Table 4 Ž
y1
. Shrimp tissue polyamine concentrations mg mg
of dry sample as homogenized
y1 a
b
Ž .
Histamine supplemented mg kg Body
Hepatopancreas Cad
Spd Spm
Cad Spd
Spm 5.7
14.2 83.7
57.1 287.2
161.7 600
3.1 13.0
74.6 48.6
267.0 161.6
1200 5.6
13.9 76.8
57.9 288.3
157.8 2400
5.6 14.2
85.4 78.8
272.7 147.7
3600 5.8
15.4 81.7
46.0 271.9
142.2 4800
4.2 15.7
82.2 41.2
260.5 137.9
Pooled SD 1.8
2.9 15.6
50 77.8
40.5 Significance
Linear NS
P - 0.05 NS
NS NS
NS Quadratic
NS NS
NS NS
NS NS
Cad s cadaverine; Spd sspermidine; Spm sspermine; NSs not significant; SDsstandard deviation.
a
Ž Ž
. .
ns10 five samples pooled by tank per diet and two injections per sample .
b
Ž .
ns 5 five samples per diet and one injection per sample .
than those in the body. Histamine and putrescine concentrations were below the Ž
y1
. detection limit 50 pmol ml
. Spermidine concentration in whole body increased linearly with dietary histamine supplementation.
4. Discussion
Ž .
Ž .
Cowey and Cho 1992 and Fairgrieve et al. 1998 have reported decreases in feed Ž
y1
. intake in rainbow trout fed diets supplemented with putrescine 13.3 g kg
and Ž
y1
. Ž
. Ž
. histamine 2 g kg
. Watanabe et al. 1987 and Fairgrieve et al. 1994 did not Ž
y1
. observe any effect of histamine supplementation 1000 to 10 000 mg kg
but observed Ž
. intestinal damage. Tapia-Salazar et al. 1998 reported an increase in feed consumption
Ž
y1
. Ž
y1
. of small L. stylirostris fed histamine 559 mg kg
plus cadaverine 620 mg kg . In
the current experiment, no effect of histamine was observed on feed intake. Ž
y1
. The feeding of a diet supplemented with dietary histamine 4000 mg kg
to chicks Ž
. has been shown to depress growth and cause gizzard lesions Harry and Tucker, 1976 .
Ž .
The effect of dietary histamine on rainbow trout is not clear. Watanabe et al. 1987 observed that supplementation with 70 mg kg
y1
improved net protein utilization and Ž
. protein efficiency ratio. Fairgrieve et al. 1994 , however, reported intestinal damage of
rainbow trout fed 2000 mg kg
y1
, although growth was not affected. Feeding diets Ž
supplemented with fish meal containing moderate levels of biogenic amines resulting in dietary concentrations of 367, 173, 100, 56 and 30 mg kg
y1
for histamine, cadaverine, .
putrescine, tyramine and phenylalanine, respectively; Cruz-Suarez et al., 1996 or pure Ž
y1
amines histamine q cadaverine, dietary concentrations 559 and 620 mg kg , respec-
. Ž
. tively to shrimp L. Õannamei and L. stylirostris resulted in an increase in weight gain
Ž .
Tapia-Salazar et al., 1998 . In the current experiment, the growth response of shrimp fed diets supplemented with histamine resulted in a quadratic curve with the maximum
response at dietary concentrations of 1200 and 2400 mg kg
y1
diet. This response is in accord with the slight growth improvements found in previous experiments at lower
dietary concentrations. The lack of growth improvement at the 600 mg kg
y1
concentra- tion in the present case can be attributed to the inherent variability of different
experimental groups. High mortalities have been observed in poultry with dietary histamine supplementa-
Ž .
tion Harry et al., 1975; Osuna, 1985 . Survival in rainbow trout was not affected by Ž
. dietary histamine Watanabe et al., 1987; Fairgrieve et al., 1994, 1998 . In the current
experiment, we observed that histamine supplementation had no influence on shrimp mortality. Toxicity of histamine may be greater in poultry than in fish and shrimp.
Ž It has been observed that tissues with high metabolic activity pancreas, intestine,
. kidney and liver contain higher concentration of polyamines than tissues with lower
Ž .
Ž metabolic activity muscle due to the short half life of these tissues Bardocz et al.,
. 1993; Seidel and Scemama, 1997 . In the current experiment, putrescine, spermidine and
spermine concentrations were higher in the hepatopancreas than in the whole body. This is likely due to a higher physiological activity in hepatopancreas than in other tissues
such as muscle. Histamine supplementation significantly increased spermidine concen- trations in whole shrimp, although no explanation was found for a correlation between
histamine and spermidine concentrations. In mammals, histamine is rapidly metabolised,
Ž .
leaves the blood stream and appears in almost all tissues as metabolites Beaven, 1978 . Ž
. Arnould 1986 reported that carcinine synthetase can metabolize neuronal histamine
and also possibly exogenous histamine in Carcinus maenas. In this experiment, his- tamine was not detected in shrimp tissues. It is possible, therefore, that the shrimp can
metabolize histamine into storage or excretory forms. Unfortunately, histamine metabo- lites were not analysed in the current experiment.
5. Conclusion
