7 Masjid Raya Baiturrahman............................................................... 38
Gambar 2. 8 TK-SD Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman ....................................................... 39
Gambar 3. 1 Peta kota Surakarta ........................................................................... 40
Gambar 3. 2 Grafik Suhu udara di Surakarta tahun 2013 ..................................... 42
Gambar 3. 3 Diagram Piramida penduduk Surakarta .......................................... 46
Gambar 3. 4 Grafik Jumlah sekolah di Kota Surakarta tahun 2013...................... 48
Gambar 3. 5 Grafik Jumlah murid dan guru di Surakarta tahun 2013 .................. 48
Gambar 3. 6 Peta Rencana Struktur Ruang Kota Surakarta.................................. 51
Gambar 3. 7 Peta Kecamatan Lawean .................................................................. 57
Gambar 3. 8 Peta Kelurahan Sriwedari ................................................................. 58
Gambar 3. 9 Wilayah site MAN 2 Surakarta ........................................................ 58
Gambar 3. 10 Plafon Masjid MAN 2 Surakarta .................................................... 59
Gambar 3. 11 Selasar bangunan sisi barat MAN 2 Surakarta ............................... 60
Gambar 3. 12 Tebal dan keramik dinding masjid MAN 2 Surakarta ................... 60
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Gambar 3. 13 Pohon Tanjung di MAN 2 Surakarta.............................................. 61
Gambar 3. 14 Masjid MAN 2 Surakarta ............................................................... 70
Gambar 3. 15 Interior Masjid MAN 2 Surakarta .................................................. 71
Gambar 3. 16 Kondisi fisik masjid bagian belakang ............................................ 71
Gambar 3. 17 Bagunan bagian barat MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 72
Gambar 3. 18 Plaza MAN 2 Surakarta ................................................................. 72
Gambar 3. 19 Bagunan bagian timur MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 73
Gambar 3. 20 Bagunan bagian timur MAN 2 Surakarta ....................................... 73
Gambar 4. 1 Situasi MAN 2 Surakarta ................................................................. 76
Gambar 4. 2 Pencapaian ........................................................................................ 77
Gambar 4. 3 Sirkulasi ............................................................................................ 78
Gambar 4. 4 Orientasi matahari ............................................................................ 79
Gambar 4. 5 View to site ....................................................................................... 80
Gambar 4. 6 View in site ....................................................................................... 81
Gambar 4. 7 Zoning .............................................................................................. 82
Gambar 4. 8 Zoning kebisingan di MAN 2 Surakarta .......................................... 83
Gambar 4. 9 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang makro ................................................. 94
Gambar 4. 10 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area sekolah .................................... 96
Gambar 4. 11 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area Boarding School (asrama) ...... 97
Gambar 4. 12 Bagan Pola hubungan pusat edukasi umum ................................... 98
Gambar 4. 13 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area Masjid ...................................... 98
Gambar 4. 14 Bagan Pola hubungan ruang area auditorium ................................ 99
Gambar 4. 15 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang makro .................................................. 99
Gambar 4. 16 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang area sekolah ..................................... 100
Gambar 4. 17 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang area boarding school asrama ............ 100
Gambar 4. 18 Bagan Pola kegiatan pusat edukasi umum .................................. 100
Gambar 4. 19 Bagan Pola kegiatan ruang area Masjid ..................................... 101
Gambar 4. 20 Bagan Pola kegiatan area auditorium ........................................... 101
Gambar 4. 21 Analisis konsep massa di MAN 2 Surakarta ................................ 102
xvi
Gambar 4. 22 Pengambilan langgam indisch ...................................................... 104
Gambar 4. 23 Penghawaan dan Pencahayaan Alami .......................................... 110
Gambar 4. 24 Kaligrafi asmaul husna yang ada di plaza .................................... 111
Gambar 4. 25 Dinding bearing wall di MAN 2 Surakarta .................................. 114
Gambar 4. 26 Plat lantai 2 bangunan MAN 2 Surakarta..................................... 114
Gambar 4. 27 Struktur atap masjid ..................................................................... 115
Gambar 4. 30 Penutup atap masjid ..................................................................... 115
Gambar 4. 29 Perkuatan pondasi ........................................................................ 116
Gambar 4. 30 Macam pembesaran kolom........................................................... 117
Gambar 4. 31 Contoh aplikasi struktur atap baja ................................................ 118
Gambar 4. 32 Contoh struktur komposit ............................................................. 118
Gambar 4. 33 Struktur beton bertulang ............................................................... 119
Gambar 4. 34 Diagram Distribusi air bersih ....................................................... 120
Gambar 4. 35 Bagan Distribusi air kotor ............................................................ 120
Gambar 4. 36 Kemiringan langit-langit ............................................................. 121
Gambar 4. 37 Desain jendela clerestory ............................................................. 121
Gambar 4. 38 cross ventilation ........................................................................... 121
Gambar 4. 39 Dinding Akustik ........................................................................... 122
Gambar 4. 40 Bagan Sistem jaringan listrik ....................................................... 122
Gambar 4. 41 Jaringan panel surya ..................................................................... 123
Gambar 4. 42 Alat pemadam kebakaran ............................................................. 123
Gambar 4. 43 Bagan Sistem pemadam kebakaran .............................................. 124
Gambar 4. 44 Bagan Jaringan sound system ....................................................... 124
Gambar 4. 45 Bagan Jaringan telekomunikasi .................................................... 125
Gambar 4. 46 Bagan Jaringan CCTV .................................................................. 125
Gambar 4. 47 Landscape..................................................................................... 127
Gambar 4. 48 Penanaman pohon ........................................................................ 127
Gambar 4. 49 Penahanan bak tanaman (analisis penulis, 2016) ......................... 128
xvii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 3. 1 Banyaknya kecamatan di Kota Surakarta tahun 2013. ........................ 41
Tabel 3. 2 Rata-rata curah hujan di Kota Surakarta tahun 2013 ........................... 42
Tabel 3. 3 Data MAN dan MAS di Surakarta ....................................................... 44
Tabel 3. 4 Satistik penduduk Kota Surakarta ........................................................ 45
Tabel 3. 5 Persentase APS penduduk Kota Surakarta........................................... 47
Tabel 3. 6 Koefisien Dasar Bangunan, Koefisien Daerah Hijau, dan Koefisien
Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau .................................................................................... 52
Tabel 3. 7 Ketinggian dan koefisien bangunan ..................................................... 53
Tabel 3. 8 Banyaknya penduduk Kecamatan Lawean .......................................... 57
Tabel 3. 9 Fasilitas sarana dan prasarana .............................................................. 62
Tabel 3. 10 Evaluasi fasilitas sarana dan prasarana MAN 2 Surakarta ................ 63
Tabel 3. 11 Evaluasi penghawaan dan pencahayaan alami MAN 2 Surakarta ..... 65
Tabel 3. 12 Evaluasi Edukasi Islam MAN 2 Surakarta ........................................ 68
Tabel 4. 1 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok sekolahan ................................................ 84
Tabel 4. 2 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok pusat edukasi umum ............................... 85
Tabel 4. 3 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok Masjid ..................................................... 86
Tabel 4. 4 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok Boarding School (asrama) ...................... 86
Tabel 4. 5 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok auditorium .............................................. 87
Tabel 4. 6 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok global servis ............................................ 88
Tabel 4. 7 Perhitungan ruang kelompok masjid.................................................... 88
Tabel 4. 8 Perhitungan ruang kelompok pusat edukasi umum ............................. 89
Tabel 4. 9 Perhitungan ruang kelompok unit kelas dan pendukung ..................... 90
Tabel 4. 10 Kebutuhan ruang kelompok auditorium ............................................ 91
Tabel 4. 11 Perhitungan ruang kelompok Boarding School (asrama) .................. 91
Tabel 4. 12 Perhitungan ruang kelompok global servis ....................................... 92
Tabel 4. 13 Perhitungan ruang kelompok area parkir ........................................... 92
Tabel 4. 14 Rekapitulasi Perhitungan ruang kelompok ........................................ 93
Tabel 4. 15 : Keterangan analisis konsep massa MAN 2 Surakarta ................... 102
xviii
Tabel 4. 16 Daftar Penyelesaian Revitalisasi ...................................................... 104
Tabel 4. 17 Material Eksterior ............................................................................ 111
Tabel 4. 18 Material Interior............................................................................... 112
Tabel 4. 19 Tabel elemen lanscape (analisa pribadi, 2016) ................................ 128
xix