CIRCULAR-SHAPED EMITTER AS ALTERNATIVE TO INCREASE IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
IC S R D 2 0 1 3
P R O C E E D IN G S
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSR
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
E d it o r ia l B o a r d s :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE./ West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan / Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Dr. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN
Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yasei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
COLLABORATIVE:
PARTNERS:
---------
-
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
CONFERENCE
ON
S U S T A IN A B L E R U R A L D E V E L O P M E N T
2 0 1 3 ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2 SRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
" S u s ta in a b le ' R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
- T o w a r d s a B e tte r W o r ld "
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26,2013
rc S R O
~
2013
E d it o r ia l B o a r d :
I West Virginia University, USA
1. Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2. Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. I Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
3. Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan I Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
4. Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
5. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop I Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
6. Dr. Hideto Ueno I Ehime University, JAPAN
7. Or. Tetsuya Araki I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
8. Dr. Yosei Oikawa I Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
DEVELOPM ENT
2013
"Sustainable
CONFERENCE
O N S U S T A IN A B L E
Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Published by:
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University
JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto 53123
Phone/Fax. +62281 638791
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
RURAL
PROCEEDINGS
OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
IS B N 9 7 8 -9 7 9 -9 9 0 4 6 -5 -2
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
"Sustainable
Rural Development
Purwokerto,
- Towards a Better World"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Preface
List of Contents
iii
vii
A.KEYNOTESPEAKERS
1.
Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and Simulation baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
L iju a n H e , M a s o u m e h A m in z a d e h , a n d Y a n W a n g
1
2.
Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and
Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan
H id e to U E N O
11
B. INVITED SPEAKERS
1.
Homegarden
Intensification
through
Cooperation
Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam
among
Different
Y o s e i O IK A W A , V u -L in h N G U Y E N , a n d M a s a a k i Y A M A D A
15
2.
Field Evaluation of Infiltration Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow
and Throughfall Areas
M. A s k a ri, F.A A h m a d , AM. M o h d S a y u ti, C B .S . T e h , S u h a rto n o , H . S a ito , Z.
3.
Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia
Y u s o p , a n d K . W ija y a
A rm a n s y a h
21
H. Tam bunan
31
Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability
Breeding Perspective
4,
in Rice Production, A Rice
43
S u p ra y o g i
C. SUPPORTING PAPERS
1
st
1.
Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System
of Rice Intensification (SRI)
C h u s n u l A rif,
B u d i In d ra
S e tia w a n ,
Hanhan
Ahm ad
S o fiy u d d in ,
L o lly M a rtin a
73
M a rtie f, M a s a ru M iz o g u c h i, a n d A rd ia n s y a h
2.
Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture
Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level
N u rp ilih a n B a fd a l
83
3.
Modeling Water Movement in Limited
Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept
Strip-Tillage
with
Strip Shallow
4.
Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency
89
Y . I. In ta ra a n d A . S a p e i
S a ty a n to K . S a p to m o , B u d i I. S e tia w a n , K M S F e rry R a h m a n , Y u d i C h a d irin , P o p i
97
R . D . M u s ta n in g s ih , a n d C h u s n u l A rif
5.
Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate
S id h a rta S a h irm a n , M u h a m m a d R ifa n , a n d A rd ia n s y a h
6.
W in d i H a ry a n to , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d Is m a n g if
7.
103
Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil
Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification
Rice Fields in the Cilacap District
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application
Displacement Object
109
using Zigbee for Monitoring
D w i K u rn ia w a n , Im ro n R o s y a d i, a n d A z is W is n i W id h i N
115
vii
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
2013
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT
" S u s ta in a b le
IC S R O 2 0 1 3
~
8.
2
nd
1.
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
- T o w a rd s
a B e tte r
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
W o r ld "
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to
Construct
Instrument
for
Nondestructively
Measuring
Optical
(M u s a a c u m in a ta )
Characteristics of Golden Banana baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A . M a rg iw iy a tn o , S is w a n to ro , a n d R. E d ia ti
Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security
Mathematical Model for Estimating
Regency
Staple Food Stock in Temanggung
133
A n to n T im u r
2.
Application of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile
Evaluation of Solidifi'ed Coconut Sugar
3.
Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main
Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java
4.
Improving
Beef Cattle Production
Development in Central Java
K a rs e n o , T ri Y a n to , P e p ita H a ry a n ti, a n d R e tn o S e ty a w a ti
141
S y a fi'i M , M e la ti R , W a lu y o B , a n d R u s w a n d i 0
System
147
for
Sustainable
Rural
155
A k h m a d S o d iq , S u w a rn o a n d A rif H a rn o w o S id h i
5.
Biotic Investigation on A c a c ia
Climate Change
S p e c ie s
in Kordofan Region Sudan Against
163
M a y m o o n a A . E is a , Z e in a b M. H a m m a d , a n d Os m a n E . A . A b d e lk a re e m
6.
7.
Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch
Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko
Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar
Eigenheimer and Granola
C . W ib o w o a n d N . B a fd a l
8.
121
169
177
Dimensional Analysis for Measuring Coefficient of Unit
Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application
Surface
S is w a n to ro , S id h a rta S a h irm a n , a n d A g u s M a rg iw iy a tn o
187
3 rd Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development
1.
2.
A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level CurrentSource Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power
Suroso, D a ru T ri N u g ro h o , W in a s is , a n d T o s h ih ik o N o g u c h i
A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as
Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing
C0 2E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table
A d ria n u s A M H E K A ,
4th
Y o s h iro H IG A N O , T a k e s h i M IZ U N O Y A , a n d H e lm u t Y A B A R
195
203
Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development
1.
Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:
Opportunities at Community Level
2.
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
of
AG 3 P0 4
Photocatalyst
Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation
U p e n d ra D . P a te l, R a jiv K . S in h a , a n d M a rg i U . P a te l............................................
U y i S u la e m a n ,
E va
V a to n a h , A n u n g
for
R ia p a n itra , P o n c o Is w a n to , S h u
219
Phenol
Y in , a n d
225
T s u g io S a to
viii
--I
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013 ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
" S u s ta in a b le
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
Purwokerto,
th
5
Topic:
Programs
Environmental
and
Social
- T o w a rd s
a B e tte r
W o r ld "
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Impact Assessment
rC S R D
~
of Rural Development
1.
Enhancing Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java
for Sustainable Rural DevelopmentbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2.
In S itu Bioremediation of Glyphosate Herbicide Using T ric h o d e rm a V irid e
Strain FRP 3
3.
A Sustainable Smallholder Rubber Model: A Partnership between Private
Company and Local Communities
4.
Agricultural Manpower Dynamic and Change of Economic Structure in
Central Java
M o c h . S u g ia rto
_
_ ....
247
M u h a m m a d R id w a n s y a h
253
T im o tiu s S e tia w a n
Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing Firms Under
Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia
P a lm a ru d i M a p p ig a u a n d A g u s s a lim
6.
259
M ....
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology of Gunungsewu Karst Area and
Local Community Adaptation
275
S u d a rm a d ji
7.
Impack of Development in Bogor Municipality on The Local Greenhouse
Gas Emission
287
A rie f S a b d o Y u w o n o
8.
Comparative Study Agriculture
Development
Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China
Programs
for
Poverty
295
M u h a m a d R u s liy a d i
9.
Sustainable Livelihood Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects
of Sustainable Rural Development)
10.
Application of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation on Land and
Water
Conservation
Measures
to
Simulate
Realistics
Waterhed
Management
305
N u g ro h o H a ri P u rn o m o a n d W id o d o H a riy o n o
311
S a h id S u s a n to , C h a n d ra S e ty a w a n , a n d S u k irn o
6
th
1.
235
241
N o v i A rfa rita , B u d i P ra s e ty a , Y u lia N u ra in i, a n d T s u y o s h i Im a i
5.
2013
Topic: Community Health
Criterias Identification of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert
System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
R e tn o
S u p riy a n ti,
G u ru h
S y a h ro n i,
S ri W is n u R e s p a ti,
Y o g i R a m a d h a n i,
and
321
T u tik Id a R o s a n ti
2.
The Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain (P la n ta g o m a jo r
L.) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rv e g ic u s ) Model
E S u tris n a , A A F itria n i, I A S e llm , A M M a s k o e n ,
M S u ja tn o , a n d H S.
3.
Potential Analysis of Cottonwood Parasite (Dendropthoe Pentandra) Stem
Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer
Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro
4.
Wareness and Willingnes to Health Policy:
Reference to Malang Indonesia
331
S a s tra m ih a rd ja
G a m a l a n d E frik o S e p ta n a n d a
G am al
339
.
An Empirical
Study with
345
ix
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVElOPMENT2013
" S u s ta in a b le
IC S R D 2 0 1 3
~
5.
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
- T o w a rd s
a B e tte r
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2 baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
W o r ld "
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
N ig e l/a s a tiv a Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of
Diabetic Rats
Y u n ita S a ri, D h a d h a n g W a h y u K , S a ry o n o , A rin g to n IG , a n d N a k a ta n i T o s h io ..... CBA
355
Posters
1.
Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor
2.
Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines and Sub 1 Gene
Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance
3.
Climate Variability:
Biodiversity
4.
Application of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into Early Maturing Rice
Variety ( 9 0 - 1 0 4
Day) for the Development of Improved Agronomic
Performance-Ultra Early Maturing « 9 0 Days) Rice Variety
Yuwana
.
U n tu n g S u s a n to , R in a H a p s a ri W e n in g , M a d e J a n a M e ja y a , a n d J a u h a r A li
Need for
Collective
Action
in
Conserving
.
379
.
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h a n d U n tu n g S u s a n to
.
385
On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed
Lowland Areas of Indramayu
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h , U n tu n g S u s a n to , a n d M a d e J a n a M e ja y a
6.
373
Agro-
K . C. S iv a b a la n , B. S w a m in a th a n , a n d S. N ith ila
5.
363
389
.
Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of
Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil
in Indonesia
K im a n S ire g a r, A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n , A b d u l K . Irw a n to , S o n i S . W ira w a n , a n d
T e ts u y a A ra k i
7.
.
393
.
407
Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil
N u ru l R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i
8.
Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in
Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations
B a y u R u d iy a n to , T s a ir-W a n g C h u n g , a n d A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n
Coconut
Oil
by
Biodiesel
Production
Based
Transesterification Process
10.
Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community
Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District
Esterification
and
N u ru l R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i
.
D .M .C .S . M im ro s e , E .R .N . G u n a w a rd e n a , a n d H .B . N a y a k a k o ra la
11.
Isolation and Identification of
Bioethanol from N y p a F ru tic a n s
' ng
v v l Udlje
IA !" I
x
431
.
437
.
443
Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,
Purwokerto
P u tri R ie s k i Im a n d a , R e z a K u s u m a N , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d A fik H a rd a n to
14.
.
Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation
A rd ia n s y a h , S h o S h io z a w a , a n d B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n
13.
425
Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction
E v i N u rifa h J u fita s a ri
12.
415
.
9.
Indigenous
Microbe
for
n s a s l 'w i, G u n a w a n ~ Ij"o n a rk o , a n d Me I'Is a R 'ISk a P u iri
n
T'
I
Production
.
455
of
.
461
PROCEEDINGS
International
Conference on Sustainable
Rural Development
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto. 23-24 August 2013
CIRCULAR-SHAPED
Satyanto K. Saptomo\
2013
EMITTER AS ALTERNATIVE
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
Budi I. Setiawan\
KMS Ferry Rahman
Chusnul Arif1
2
•
Yudi chadtrtn",
1
st
T O P I C tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
.
..
.'
.
.
TO INCREASE
Popi R. D. Mustaningsih
3
,
'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
alumni of Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,
Indonesia
3 a researcher
in Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institut, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural
Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia
2
E-mail: saptomo.sk@gmail.com CBA
ABSTRACT
As respond to demand on reducing water for agricultural sector as the water usage competition is increasing
between various sectors, water efficient irrigation techniques were offer in order to keep the water status at the
desirable level at a production land. while avoiding loss of water and within a certain amount of water available.
Automation system was applied to micro irrigation system using circular shaped irrigation emitter. The irrigation
system is proven to work and keep the soil moisture at the desired condition which is field capacity, between pF
2.54 and 4.2. As the soil moisture was kept within the range percolation can be suppressed to its minimum or
even halt. The system can be improved and used for dry land agriculture.
Keywords:
micro-irrigation, automatic control, agriculture water management, porous medium
INTRODUCTION
At present, there is a demand for the agricultural sector can reduce water usage as the competition is
increasing in water use in various sectors like power generation, domestic and industrial sectors.
Uncertainties about the impacts of climate to water availability have also been a challenge to
agriculture water management.
One effort to adapt to this situation is by increasing water use
efficiency. As respond to this situation, there are many water efficient irrigation or cultivation
techniques that had been offered. The task is to keep the water status at the desirable level at a
production land, while avoiding loss of water and within a certain amount of water available. At present
digital electronic and information technology had been accepted widely in most aspect of living.
Similarly, agricultural water management can use this modern technology. The use of electronic
sensors and devices that integrated into an irrigation control system seems to have its potential to
increase the efficiency of water utilization by preserving exact water status to the field. This is
hopefully can contribute to improve performance of irrigation water management. Micro irrigation can
increase the efficiency of irrigation water applied, although the usage of micro irrigation is limited. The
method of water application is determined by the type of emitter, which can also define the efficiency.
This paper aims to present the development of automated irrigation system that uses circular shaped
emitter as an alternative to increase water use efficiency.
METHODOLOGY
Soil Moisture
Soil moisture regime that should be preserved for the plant is generally between field capacity (pF
2.54) and permanent wilting point (pF 4.2). Therefore, the range of soil moisture should be determined
by analyzing the field's soil sample. In our case the soil samples were tested in the laboratory to get
volumetric water content values at pF 1, 2, 2.54 and 4.2. Retention curve was made using van
Genuchten (1980) model to estimate the soil moisture at other pF values. Table 1 shows the physical
97
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PROCEEDINGS
1 s t T O P I C SRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards
A Better World"
9 7 8 -9 7 9 · 9 9 0 4 6 -5 -2
.
#:.' :
: .: ~, .: ~ . tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,August25-26,2013
•
properties of the soil and Figure 1 shows its water retention curve by van Genuchten. Here the
objective of the irrigation is to provide water between field capacity and permanent wilting point, which
volumetric water content values are 38.5% and 28.7%.
Table 1. Soil properties
Field
volumetric
water
content
BI
(BD)
Drainage
Volumetric Water Content
Porosity
pF1
pF 2
pF2.54
(% vol.)baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
---------------------------------------g lc c
pF 4.2
%
Rapid
Slow
Available
water
of volume ---------------------------------
40.1
1.10
53.4
47.9
38.9
33.9
24.4
14.5
5.1
9.5
39.1
1.14
50.9
49.2
44.8
39.9
27.3
6.0
4.9
12.6
34.0
1.01
58.9
54.0
44.7
39.4
25.5
14.3
5.3
13.9
35.8
0.98
54.2
48.6
46.0
40.5
28.9
8.2
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-- - ---
l
-r- ;-
,,
+---:-'---t------"---/.-----+-""'---+-"""---t
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s.o
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Figure 1. Water Retention Curve
Micro Irrigation and Porous Medium
According to Hansen, et al (1979), there are 4 different methods of irrigation, which are: surface, subsurface, sprinkle and tickle .rriqation. Sprinkle and tickle irrigation are examples of micro irrigation that
are used limitedly. Both irrigation required manifolds and lateral pipes network that deliver irrigation
water to it outlets points. As Sprinkle irrigation nozzle spread water to a wider area, tickle irrigation
provides water close to the plant and applied at the surface by droplets of water.
Another innovation in irrigation is the use of porous medium as emitter. Pitcher irrigation (Setiawan,
2000) is one of the example, especially useful for arid land. Pitcher irrigation exploits the property of
porous medium to control water flow from inside depends of the moisture different between porous
wall of the pitcher and the soil. Similar principle can be applied to different shape of emitters.
The emitter used in this research has principles, which are to applied water as close and as uniform as
possible to plant, and the water flow can be naturally limited following the property of soil. The circular
shape can fulfil! the first principle; this can be done by using disk-shaped porous medium or simple
punching holes around the bottom of a circular container.
98
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P R O C E E D IN G S
In t e r n a t io n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o n S u s t a in a b le
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
st
2 0 1 3 tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
1
T O P IC
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
IS B N
9 7 8 · 9 7 9 · 9 9 0 4 6 · 5 -2
SRQPONMLKJIHGF
inlet
Porous base
Downward
seepage
Figure 2. Circular (disc) shaped emitter
A u t o m a t ic
Ir r ig a t io n
Automatic irrigation is part of water management system that includes irrigation and drainage. An
example of this technology was developed in the research for the development of controlled drainage
for wetland (Setiawan, et. al. 2002) that used automatically regulated pumps to move the water from or
to the agricultural land. In this research, the automation was applied for micro irrigation. The purpose
is to control the flow of water to the emitter, since in this stage the circular emitter has not been
properly developed yet.
The automation system that was used in this study is a 2 setpoints on-off system based on opensource prototyping platform Arduino. Soil moisture sensors were used as the sensing device that
supplied moisture status to the controller. The sensors were calibrated to the soil moisture data
analyzed in the laboratory, and have linear conversion function as Eq . 1 where Y1 is the moisture
value and Xl in binary number equal to moisture sensed by the sensor.
YlZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
= 0.1218xl - 20.081
(1 )
Figure 3 shows the automated irrigation system schematics. The automation system was design to be
powered by solar energy.
-
Figure 3. Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System
99
s t T O P IC
1 DCBA
'
PROCEEDINGS
....
:. tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
..
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards A Better World"
Purwokerto,August25-26,2013
IS B N 9 7 8 -9 7 9 · 9 9 0 4 6 -5 -2
.
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.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Disc irrigation system has been tried for field irrigation experiment. The irrigation was controlled
3
3
automatically, irrigation valve will open as soil moisture decrease to 28.7% (0.287 cm /cm ) or less,
and it will close as the moisture increases and reaches water content values of 38.5% (0.385
cm 3 /cm 3 ). The layout of the irrigation system is as shown in Figure 4 The trial was done in 5 m x 2,9 m
field with 30 disk shaped emitters having 14 cm of outer diameter.
Each emitter can seep
approximately 0.0057cm3 of water per second or 0.0092 mm/sec, assuming the seepage is uniform
beneath the emitters circle area.
A short trial was conducted in a fine day without rain, for only a few hours to examine the performance
of the irrigation system. Figure 5 shows the irrigation performance during this trial, the fluctuating line
is the soil moisture that was moving within the range of maximum and minimum permitted soil
moisture. This was made by setting the setpoints of the controller as explain in prior section. As the
moisture decreased and reach minimum setpoint, the irrigation valve opened and recharge water in
the disc emitters and water seeped to the soil.
Soil moisture increases as the field was irrigated, until it reached maximum setpoint where the valve
will automatically close. The remaining water in the disc emitters kept seeping even the valve had
been closed; this would further increase the soil moisture higher than field capacity. In this case, small
part of water percolated. Percolation happens as currently the disk shaped emitter's base's material
has not been designed properly yet. The material design is the next step of the research.
Figure 6 shows the total quantity of components of water balance (mm) recorded during the trial. The
input components are rainfall and irrigation which has amount of 0 mm and 7.85 mm. Output
components are evapotranspiration (ET), total changes in water storage (dh/dt) and percolation (P)
which have values of 1.08 mm, -2.78 mm and 9.54 mm. This water balance analysis is based on 40
mm depth of soil layer.
Percolation was higher than amount of water irrigated. The additional percolated water might be
originated from the moisture storage in the soil, which changes has negative value that means
moisture extracted from the soil. This could also mean that there is another source of moisture to the
field whiah are not clear yet. Other possibilities are the soil layer is not 40mm as assumed or irrigation
rate of the emitters was not uniform. However, the results show that the irrigation system can work
well in preserving soil moisture at the favorable level and minimize loss through percolation.
zo.,
1 (v):J:i
t J, J ), J~ I; I. I. r J J
baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 ~ ,~ .~ ~ ~ a l
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c o
Q
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0 y o o
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Figure 4. Disc Irrigation System Experiment Layout
100
c
P R O C E E D IN G S
In t e r n a t io n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o n S u s t a in a b le
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
2013
1
st
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T O P IC
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"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
.
.
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P R O C E E D IN G S
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"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
E d it o r ia l B o a r d s :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE./ West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan / Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Dr. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN
Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yasei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
COLLABORATIVE:
PARTNERS:
---------
-
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
CONFERENCE
ON
S U S T A IN A B L E R U R A L D E V E L O P M E N T
2 0 1 3 ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2 SRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
" S u s ta in a b le ' R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
- T o w a r d s a B e tte r W o r ld "
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26,2013
rc S R O
~
2013
E d it o r ia l B o a r d :
I West Virginia University, USA
1. Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2. Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. I Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
3. Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan I Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
4. Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
5. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop I Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
6. Dr. Hideto Ueno I Ehime University, JAPAN
7. Or. Tetsuya Araki I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
8. Dr. Yosei Oikawa I Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
DEVELOPM ENT
2013
"Sustainable
CONFERENCE
O N S U S T A IN A B L E
Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Published by:
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University
JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto 53123
Phone/Fax. +62281 638791
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
RURAL
PROCEEDINGS
OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
IS B N 9 7 8 -9 7 9 -9 9 0 4 6 -5 -2
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
"Sustainable
Rural Development
Purwokerto,
- Towards a Better World"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Preface
List of Contents
iii
vii
A.KEYNOTESPEAKERS
1.
Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and Simulation baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
L iju a n H e , M a s o u m e h A m in z a d e h , a n d Y a n W a n g
1
2.
Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and
Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan
H id e to U E N O
11
B. INVITED SPEAKERS
1.
Homegarden
Intensification
through
Cooperation
Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam
among
Different
Y o s e i O IK A W A , V u -L in h N G U Y E N , a n d M a s a a k i Y A M A D A
15
2.
Field Evaluation of Infiltration Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow
and Throughfall Areas
M. A s k a ri, F.A A h m a d , AM. M o h d S a y u ti, C B .S . T e h , S u h a rto n o , H . S a ito , Z.
3.
Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia
Y u s o p , a n d K . W ija y a
A rm a n s y a h
21
H. Tam bunan
31
Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability
Breeding Perspective
4,
in Rice Production, A Rice
43
S u p ra y o g i
C. SUPPORTING PAPERS
1
st
1.
Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System
of Rice Intensification (SRI)
C h u s n u l A rif,
B u d i In d ra
S e tia w a n ,
Hanhan
Ahm ad
S o fiy u d d in ,
L o lly M a rtin a
73
M a rtie f, M a s a ru M iz o g u c h i, a n d A rd ia n s y a h
2.
Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture
Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level
N u rp ilih a n B a fd a l
83
3.
Modeling Water Movement in Limited
Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept
Strip-Tillage
with
Strip Shallow
4.
Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency
89
Y . I. In ta ra a n d A . S a p e i
S a ty a n to K . S a p to m o , B u d i I. S e tia w a n , K M S F e rry R a h m a n , Y u d i C h a d irin , P o p i
97
R . D . M u s ta n in g s ih , a n d C h u s n u l A rif
5.
Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate
S id h a rta S a h irm a n , M u h a m m a d R ifa n , a n d A rd ia n s y a h
6.
W in d i H a ry a n to , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d Is m a n g if
7.
103
Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil
Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification
Rice Fields in the Cilacap District
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application
Displacement Object
109
using Zigbee for Monitoring
D w i K u rn ia w a n , Im ro n R o s y a d i, a n d A z is W is n i W id h i N
115
vii
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
2013
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT
" S u s ta in a b le
IC S R O 2 0 1 3
~
8.
2
nd
1.
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
- T o w a rd s
a B e tte r
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
W o r ld "
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to
Construct
Instrument
for
Nondestructively
Measuring
Optical
(M u s a a c u m in a ta )
Characteristics of Golden Banana baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A . M a rg iw iy a tn o , S is w a n to ro , a n d R. E d ia ti
Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security
Mathematical Model for Estimating
Regency
Staple Food Stock in Temanggung
133
A n to n T im u r
2.
Application of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile
Evaluation of Solidifi'ed Coconut Sugar
3.
Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main
Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java
4.
Improving
Beef Cattle Production
Development in Central Java
K a rs e n o , T ri Y a n to , P e p ita H a ry a n ti, a n d R e tn o S e ty a w a ti
141
S y a fi'i M , M e la ti R , W a lu y o B , a n d R u s w a n d i 0
System
147
for
Sustainable
Rural
155
A k h m a d S o d iq , S u w a rn o a n d A rif H a rn o w o S id h i
5.
Biotic Investigation on A c a c ia
Climate Change
S p e c ie s
in Kordofan Region Sudan Against
163
M a y m o o n a A . E is a , Z e in a b M. H a m m a d , a n d Os m a n E . A . A b d e lk a re e m
6.
7.
Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch
Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko
Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar
Eigenheimer and Granola
C . W ib o w o a n d N . B a fd a l
8.
121
169
177
Dimensional Analysis for Measuring Coefficient of Unit
Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application
Surface
S is w a n to ro , S id h a rta S a h irm a n , a n d A g u s M a rg iw iy a tn o
187
3 rd Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development
1.
2.
A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level CurrentSource Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power
Suroso, D a ru T ri N u g ro h o , W in a s is , a n d T o s h ih ik o N o g u c h i
A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as
Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing
C0 2E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table
A d ria n u s A M H E K A ,
4th
Y o s h iro H IG A N O , T a k e s h i M IZ U N O Y A , a n d H e lm u t Y A B A R
195
203
Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development
1.
Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:
Opportunities at Community Level
2.
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
of
AG 3 P0 4
Photocatalyst
Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation
U p e n d ra D . P a te l, R a jiv K . S in h a , a n d M a rg i U . P a te l............................................
U y i S u la e m a n ,
E va
V a to n a h , A n u n g
for
R ia p a n itra , P o n c o Is w a n to , S h u
219
Phenol
Y in , a n d
225
T s u g io S a to
viii
--I
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013 ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
" S u s ta in a b le
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
Purwokerto,
th
5
Topic:
Programs
Environmental
and
Social
- T o w a rd s
a B e tte r
W o r ld "
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Impact Assessment
rC S R D
~
of Rural Development
1.
Enhancing Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java
for Sustainable Rural DevelopmentbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2.
In S itu Bioremediation of Glyphosate Herbicide Using T ric h o d e rm a V irid e
Strain FRP 3
3.
A Sustainable Smallholder Rubber Model: A Partnership between Private
Company and Local Communities
4.
Agricultural Manpower Dynamic and Change of Economic Structure in
Central Java
M o c h . S u g ia rto
_
_ ....
247
M u h a m m a d R id w a n s y a h
253
T im o tiu s S e tia w a n
Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing Firms Under
Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia
P a lm a ru d i M a p p ig a u a n d A g u s s a lim
6.
259
M ....
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology of Gunungsewu Karst Area and
Local Community Adaptation
275
S u d a rm a d ji
7.
Impack of Development in Bogor Municipality on The Local Greenhouse
Gas Emission
287
A rie f S a b d o Y u w o n o
8.
Comparative Study Agriculture
Development
Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China
Programs
for
Poverty
295
M u h a m a d R u s liy a d i
9.
Sustainable Livelihood Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects
of Sustainable Rural Development)
10.
Application of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation on Land and
Water
Conservation
Measures
to
Simulate
Realistics
Waterhed
Management
305
N u g ro h o H a ri P u rn o m o a n d W id o d o H a riy o n o
311
S a h id S u s a n to , C h a n d ra S e ty a w a n , a n d S u k irn o
6
th
1.
235
241
N o v i A rfa rita , B u d i P ra s e ty a , Y u lia N u ra in i, a n d T s u y o s h i Im a i
5.
2013
Topic: Community Health
Criterias Identification of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert
System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
R e tn o
S u p riy a n ti,
G u ru h
S y a h ro n i,
S ri W is n u R e s p a ti,
Y o g i R a m a d h a n i,
and
321
T u tik Id a R o s a n ti
2.
The Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain (P la n ta g o m a jo r
L.) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rv e g ic u s ) Model
E S u tris n a , A A F itria n i, I A S e llm , A M M a s k o e n ,
M S u ja tn o , a n d H S.
3.
Potential Analysis of Cottonwood Parasite (Dendropthoe Pentandra) Stem
Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer
Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro
4.
Wareness and Willingnes to Health Policy:
Reference to Malang Indonesia
331
S a s tra m ih a rd ja
G a m a l a n d E frik o S e p ta n a n d a
G am al
339
.
An Empirical
Study with
345
ix
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVElOPMENT2013
" S u s ta in a b le
IC S R D 2 0 1 3
~
5.
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
- T o w a rd s
a B e tte r
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2 baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
W o r ld "
tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
N ig e l/a s a tiv a Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of
Diabetic Rats
Y u n ita S a ri, D h a d h a n g W a h y u K , S a ry o n o , A rin g to n IG , a n d N a k a ta n i T o s h io ..... CBA
355
Posters
1.
Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor
2.
Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines and Sub 1 Gene
Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance
3.
Climate Variability:
Biodiversity
4.
Application of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into Early Maturing Rice
Variety ( 9 0 - 1 0 4
Day) for the Development of Improved Agronomic
Performance-Ultra Early Maturing « 9 0 Days) Rice Variety
Yuwana
.
U n tu n g S u s a n to , R in a H a p s a ri W e n in g , M a d e J a n a M e ja y a , a n d J a u h a r A li
Need for
Collective
Action
in
Conserving
.
379
.
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h a n d U n tu n g S u s a n to
.
385
On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed
Lowland Areas of Indramayu
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h , U n tu n g S u s a n to , a n d M a d e J a n a M e ja y a
6.
373
Agro-
K . C. S iv a b a la n , B. S w a m in a th a n , a n d S. N ith ila
5.
363
389
.
Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of
Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil
in Indonesia
K im a n S ire g a r, A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n , A b d u l K . Irw a n to , S o n i S . W ira w a n , a n d
T e ts u y a A ra k i
7.
.
393
.
407
Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil
N u ru l R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i
8.
Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in
Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations
B a y u R u d iy a n to , T s a ir-W a n g C h u n g , a n d A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n
Coconut
Oil
by
Biodiesel
Production
Based
Transesterification Process
10.
Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community
Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District
Esterification
and
N u ru l R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i
.
D .M .C .S . M im ro s e , E .R .N . G u n a w a rd e n a , a n d H .B . N a y a k a k o ra la
11.
Isolation and Identification of
Bioethanol from N y p a F ru tic a n s
' ng
v v l Udlje
IA !" I
x
431
.
437
.
443
Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,
Purwokerto
P u tri R ie s k i Im a n d a , R e z a K u s u m a N , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d A fik H a rd a n to
14.
.
Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation
A rd ia n s y a h , S h o S h io z a w a , a n d B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n
13.
425
Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction
E v i N u rifa h J u fita s a ri
12.
415
.
9.
Indigenous
Microbe
for
n s a s l 'w i, G u n a w a n ~ Ij"o n a rk o , a n d Me I'Is a R 'ISk a P u iri
n
T'
I
Production
.
455
of
.
461
PROCEEDINGS
International
Conference on Sustainable
Rural Development
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto. 23-24 August 2013
CIRCULAR-SHAPED
Satyanto K. Saptomo\
2013
EMITTER AS ALTERNATIVE
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
Budi I. Setiawan\
KMS Ferry Rahman
Chusnul Arif1
2
•
Yudi chadtrtn",
1
st
T O P I C tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
.
..
.'
.
.
TO INCREASE
Popi R. D. Mustaningsih
3
,
'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
alumni of Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,
Indonesia
3 a researcher
in Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institut, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural
Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia
2
E-mail: saptomo.sk@gmail.com CBA
ABSTRACT
As respond to demand on reducing water for agricultural sector as the water usage competition is increasing
between various sectors, water efficient irrigation techniques were offer in order to keep the water status at the
desirable level at a production land. while avoiding loss of water and within a certain amount of water available.
Automation system was applied to micro irrigation system using circular shaped irrigation emitter. The irrigation
system is proven to work and keep the soil moisture at the desired condition which is field capacity, between pF
2.54 and 4.2. As the soil moisture was kept within the range percolation can be suppressed to its minimum or
even halt. The system can be improved and used for dry land agriculture.
Keywords:
micro-irrigation, automatic control, agriculture water management, porous medium
INTRODUCTION
At present, there is a demand for the agricultural sector can reduce water usage as the competition is
increasing in water use in various sectors like power generation, domestic and industrial sectors.
Uncertainties about the impacts of climate to water availability have also been a challenge to
agriculture water management.
One effort to adapt to this situation is by increasing water use
efficiency. As respond to this situation, there are many water efficient irrigation or cultivation
techniques that had been offered. The task is to keep the water status at the desirable level at a
production land, while avoiding loss of water and within a certain amount of water available. At present
digital electronic and information technology had been accepted widely in most aspect of living.
Similarly, agricultural water management can use this modern technology. The use of electronic
sensors and devices that integrated into an irrigation control system seems to have its potential to
increase the efficiency of water utilization by preserving exact water status to the field. This is
hopefully can contribute to improve performance of irrigation water management. Micro irrigation can
increase the efficiency of irrigation water applied, although the usage of micro irrigation is limited. The
method of water application is determined by the type of emitter, which can also define the efficiency.
This paper aims to present the development of automated irrigation system that uses circular shaped
emitter as an alternative to increase water use efficiency.
METHODOLOGY
Soil Moisture
Soil moisture regime that should be preserved for the plant is generally between field capacity (pF
2.54) and permanent wilting point (pF 4.2). Therefore, the range of soil moisture should be determined
by analyzing the field's soil sample. In our case the soil samples were tested in the laboratory to get
volumetric water content values at pF 1, 2, 2.54 and 4.2. Retention curve was made using van
Genuchten (1980) model to estimate the soil moisture at other pF values. Table 1 shows the physical
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PROCEEDINGS
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International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards
A Better World"
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properties of the soil and Figure 1 shows its water retention curve by van Genuchten. Here the
objective of the irrigation is to provide water between field capacity and permanent wilting point, which
volumetric water content values are 38.5% and 28.7%.
Table 1. Soil properties
Field
volumetric
water
content
BI
(BD)
Drainage
Volumetric Water Content
Porosity
pF1
pF 2
pF2.54
(% vol.)baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
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pF 4.2
%
Rapid
Slow
Available
water
of volume ---------------------------------
40.1
1.10
53.4
47.9
38.9
33.9
24.4
14.5
5.1
9.5
39.1
1.14
50.9
49.2
44.8
39.9
27.3
6.0
4.9
12.6
34.0
1.01
58.9
54.0
44.7
39.4
25.5
14.3
5.3
13.9
35.8
0.98
54.2
48.6
46.0
40.5
28.9
8.2
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Figure 1. Water Retention Curve
Micro Irrigation and Porous Medium
According to Hansen, et al (1979), there are 4 different methods of irrigation, which are: surface, subsurface, sprinkle and tickle .rriqation. Sprinkle and tickle irrigation are examples of micro irrigation that
are used limitedly. Both irrigation required manifolds and lateral pipes network that deliver irrigation
water to it outlets points. As Sprinkle irrigation nozzle spread water to a wider area, tickle irrigation
provides water close to the plant and applied at the surface by droplets of water.
Another innovation in irrigation is the use of porous medium as emitter. Pitcher irrigation (Setiawan,
2000) is one of the example, especially useful for arid land. Pitcher irrigation exploits the property of
porous medium to control water flow from inside depends of the moisture different between porous
wall of the pitcher and the soil. Similar principle can be applied to different shape of emitters.
The emitter used in this research has principles, which are to applied water as close and as uniform as
possible to plant, and the water flow can be naturally limited following the property of soil. The circular
shape can fulfil! the first principle; this can be done by using disk-shaped porous medium or simple
punching holes around the bottom of a circular container.
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P R O C E E D IN G S
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T O P IC
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
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9 7 8 · 9 7 9 · 9 9 0 4 6 · 5 -2
SRQPONMLKJIHGF
inlet
Porous base
Downward
seepage
Figure 2. Circular (disc) shaped emitter
A u t o m a t ic
Ir r ig a t io n
Automatic irrigation is part of water management system that includes irrigation and drainage. An
example of this technology was developed in the research for the development of controlled drainage
for wetland (Setiawan, et. al. 2002) that used automatically regulated pumps to move the water from or
to the agricultural land. In this research, the automation was applied for micro irrigation. The purpose
is to control the flow of water to the emitter, since in this stage the circular emitter has not been
properly developed yet.
The automation system that was used in this study is a 2 setpoints on-off system based on opensource prototyping platform Arduino. Soil moisture sensors were used as the sensing device that
supplied moisture status to the controller. The sensors were calibrated to the soil moisture data
analyzed in the laboratory, and have linear conversion function as Eq . 1 where Y1 is the moisture
value and Xl in binary number equal to moisture sensed by the sensor.
YlZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
= 0.1218xl - 20.081
(1 )
Figure 3 shows the automated irrigation system schematics. The automation system was design to be
powered by solar energy.
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Figure 3. Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System
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PROCEEDINGS
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"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards A Better World"
Purwokerto,August25-26,2013
IS B N 9 7 8 -9 7 9 · 9 9 0 4 6 -5 -2
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Disc irrigation system has been tried for field irrigation experiment. The irrigation was controlled
3
3
automatically, irrigation valve will open as soil moisture decrease to 28.7% (0.287 cm /cm ) or less,
and it will close as the moisture increases and reaches water content values of 38.5% (0.385
cm 3 /cm 3 ). The layout of the irrigation system is as shown in Figure 4 The trial was done in 5 m x 2,9 m
field with 30 disk shaped emitters having 14 cm of outer diameter.
Each emitter can seep
approximately 0.0057cm3 of water per second or 0.0092 mm/sec, assuming the seepage is uniform
beneath the emitters circle area.
A short trial was conducted in a fine day without rain, for only a few hours to examine the performance
of the irrigation system. Figure 5 shows the irrigation performance during this trial, the fluctuating line
is the soil moisture that was moving within the range of maximum and minimum permitted soil
moisture. This was made by setting the setpoints of the controller as explain in prior section. As the
moisture decreased and reach minimum setpoint, the irrigation valve opened and recharge water in
the disc emitters and water seeped to the soil.
Soil moisture increases as the field was irrigated, until it reached maximum setpoint where the valve
will automatically close. The remaining water in the disc emitters kept seeping even the valve had
been closed; this would further increase the soil moisture higher than field capacity. In this case, small
part of water percolated. Percolation happens as currently the disk shaped emitter's base's material
has not been designed properly yet. The material design is the next step of the research.
Figure 6 shows the total quantity of components of water balance (mm) recorded during the trial. The
input components are rainfall and irrigation which has amount of 0 mm and 7.85 mm. Output
components are evapotranspiration (ET), total changes in water storage (dh/dt) and percolation (P)
which have values of 1.08 mm, -2.78 mm and 9.54 mm. This water balance analysis is based on 40
mm depth of soil layer.
Percolation was higher than amount of water irrigated. The additional percolated water might be
originated from the moisture storage in the soil, which changes has negative value that means
moisture extracted from the soil. This could also mean that there is another source of moisture to the
field whiah are not clear yet. Other possibilities are the soil layer is not 40mm as assumed or irrigation
rate of the emitters was not uniform. However, the results show that the irrigation system can work
well in preserving soil moisture at the favorable level and minimize loss through percolation.
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P R O C E E D IN G S
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R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
2013
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T O P IC
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"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
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