Zink suplementation on complete tea waste ration (Camelia sinensis) to evaluate performance reproduction of young rabbit does
Zink Suplementation on Complete Tea Waste Ration (Camelia
sinensis) to Evaluate Performance Reproduction of
Young Rabbit Does
Lilis Khotijah*, T. Sari, & D.A. Astuti
Department of Nutrition and Feed Tecnology, Faculty of Animal Science
Bogor Agricultural University
*e-mail: lilis.khotijah@gmail.com
Abstract
Tea waste (Camelia sinensis) has high protein and crude fiber resources and it
has been reported that 30% in the ration could give good performance in growing
rabbit. Problem with the waste is lag of Zn absorption due to lignin content so it
will effect to the reproduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect
of level Zn supplementation on ration containing 30% tea waste on reproduction
performance of young rabbit does. Twenty young rabbit does were assigned to four
pellet complete rations and synchronization of estrus with such a dose of PGF2α.
The treatments were control with Comercial ration ; R1 was ration with 30% tea
waste; R2 was R1 plus 50 ppm Zn and R3 was R1 plus 100 ppm Zn. Parameters
observed were pregnant and lactation feed intake (g/head/d), frequency of first
matting to pregnant, the pregnant presentation, length of pregnant (day), litter
size, birth weight, weaning weight, milk production and mortality pre weaning.
Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments and five replications.
Result showed that the treatments were not significant affected yet to the feed intake
and all performance reproduction of young rabbit does. It was concluded that 30%
of tea waste plus Zn could be used as source of protein and mineral for rabbit does
reproduction ration where the result condition same with control ration.
Keywords: rabbit does, tea waste, Zn supplementation
Introducton
Tea waste as a byproduct of manufacture soft drnks ndustry has potental
to use as source of feed, because of the avalablty and nutrtonal value. Some
studes has been reported that tea waste can be used n rabbt raton up to more than
30% wthout a negatve mpact on performance (Khotjah et al., 2004). However,
the effect of the raton has not been evaluated for the reproductve performance
of rabbt. A good reproducton performance by usng cheap raton s one of the
breeders goal.
280
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Green tea waste has hgh proten and fber content. As a roughage they has
29.01% lgnn content (Istrahayu, 1993). Accordng to James (1990), fbers wth
hgh lgnn content could bnd some mnerals as a result of carboxyl, hydroxyl and
methoxyl – lgnn bound, so that nterferng the mneral absorpton whch s very
mportant for the reproducton pathway. One of the essensal mnerals for the reproducton metabolsm s Zn. The functons of Zn are has affect to the growth,
reproducton, bone and blood formaton, metabolsm of nuclec acds, protens and
carbohydrates. Znc acts as essental components or enzymes actvators and called
metalloenzm (Scott et al., 1982). Znc plays a role n the process of cell development whch needed by somatc cells durng pregnancy and weanng. The mneral
also nvolves n the process of proten synthess for the mlk producton. It s reported that Zn defcency durng pregnant resulted n brth defects and fetal death
(Lutwak-Mann and McIntosh, 1971). Znc plays a crtcal role n the repar and
mantenance of the uterne lnng followng calvng, speedng the return to normal
reproductve functon and estrus. Znc defcency occurred durng the standard dosng perod of gudelne rabbt developmental toxcty studes may be assocated
wth a modest ncrease n resorpton rate and a transent nhbton of embryonc
growth (Ptt et al., 1997). So that the presence of Zn n the raton s very mportant
to note. Tea waste utlzaton n such a mount of reproductve raton requres addtonal essencal mneral such Zn. Ths study was amed to evaluate the effect of
level Zn supplementaton n raton contanng 30% tea waste on reproducton performance of young rabbt does.
Materals and Methods
Animals and diets
A total of 20 young rabbts does of New Zealand Whte cross breed were used.
The rabbts were housed n ndvdual cages n the same room, recevng raton
and water ad lbtum. Treatments were made up of commercal raton and basal
dets varyng n supplemental znc contents, provded as znc sulfate (ZnSO4) as
descrbed n Table 1.
Experimental design
The expermental desgn was Completely Randomzed Desgn, wth four
treatments and fve replcatons. The treatments were control wth Comercal raton;
R1 was raton wth 30% tea waste; R2 was R1 plus 50 ppm Zn and R3 was R1
plus 100 ppm Zn. Parameters observed were pregnant and lactaton feed ntake (g/
head/day), frequency of frst mattng to pregnant, the pregnant presentaton, length
of pregnant (day), ltter sze, brth weght, weanng weght, mlk producton and
mortalty pre weanng.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
281
Table 1. Raton formulaton and ther chemcal composton as DM bass
Feedstuff
Treatment Raton
K
R1
R2
R3
Tea waste (%)
C
30
30
30
Soybean meal (%)
O
20
20
20
Yellow corn (%)
M
26
26
26
Wheat bran (%)
E
17.5
17.5
17.5
Molases (%)
R
5
5
5
Palm Ol (%)
C
0.5
0.5
0.5
I
A
L
86.45
1
1
1
0
50
100
88.31
88.31
88.31
7.40
6.15
6.15
6.15
16.59
21.92
21.92
21.92
9.75
10.58
10.58
10.58
46.00
44.39
44.39
44.39
Ca (%)
0.82
1.33
1.33
1.33
P (%)
0.35
0.46
0.46
0.46
Zn (ppm)
70.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
NDF (%)
38.67
55.73
55.73
55.73
ADF (%)
16.77
22.2
22.2
22.20
Gross energy (kkal/kg)
4164
3879
3879
3879
CaCO3 (%)
ZnSO4(ppm)
Dry matter (%)
Ash (%)
Crude proten (%)
Crude fber (%)
NFE (%)
Synchronization of estrus and Mating
The anmal were treated by synchronzaton of estrus wth PGF2 alpha hormone
njectons and then mated naturally. The checkng of pregnancy were done n 1214 days after njecton. The parameter observed were collected durng two months
evaluaton.
Results and Dscusson
The means of dry matter ntake of dfferent physologcal status were shown n
Table 2. Daly dry matter feed ntake n all physologcal status were notsgnfcant
dfferent n all treatments. The average of dry matter ntake ranged from 84.14 to
121 g/head/d and result showed that tea waste supplemented Zn tended to ncrease
282
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
compared to the commercal raton. Does rabbts supplemented wth 50- 100 ppm
znc, as well as non-supplemented anmals.
Table 2. Dry matter Intake n Dfferent Physologcal Status
Treatments
Physologcal
Phases
K
R1
R2
R3
----------------------------g/head/day----------------------------Pre pregnant
85.0±18.32
105,55±14.00
93.560±27.57
104.22±22.61
Pregnant
84.14±21.88
90.47±5.05
95.02±21.14
94.11±14.35
Lactaton
94.07±34.41
110.70±25.29
103.60±39.86
121.01±36.84
Performance Reproduction
The frequency of frst matng to be pregnant ranged from 1 – 1.33 tme. Length
of pregnancy ranged from 31.33 to 32.5 days. The data showed as the normal range
accordng to Smth and Mangkoewdjojo (1988). The brth weght from does treated by 30% tea waste wth 0-100 ppm Zn supplementaton (R2) dd not sgnfcantly
dfferent compared to control det (commercal) (Table 3). The total number of kts
born, weaned and total body weght of kts were smlar among the treatments.
Table 3. Performance Reproducton of Young Rabbts Does
Parameters
Frequency of frst mattng to pregnant
P
Pregnant presentaton
Length of pregnant (day)
Ltter sze
B
Brth weght (g/head)
Weanng weght (g/head)
Mlk producton (g/does/day)
Pre weanng Mortalty (%)
Treatments
K
R0
R1
R2
1.00
1.00
1.33
1.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
32.00
32.50
31.33
31.33
5.70
6.75
7.00
7.00
51,58
33,80
41,97
39,43
220.04
205.38
149.28
136.95
62.23
61.72
70.60
67.60
5.00
62.50
42.5
34.39
Ltter sze were not sgnfcantly dfferent n all treatments, but there was
a tendency to ncrease ltter sze wth ncreasng Zn n the raton. Presence of Zn
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
283
could mantan the cell dvson, so that pre natal dsablty and mortalty can be
reduced (Lutwak-Mann and McIntoch, 1971).
The treatment dd not gve sgnfcantly dfferent effects on the mother’s mlk
producton. There was an ncreasng of 13.45% n the waste tea raton and 8.63%
mlk producton of comercal raton. Suplementas Zn had affected to the mlk producton and growth (Bayu, 2004); the adequacy of Zn vary dependng on physologcal condtons, such as the amount of Zn that must be absorbed to replace the
endogenous expendture, network formaton, growth and mlk secreton (Revana,
2004).
Pre-weanng mortalty of kt affected by brth weght, envronmental condtons,
feed and does mlk producton and motherng ablty (Junus, 1982). The hghest kt
mortalty were n R0 and the lowest n the treatment of the commercal raton. There
was a reducton n kt mortalty on raton whch treatment wth Zn supplementaton,
where n Zn suplementaton the mortalty reduce from 42.9% to 37%. Ths value
was hgher than Lebas et al. (1984) reported, where pre-weanng mortalty on
Europe Rabbt farm was 20%.
Conclusons
Result showed that the treatments were not affected to the feed ntake and all
performance reproducton parameters of young rabbt does. It was concluded that
30% of tea waste plus Zn could be used as source of proten and essensal mneral
source for rabbt does reproducton raton wthout sgnfcant dfferent compared to
comersal raton.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully thanks to our colleagues who have contrbuted to ths
work and also to LPPM_IPB for fnancal support.
References
Bayu, P.S. Suplemetas ransum yang mengandung katan ampas br, ampas tahu dan
ampas kecap dengan Zn dan Cu terhadap produks susu sap perah. Skrps.
Fakultas Peternakan. Insttut Pertanan Bogor.
Istrahayu, D. 1993. The effect of tea waste n raton to gblet presentaton,
carcass,spleen and fat abdomnal on brolet. Thess.The Faculty of Anmal
Scence. Bogor Agrcultural Unversty.
Junus, M. 1982. Pertumbuhan kelnc dan pengamatan lan d sektar Malang dan
Junggo. NUFFIC. Unverstas Brawjaya, Malan.
Khotjah, L.Rochyan G.P. & L. Fberty. 2004. Performance of male rabbt post
weanng wth dfferent level tea waste on raton. Meda Peternakan.
284
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Lebas, F.P. Coundert, R. Rouver and H. De Rochambeue. 1984. The Rabbt Husbandary, Health and Producton. Food and Agrculture Organzaton of The
Unted Naton. Rome. Italy.
Lutwak-Mann, C & McIntosh, J.E. 1971. Calcum content and uptake of 45Ca n
rabbt blastocysts snd ther envronment. J. Reprod. Fertl. Dec:27(3):471475.
Ptt , J.A., M.J. Zoellnert, E. W. Carney. 1997. Developmental toxcty of detary
znc defcency n New Zealand whte rabbts. Reproductve Toxcology Health
and Envronmental Research .Volume 11, p. 781–789.
Revana, Ch. 2004. Peranan mneral Zn bag kesehatan tubuh. Cermn Duna
Kesehatan No. 143. Pusat Peneltan dan Pengembangan Gz. Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Bogor.
Smth, J.B. and S.Mangkoewdjojo. 1988. Pemelharaan, Pembakan dan Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan d Daerah Trops. Unverstas Indonesa. Jakarta.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
285
sinensis) to Evaluate Performance Reproduction of
Young Rabbit Does
Lilis Khotijah*, T. Sari, & D.A. Astuti
Department of Nutrition and Feed Tecnology, Faculty of Animal Science
Bogor Agricultural University
*e-mail: lilis.khotijah@gmail.com
Abstract
Tea waste (Camelia sinensis) has high protein and crude fiber resources and it
has been reported that 30% in the ration could give good performance in growing
rabbit. Problem with the waste is lag of Zn absorption due to lignin content so it
will effect to the reproduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect
of level Zn supplementation on ration containing 30% tea waste on reproduction
performance of young rabbit does. Twenty young rabbit does were assigned to four
pellet complete rations and synchronization of estrus with such a dose of PGF2α.
The treatments were control with Comercial ration ; R1 was ration with 30% tea
waste; R2 was R1 plus 50 ppm Zn and R3 was R1 plus 100 ppm Zn. Parameters
observed were pregnant and lactation feed intake (g/head/d), frequency of first
matting to pregnant, the pregnant presentation, length of pregnant (day), litter
size, birth weight, weaning weight, milk production and mortality pre weaning.
Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments and five replications.
Result showed that the treatments were not significant affected yet to the feed intake
and all performance reproduction of young rabbit does. It was concluded that 30%
of tea waste plus Zn could be used as source of protein and mineral for rabbit does
reproduction ration where the result condition same with control ration.
Keywords: rabbit does, tea waste, Zn supplementation
Introducton
Tea waste as a byproduct of manufacture soft drnks ndustry has potental
to use as source of feed, because of the avalablty and nutrtonal value. Some
studes has been reported that tea waste can be used n rabbt raton up to more than
30% wthout a negatve mpact on performance (Khotjah et al., 2004). However,
the effect of the raton has not been evaluated for the reproductve performance
of rabbt. A good reproducton performance by usng cheap raton s one of the
breeders goal.
280
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Green tea waste has hgh proten and fber content. As a roughage they has
29.01% lgnn content (Istrahayu, 1993). Accordng to James (1990), fbers wth
hgh lgnn content could bnd some mnerals as a result of carboxyl, hydroxyl and
methoxyl – lgnn bound, so that nterferng the mneral absorpton whch s very
mportant for the reproducton pathway. One of the essensal mnerals for the reproducton metabolsm s Zn. The functons of Zn are has affect to the growth,
reproducton, bone and blood formaton, metabolsm of nuclec acds, protens and
carbohydrates. Znc acts as essental components or enzymes actvators and called
metalloenzm (Scott et al., 1982). Znc plays a role n the process of cell development whch needed by somatc cells durng pregnancy and weanng. The mneral
also nvolves n the process of proten synthess for the mlk producton. It s reported that Zn defcency durng pregnant resulted n brth defects and fetal death
(Lutwak-Mann and McIntosh, 1971). Znc plays a crtcal role n the repar and
mantenance of the uterne lnng followng calvng, speedng the return to normal
reproductve functon and estrus. Znc defcency occurred durng the standard dosng perod of gudelne rabbt developmental toxcty studes may be assocated
wth a modest ncrease n resorpton rate and a transent nhbton of embryonc
growth (Ptt et al., 1997). So that the presence of Zn n the raton s very mportant
to note. Tea waste utlzaton n such a mount of reproductve raton requres addtonal essencal mneral such Zn. Ths study was amed to evaluate the effect of
level Zn supplementaton n raton contanng 30% tea waste on reproducton performance of young rabbt does.
Materals and Methods
Animals and diets
A total of 20 young rabbts does of New Zealand Whte cross breed were used.
The rabbts were housed n ndvdual cages n the same room, recevng raton
and water ad lbtum. Treatments were made up of commercal raton and basal
dets varyng n supplemental znc contents, provded as znc sulfate (ZnSO4) as
descrbed n Table 1.
Experimental design
The expermental desgn was Completely Randomzed Desgn, wth four
treatments and fve replcatons. The treatments were control wth Comercal raton;
R1 was raton wth 30% tea waste; R2 was R1 plus 50 ppm Zn and R3 was R1
plus 100 ppm Zn. Parameters observed were pregnant and lactaton feed ntake (g/
head/day), frequency of frst mattng to pregnant, the pregnant presentaton, length
of pregnant (day), ltter sze, brth weght, weanng weght, mlk producton and
mortalty pre weanng.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
281
Table 1. Raton formulaton and ther chemcal composton as DM bass
Feedstuff
Treatment Raton
K
R1
R2
R3
Tea waste (%)
C
30
30
30
Soybean meal (%)
O
20
20
20
Yellow corn (%)
M
26
26
26
Wheat bran (%)
E
17.5
17.5
17.5
Molases (%)
R
5
5
5
Palm Ol (%)
C
0.5
0.5
0.5
I
A
L
86.45
1
1
1
0
50
100
88.31
88.31
88.31
7.40
6.15
6.15
6.15
16.59
21.92
21.92
21.92
9.75
10.58
10.58
10.58
46.00
44.39
44.39
44.39
Ca (%)
0.82
1.33
1.33
1.33
P (%)
0.35
0.46
0.46
0.46
Zn (ppm)
70.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
NDF (%)
38.67
55.73
55.73
55.73
ADF (%)
16.77
22.2
22.2
22.20
Gross energy (kkal/kg)
4164
3879
3879
3879
CaCO3 (%)
ZnSO4(ppm)
Dry matter (%)
Ash (%)
Crude proten (%)
Crude fber (%)
NFE (%)
Synchronization of estrus and Mating
The anmal were treated by synchronzaton of estrus wth PGF2 alpha hormone
njectons and then mated naturally. The checkng of pregnancy were done n 1214 days after njecton. The parameter observed were collected durng two months
evaluaton.
Results and Dscusson
The means of dry matter ntake of dfferent physologcal status were shown n
Table 2. Daly dry matter feed ntake n all physologcal status were notsgnfcant
dfferent n all treatments. The average of dry matter ntake ranged from 84.14 to
121 g/head/d and result showed that tea waste supplemented Zn tended to ncrease
282
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
compared to the commercal raton. Does rabbts supplemented wth 50- 100 ppm
znc, as well as non-supplemented anmals.
Table 2. Dry matter Intake n Dfferent Physologcal Status
Treatments
Physologcal
Phases
K
R1
R2
R3
----------------------------g/head/day----------------------------Pre pregnant
85.0±18.32
105,55±14.00
93.560±27.57
104.22±22.61
Pregnant
84.14±21.88
90.47±5.05
95.02±21.14
94.11±14.35
Lactaton
94.07±34.41
110.70±25.29
103.60±39.86
121.01±36.84
Performance Reproduction
The frequency of frst matng to be pregnant ranged from 1 – 1.33 tme. Length
of pregnancy ranged from 31.33 to 32.5 days. The data showed as the normal range
accordng to Smth and Mangkoewdjojo (1988). The brth weght from does treated by 30% tea waste wth 0-100 ppm Zn supplementaton (R2) dd not sgnfcantly
dfferent compared to control det (commercal) (Table 3). The total number of kts
born, weaned and total body weght of kts were smlar among the treatments.
Table 3. Performance Reproducton of Young Rabbts Does
Parameters
Frequency of frst mattng to pregnant
P
Pregnant presentaton
Length of pregnant (day)
Ltter sze
B
Brth weght (g/head)
Weanng weght (g/head)
Mlk producton (g/does/day)
Pre weanng Mortalty (%)
Treatments
K
R0
R1
R2
1.00
1.00
1.33
1.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
32.00
32.50
31.33
31.33
5.70
6.75
7.00
7.00
51,58
33,80
41,97
39,43
220.04
205.38
149.28
136.95
62.23
61.72
70.60
67.60
5.00
62.50
42.5
34.39
Ltter sze were not sgnfcantly dfferent n all treatments, but there was
a tendency to ncrease ltter sze wth ncreasng Zn n the raton. Presence of Zn
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
283
could mantan the cell dvson, so that pre natal dsablty and mortalty can be
reduced (Lutwak-Mann and McIntoch, 1971).
The treatment dd not gve sgnfcantly dfferent effects on the mother’s mlk
producton. There was an ncreasng of 13.45% n the waste tea raton and 8.63%
mlk producton of comercal raton. Suplementas Zn had affected to the mlk producton and growth (Bayu, 2004); the adequacy of Zn vary dependng on physologcal condtons, such as the amount of Zn that must be absorbed to replace the
endogenous expendture, network formaton, growth and mlk secreton (Revana,
2004).
Pre-weanng mortalty of kt affected by brth weght, envronmental condtons,
feed and does mlk producton and motherng ablty (Junus, 1982). The hghest kt
mortalty were n R0 and the lowest n the treatment of the commercal raton. There
was a reducton n kt mortalty on raton whch treatment wth Zn supplementaton,
where n Zn suplementaton the mortalty reduce from 42.9% to 37%. Ths value
was hgher than Lebas et al. (1984) reported, where pre-weanng mortalty on
Europe Rabbt farm was 20%.
Conclusons
Result showed that the treatments were not affected to the feed ntake and all
performance reproducton parameters of young rabbt does. It was concluded that
30% of tea waste plus Zn could be used as source of proten and essensal mneral
source for rabbt does reproducton raton wthout sgnfcant dfferent compared to
comersal raton.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully thanks to our colleagues who have contrbuted to ths
work and also to LPPM_IPB for fnancal support.
References
Bayu, P.S. Suplemetas ransum yang mengandung katan ampas br, ampas tahu dan
ampas kecap dengan Zn dan Cu terhadap produks susu sap perah. Skrps.
Fakultas Peternakan. Insttut Pertanan Bogor.
Istrahayu, D. 1993. The effect of tea waste n raton to gblet presentaton,
carcass,spleen and fat abdomnal on brolet. Thess.The Faculty of Anmal
Scence. Bogor Agrcultural Unversty.
Junus, M. 1982. Pertumbuhan kelnc dan pengamatan lan d sektar Malang dan
Junggo. NUFFIC. Unverstas Brawjaya, Malan.
Khotjah, L.Rochyan G.P. & L. Fberty. 2004. Performance of male rabbt post
weanng wth dfferent level tea waste on raton. Meda Peternakan.
284
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Lebas, F.P. Coundert, R. Rouver and H. De Rochambeue. 1984. The Rabbt Husbandary, Health and Producton. Food and Agrculture Organzaton of The
Unted Naton. Rome. Italy.
Lutwak-Mann, C & McIntosh, J.E. 1971. Calcum content and uptake of 45Ca n
rabbt blastocysts snd ther envronment. J. Reprod. Fertl. Dec:27(3):471475.
Ptt , J.A., M.J. Zoellnert, E. W. Carney. 1997. Developmental toxcty of detary
znc defcency n New Zealand whte rabbts. Reproductve Toxcology Health
and Envronmental Research .Volume 11, p. 781–789.
Revana, Ch. 2004. Peranan mneral Zn bag kesehatan tubuh. Cermn Duna
Kesehatan No. 143. Pusat Peneltan dan Pengembangan Gz. Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Bogor.
Smth, J.B. and S.Mangkoewdjojo. 1988. Pemelharaan, Pembakan dan Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan d Daerah Trops. Unverstas Indonesa. Jakarta.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
285