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In CDA, the analysis of discourse can also be done by scrutinizing the drawing of social actors in the text. The analysis of social actors is usually done
through its representational strategies, such as the attributes or associations which are attached to the social actors. The representational strategies are done to give different
effects on the reader towards the social actors in the text. Van Leeuwen 2008 considers such representational strategies of social actors could be classified into two
categories, namely exclusion and inclusion.
2.7.1. Inclusion and Exclusion
Van Leeuwen 2008 argues that, in a text, not all of the social actors are presented directly for the readers to see; sometimes the readers have to infer them in
one or two places, and sometimes the social actors are not at all present in the text. Whenever the social actors are present in a text, it is called inclusion; and whenever
they are absent, it is called exclusion. Inclusion is types of representational strategy used in a text. Different from
exclusion, inclusion shows the existence of social actors in a text. Inclusion includes several
categories of
representational strategy,
namely role
allocation, personalization, and impersonalization. The first one is role allocation. The social
actors in a text have the roles. This representational strategy is able to restructure the structure between the social actors. Moreover, this strategy gives social actor an
active or passive role in a text. Activation happens when the representational strategy put the social actors in active role, while passivation happens when
representational strategies put the social actors in passive role van Leeuwen, 2008. 1.
[Eighty] young white thugs attacked African street vendors. van Leeuwen, 2008: 33
In example 1 above, the active role is given to “[eighty] young white thugs”,
and the passive role is given to “African street vendors.” The activation is signified by participation. Participation means the social actors in active role is signified as
actor in material process, behaver in behavioural process, sayer in verbal process, and
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senser in mental process Halliday, 1985, in van Leeuwen, 2008. Besides, activation is
also signified
by circumstantialization.
Circumstantialization signifies
the activation through “the prepositional circumstancials with by or from” van Leeuwen,
2008: 33. Another signification of activation is possesivation. Possesivation means “the use of possessive pronoun” van Leewuen, 2008: 33. On the other hand,
“passivation is signified by subjection, beneficialization, and possesivation. Subjection makes the passivated social actors subject.” Meanwhile, “beneficialization
makes passivated
social actor
s beneficiaries” van Leeuwen, 2008: 33. Possesivation, circumstantialization, and participation can also signify the passivated
actors. Personalization is another type of inclusion. Personalization can further be
classified into several categories which are determination and indetermination. Determination represents the social actor according to their specific identity van
Leeuwen, 2008. In determination, social actors are further classified into association, dissociation,
differentiation, indifferentiation,
categorization, nomination,
genericiztion, and specificiation. The first one is association and dissociation. Van Leeuwen 2008 says that association is representational strategy which represents the
group constructed by the social actors which are not mentioned or stated in the text. 2.
They believed that the immigration program existed for the benefit of politicians, bureaucrats and ethnic minorities, not for Australians as a
whole. van Leeuwen, 2008: 38
In example [3] above, the association occurs in the social actors “politicians, bureaucrats, and ethnic minorities.” Such social actors are associated to suggest that
they are the groups who oppose the interest of “Australian as a whole” van Leeuwen,
2008. The association is signified by parataxis. Other significations of association are circumstance of accompaniment, possessive pronouns and possessive attribute
clauses. As the opposite, dissociation occurs when the social actors association is unformed.
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Differentiation and indifferentiation are other types of determination. The
strategy of differentiation represents particular social actors to be different from other social actors, while indifferentiation does not van Leeuwen, 2008.
3. And though many of the new migrants are educated high-achievers
from places like Singapore and Hong Kong —“uptown” people in
American terminology. Others are “downtown” people from places like Vietnam, the Philippines, and Lebanon.
van Leeuwen, 2008: 40 Another
strategy which
belongs to
determination is
categorization. Categorization represents such social actors from the function shared to other van
Leeuwen, 2008.
The categorization
is signified
by functionalization
and identification. Functionalization represents the social actors from their doing, such as
their occupation or role van Leeuwen, 2008. The realization of such strategy can be found in the derivation of verb into noun by the adding of suffixes such as
–er, -ant, - ian, -ee. Meanwhile, identification represents the social actors from what they are
van Leeuweun, 2008. Another type of determination is nomination. Nomination is strategy to
represent the social actors by nominating them from their identity van Leeuwen, 2008. The realization of nomination can be found in the use of proper nouns, namely
formal, semiformal, and informal. 4. Carole Maychill, a 32-year-
old captain…. Colonel Robert Pepper. van Leeuwen, 2008:41
The last types of determination are generalization and specification. Genericization represents social actors generally. Meanwhile, specification represents
social actors as classes, or as specific van Leeuwen, 2008. Bernstein 1971, in van Leeuwen, 2008: 35 believes that “the genericization opens the access to
universalistic order of meaning, while the specification opens the access to particularistic orders of meaning.” The access to such thing is determined by the class
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of society. The distinction of such access is seen through the representation of social actors in media. Middle-class-oriented media refers to represent the government and
expert to specific type, while in working-class-oriented media the representation of mundane people is mostly in specific type van Leeuwen, 2008. Examples 5 and 6
below are the examples of the explanation above. 5.
Australia has one of the highest childhood drowning rates in the world, children under 5 making up a quarter of the toll, this is the grim news
from government studies of Australia‟s high incidence of drowning. The studies show over 500 people drown in Australia every year, with
backyard swimming pools the biggest killers for children under 15. The Minister for Sport and Recreation, Mr. Brown, said the childhood
drowning rate was higher than developed countries such as Britain and the US and comparable with many Asian countries. He saidchildren
should be encouraged to swim and parents should learn resuscitation techniques.
van Leeuwen, 2008: 36 6.
The tragic drowning of a toddler in a backyard swimming pool has mystified his family. Matthew Harding, two, one of the twin boys, had
to climb over a one- meter “child-proof” fence before he fell into the
pool. Mrs. Desley Harding found Matthew floating in the pool when she went to call the twins in for tea yesterday. “I have no idea how he
got in the pool,” said Mrs. Harding at her home in Wentworthville
South today. van Leeuwen, 2008: 36
Moreover, specification
is classified
into two
categories, namely
individualization and assimilation. Individualization represents social actors as an individual. Meanwhile, assimilation is one of representational strategies which
represents the social actors as individual or a part of group van Leuuwen, 2008. Assimilation
is divided
into two,
namely aggregation
and collectivization.
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Aggregation repres ents the social actors in form of „statistics‟ Machin and Mayr,
2010. Example 7 below is the example of social actors in aggregation. 7.
Forty percent of Australians were born overseas. van Leeuwen, 2008: 38
The use of aggregation is to control the practice and to create consensus idea, although the presence of such thing is mere a recording fact. The signification of
aggregation is shown through a noun representing a group of people, the existence of definite or indefinite quantifiers functioning as the numerative or the head of nominal
group van Leeuwen, 2008. Meanwhile, the collectivization strategy represents the social actors as part of collectivity Machin and Mayr, 2012. Example 8 below
shows the social actor in collectivity. 8.
Australians tends to be skeptical about admitting „Muslims.” van Leeuwen, 2008: 37
As the opposite of determination, there is indetermination. Indetermination represents the social actors as „anonymous‟ van Leeuwen, 2008. The realization of
indetermination can be found in the use of indefinite pronouns in nominal function. Example 9 below illustrates the use of indetermination to anonymize the social actor.
9. Someone had put flowers on teacher‟s desk.
van Leeuwen, 2008: 39 Similar to personalization, impersonalization has also several subcategories.
The subcategories of impersonalization are abstraction and objectivation. In abstraction, social actor is represented in accordance with the means of quality
attached to them van Leeuwen, 2008. In the other sides, objectivation represents the social actors by relating them to the particular things objects which has the
association with such particular social van Leeuwen, 2008. Objectivation is signified by the metonymical reference. Objectivation is divided into four types
which are
spatialization, utterance
autonimization, instrumentalization,
and somatization. Spatialization represents the social actors by means of correspondence
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to a place which is associated van Leeuwen, 2008. Example 10 below is an example of social actors who is represented in spatialization.
10. Australia was bringing in about 70.000 migrants a year.
van Leeuwen, 2008: 46 Utterance autonomization represents the social actors by means of
correspondence to their utterance van Leeuwen, 2008. Example 11 below is the example of social actors represented in utterance autonomization.
11. This concern, the report noted, was reflected in surveys which showed
that the level of support for stopping immigration altogether was at a post-war high.
van Leeuwen, 2008: 46 Instrumentalization represents the social actors by means of correspondence to
instrument associated to their actions van Leeuwen, 2008. In example 12 below, the social actor is represented as “mortar shell.”
12. A 120mm mortar shell slammed into Sarajevo‟s marketplace.
van Leeuwen, 2008: 46 Somatization represents the social actors by means of correspondence to their
body, as illustrated in example 13 van Leeuwen, 2008. 13.
She put her hand on Mary Kate‟s shoulder. van Leeuwen, 2008: 47
Exclusion is one of representational strategies used in the text. It excludes the social actors in a text. The media use this representational strategy to achieve their
purpose related to the readers. Van Leuuwen 2008 says that exclusion might be „innocent,‟ meaning that the media has assumption that the readers have already
known the details. Besides, exclusion has also the goal to create the propaganda to
engender particular social actors become the readers‟ enemy.
Exclusion encompasses suppression and backgrounding. Supression is the representational strategy in which the social actor who is in charge of actions is not
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stated elsewhere in the text van Leuween, 2008. The existence of suppression within the text can be realized through the passive agent deletion, nonfinite clause
served as grammatical participant, nominalizations and process noun van Leeuwen, 2008. Meanwhile, backgrounding is the representational strategy in which the
excluded social actor is not stated in clause related to their action, yet such social actor is stated elsewhere in the text van Leeuwen, 2008. The existence of
backgrounding can be realized through the simple ellipses in nonfinite clause with –
ing and –ed participles, in infitival clauses with to, and in paratactic clauses van
Leuuwen, 2008. 14.
The main opposition alliance said that more than 1.000 people were killed by the attack.
Excluded social actors can either be backgrounded or suppressed. If they are backgrounded, it means they can still be referred to somewhere in the text. However
if the social actors are suppressed, it means they are not mentioned at all in the text. If the social actors are included in the text, we shall then see their role
allocation, whether they are playing an active or passive role, whether they are presented generically or specifically, presented as an individual or as belong in a
group, presented as unspecified or specified, referred to by name or category, referred to personally or impersonally, or whether they appear in more than one social practice
at the same time. The following figure is the network of representing social actor proposed by
van Leeuwen 2008.
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Figure 2.1 The Classification of Social Actors van Leeuwen, 2008: 52
By using the network as in Figure 2.1, social actors which are the subject of the sentence are identified and classified into categories shown in the figure. Then,
the classifications of the social actors are represented in tabulation to make it easier to be understood.
2.8 Social Action
