Central HVAC System Components

CHAPTER ITEMS PAGES 2.2.1 Heating 6 2.2.2 Ventilating 9 2.2.3 Air Conditioning 10

2.3 Central HVAC System Components

11 2.4 How an HVAC Works 13 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 16 3.1 Wireless Condition Monitoring and Maintenance for Rooftop Packaged Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning by Katipamula, S. and Brambley, M. R 16 3.1.1 Monitoring Plan, Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics 17 3.1.2 Costs of Package-Unit Monitoring Systems 22 3.2 Improved Thermal Building Management with the Aid of Integrated Dynamic HVAC Simulation by Mathews, E.H. and Botha, C.P. 26 3.2.1 Case Study 26 3.2.2 Improved Building Management Through Simulation 28 3.2.2.1 Cooling Coil Fouling 28 3.2.2.2 Chiller Degradation 30 3.2.2.3 Control Strategy Adjustment 32 3.3 Model-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis of HVAC Systems Using Support Vector Machine Method by Liang, J. and Du, R 35 3.3.1 Design of MBFDD Scheme 35 3.3.2 Modeling of the HVAC System 37 CHAPTER ITEMS PAGES 3 .3.3 Fault Diagnosis Results 38 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLGY 40 4.1 Do Research By Articles, Journals, Reference Books, Etc. 42 4.2 Identify Problems Statements 42 4.3 Identify Systems Used 42 4.4 Find the Place to Do Research 43 4.5 Make Observation Research and Interview 43 4.6 Make on Documentation Research 43 4.7 Make Analysis and Discussion 44 CHAPTER 5 RESULT 45 5.1 Common Problems Occurred 46 5.2 Predictive Maintenance PdM on Chiller 48 5.3 Predictive Maintenance PdM on Air Handling Unit AHU 48 5.4 Vibration Analysis 48 5.5 Oil Analysis 51 5.6 Building Automation System BAS 52 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION 56 6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Predictive Maintenance 56 6.2 Others Predictive Maintenance Technologies 59 6.2.1 Eddy Current Testing 59 6.2.2 IR Thermography 60 6.2.3 Ultrasonics Testing 62 6.2.4 iSCADA Technology 63 CHAPTER ITEMS PAGES 6.3 The Costs of Condition Monitoring Technologies 64 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 66 REFERENCES 68 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 69 APPENDIXES 70 LIST OF TABLES NO. TITLE PAGES 3.1 Costs for a Wired System for Monitoring Six HVAC Units Source: Katipamula and Brambley, 2004 23 3.2 Costs for a Low-Cost Wireless System for Monitoring HVAC Units Source: Katipamula and Brambley, 2004 25 3.3 Simulated indoor return temperatures of lecture rooms when heatingelements are disabled due to coil fouling. The shaded area indicates the rooms that are unoccupied. Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 34 6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Predictive Maintenance 58 6.2 Approximate Costs to Start CBM in Various Technologies Source: Dennis, 2003 65 LIST OF FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGES 2.1 Boiler Source: Internet reference, 23082008 7 2.2 Furnaces Source: Internet reference, 23082008 8 2.3 Heating coils Source: Internet reference, 23082008 9 3.1 Schematic of Condition Monitoring System for Rooftop Packaged Units with Wireless Sensors Source: Katipamula and Brambley, 2004 18 3.2 Schematic Depiction of HVAC and Monitoring Equipment Layout Source: Katipamula and Brambley, 2004 22 3.3 Prototype Integrated Wireless Data Collection and Transmission Unit Source: Katipamula and Brambley, 2004 24 3.4 Schematic layout of the chilled water HVAC system installed in the case study building Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 27 3.5 Simulated effect of reduced cooling coil efficiency on indoor temperatures in the building Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 29 NO. TITLE PAGES 3.6 Simulated effect of reduced cooling coil efficiency on chiller power consumption Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 30 3.7 Simulated effect of reduced chiller efficiency on indoor temperatures in the building Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 31 3.8 Simulated effect of reduced chiller efficiency on chiller power consumption Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 32 3.9 Schematic layout of the air flow through the reheating system currently used in the case study building Source: Mathews and Botha, 2003 33 3.10 The block diagram of the MBFDD method Source: Liang and Du, 2006 34 3.11 Illustration of a single zone HVAC system model Source: Liang and Du, 2006 36 3.12 Design of the SVM classifier Source: Liang and Du, 2006 38 3.13 Flow chart of the four-layer SVM classifier Source: Liang and Du, 2006 39 4.1 Flow Chart of Research Procedure 41 5.1 Chiller 45 5.2 AHU 45 5.3 Typical Vibration Transducers Source: www.eere.energy.govfemp, 27032009 49 5.4 Typical Hand-held Vibration Sensing Meters Source: www.eere.energy.govfemp, 27032009 50 NO. TITLE PAGES 5.5 Typical Vibration Analyzer Source: www.eere.energy.govfemp, 27032009 50 5.6 Oil Analysis Work and Typical Oil Analysis Equipment Source: Carrier Corp., 2002 52 5.7 Chiller Plant Diagram Source: JKR, 2009 54 5.8 DDC Controller Panel 55 6.1 Doing Eddy Current Testing Source: Carrier Corp., 2002 59 6.2 Example Thermogram Showing Misalignment Source: www.eere.energy.govfemp, 27032009 61 6.3 Typical IR Spot Thermometer Source: www.eere.energy.govfemp, 27032009 61 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS UNIT HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning IAQ Indoor Air Quality ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Percentage °F Fahrenheit Degree LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas cfm cubic feet per minute OA Outside Air MUA Make-up air fpm feet per minute CT Cooling Tower CWP Condenser Water Pump CWS Condenser Water Supply CWR Condenser Water Return CH Chiller CHWP Chilled Water Pump CHWS Chilled Water Supply CHWR Chilled Water Return CC Cooling Coil HC Heating Coil HWS Heating Water Supply HWR Heating Water Return HWP Heating Water Pump HHWS Heating Hot Water Supply B Boiler SAF Supply Air Fan SAD Supply Air Duct MVD Manual Volume Damper CD Ceiling Diffuser RA Return Air Inlet RAF Return Air Fan RA Return Air Dampers ATC Automatic Temperature Control Damper EA Exhaust Air Dampers F Filters ATC Automatic Temperature Control Valve MBV Manual Balancing Valve AHU Air Handling Unit RTU Roof Top Unit Btuhr British thermal unit per Hour MVD Manual Volume Dampers TR Ton of Refrigeration FDD Fault Detection and Diagnostic m 2 meter square mm milimeter FCU Fan Coil Units COP Coefficient of Performance MBFDD Model-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis SVM Support Vector Machine SMO Sequential Minimal Optimization Hz Hertz AC Alternating Current DC Direct Current JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya PM Preventive Maintenance PdM Predictive Maintenance PaM Proactive Maintenance FBM Failure Based Maintenance BAS Building Automation System DDC Direct Digital Control CBM Condition Based Monitoring MCSA Motor Current Signature Analysis IR Infrared FAM Facilities and Asset Management SMS Short Messaging System LIST OF APPENDIXES NUM. TITLE PAGES A Gantt Chart 70 B Carrier Hermetic Screw Liquid Chiller 71 C ASIC Building Monitoring Software 74 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background