2
dalam film Jane Eyre 2011 dan 2 memeriksa maksud dari tiap-tiap penggunaan teknik pengambilan giliran bicara yang digunakan penutur dalam film tersebut.
Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif karena data yang dianalisis berbentuk kata-kata. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan
teori pengambilan giliran bicara dari Sack untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan teori konteks dalam wacana untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua.
Berdasarkan teori Sack, terdapat tiga teknik pengambilan giliran bicara, yaitu : teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya, teknik seleksi mandiri dan teknik
penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa teknik yang paling sering digunakan adalah teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya
yang digunakan di 12 dari 14 data, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan teknik seleksi mandiri yang digunakan dalam 10 dari 14 data dan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran
yang digunakan dalam 6 dari 14 data. Maksud penutur menggunakan teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya adalah untuk mendapatkan tanggapan dari pendengar.
Sementara niat menggunakan teknik seleksi mandiri, penutur memiliki maksud untuk mendukung atau menentang argumen dari pembicara sebelumnya dan memberikan
penjelasan tentang apa yang dikatakan oleh pembicara sebelumnya. Maksud menggunakan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran adalah untuk meyakinkan
pendengar. Maksud lainnya adalah untuk berhenti sejenak untuk memikirkan tentang apa yang selanjutnya penutur ingin katakan.
Kata kunci:
Giliran bicara, Maksud penutur, Analisis Percakapan, dan IRF.
1. INTRODUCTION
A conversation is social exchange. Exchange occurs when A initiates the conversation, then B gives respons and then A gives the follow-up. In the
other hands, exchange system is the combination of initiation, response and follow-up IRF. According to Dobson 1997: 17, conversation can be defined as
the exchange of thought and information with spoken language. As the social beings, human cannot separate conversation from their interaction.
In doing conversation, speakers speak to each other in certain order. It is called turn-taking in coversation. The study of turn taking is the central feature
of conversation analysis. It becomes important part because in doing conversation, it would be good if the conversation run smoothly without interruption or overlap.
Turn-taking exist to organize the run of a conversation. In verbal communication turn-taking used to organize talks in interview, debate, ceremonies, conversation
etc. Sack calls this as „speech exchange system‟ Sack et al.1974: 696. The analysis of turn-taking is concerned with how interactants take turns speaking and
how who speaks when is determined. According to Levinson in Herman, 1995: 78, “turn-taking has been described as a process in which „one participant A talks,
stops; another, B, starts, talks, stops; and so we obtain as A-B-A-B-A-B distribution of talk a
cross two participants‟. This explain that only one speaker talk at a time then another when the turn is possible”.
Turn-taking is interesting to be studied because it covers the organization of a conversation. Many of the researchers have conducted the
analysis of turn- taking in movies or talkshow. For example, Nuri Saraswati‟s
3 research 2015, Dwi Sulistyowati 2009, Shelly Rosyalina 2012 , and Ari
Nugroho and Lisetyo Ariyanti‟s research 2014. Most of the research above are describing the turn-taking technique used in the movie and talkshow. That is why,
the writer not only want to describe the turn-
taking technique based on Sack‟s theory but also dercribing the speaker‟s intention.
After fore observation of Jane Eyre Movie, the writer finds that some dialogues that diffucult to determine who the next to talk because the first speaker
doesn‟t select the next speaker. According to Sack‟s rules of turn-taking, if the current speaker use selects next speaker technique, then the party selected has the
right and is obliged to take next turn to speak; no others have such right and obligations, and transfer occurs at that place. Sack also suggest that there is at
least and not more one party talk at a time. The reason why the writer choose Jane Eyre Movie 2011 because the participants of the conversation have equal power
between them. Jane Eyre Movie 2011 is a good movie with late 18th century background of England and has good dialogues based on the original novel by
well-known writer, Charlotte Bronte. This phenomenon has made the writer curious in finding the kinds of turn-taking teachniques used and the speakers
intention found in Jane Eyre Movie 2011‟s dialogues.
This research aims to 1 identify the kind of turn-taking techniques the speaker used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011 and 2 examine the intention of each
type of turn-taking used by the speaker in the movie above. In order to prove the originality of this research, the writer summarized some relevant research from
previous researchers. The f
irst research which related to the writer‟s research was conducted by Nuri Saraswati 2015 entitled
“A STUDY OF TURN TAKING USED IN HARD ROCK FM RADIO TALK SHOW UNDER THE TOPIC
“GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT WITH MYRA BROWN”. Her research aims to identify the types of turn-taking, the speakers‟
strategies, some reasons that the speakers took the turn, and the relation among the speakers after they took the turn. She uses three main theories to analyze
her research, those are were discourse analysis by Gee 2011, turn-taking by Renkema 2004, and context by van Dijk 2009. Her research findings
discovered that there were three types of turn taking. They are speaker‟s selection, speaker‟s self choice, and speaker‟s determination. Strategies that are
used by the speakers, they are overlap, interruption, back-channel, and silence. One of the reasons that the speakers took the turn was the hosts wanted the guest
to tell any information related with the topic.
Second research is ”TURN TAKING STRATEGIES USED BY THE
MAIN CHARACTER IN THE PURSUIT OF HAPPYNESS MOVIE” by Dwi Sulistyowati 2009. Her research aims to discover the turn-taking strategies used
by the character of the movie based on Strensom‟s theory which divides turn
4 taking strategies into taking the turn strategy, holding the turn strategy, and
yielding the turn strategy. The findings of her research show that those strategies are found in every conversation.
The third research was conducted by Shelly Rosyalina 2012 entitled “THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE “TOY STORY
3” ANIMATION MOVIE SCRIPT”. The objectives of her research are to describe the allocation of turn taking in the script of “Toy Story 3” Animation
Movie and to describe the adjacency pairs appeared in the dialogue of the script of “Toy Story 3” Animation Movie. She found 1144 turns in the script of Toy
Story 3. There are 42 characters in this movie. The turn allocation component dominated by the 1 rule. The percentage of turn rules are 59. 20 of rule 1, 26.
53 of rule 2, and 14. 26 of rule 3. The form of repair found 3 times, and 9 times of overlapping. The dominant character who takes the turn are Woody,
Buzz, Jessie, Lotso and Mr. Potato HeadOne Eyed Bart.
The fourth research is a journal by Ari Nugroho and Lisetyo Ariyanti 2014 entitled
“A STUDY OF TURN-TAKING USED IN INTERVIEW TV PROGRAM “INDONESIA NOW EXCLUSIVE AGNES MONICA WITH DALTON
TANONAKA” ON METRO TV”. The aim of their study was to find the way participants in a conversation take and construct the turn to talk. In this study they
used some theories from Sacks, et al 1974 theory about turn-taking systems and also Tannen 2005, and Yule 1996 theory about turn taking strategies such as
overlap, interruption and backchannel signal, and Kurylo 2013 about the cultural background of conversation in using turn taking strategies.
Although the three researches above have the same object with this research, that is the study of turn taking, this research has the differences. This
research focus on analyzing the types of turn-taking, the intention of the speaker and the characteristic of the speaker in Jane Eyre Movie 2011.
Several theories also presented in order to give a clear understanding about the research such as, notion of conversation analysis, pragmatics of
conversation, notion of discourse analysis, transription system, notion of turn- taking, turn-taking rules, and turn-taking approach. Cutting 2008 defines
conversation as informal and unplanned discourse mutually constructed and negotiated in time between speakers. A conversation can be succeed when there is
a mutual interesting of the topic they talk about or connection between the speakers.
Coulthard 1985: 60 argues that Conversation Analysis CA had been developed by three siciologist, Sack, Schegloff and Jefferson. They saw
conversation analysis as the first step to achieve naturalistic discipline “to deal with detail of social interaction in
arigorous, empirical and fornal way”. According to Cutting 2008: 22, CA is a field that studies “the way that what
5 speakers say dictates the answer expected, and the speaker take turns when they
interact”. Conversation analysis deals with conversation structure. In conversation, there is a term called „floor‟ which can be defined as the right to speak. Having
control if the floor at any time is called a „turn‟. In any situation where the control is not fixed in advance, anyone can get the control. It is called turn-taking Yule,
1996: 72.
Most of the conversation involves two or more participants taking the turn and only one party talking at any time. Such silence or overlap is not
tolerated in English conversation. According to Yule 1996: 72, smooth transitions from one speaker to the next seem to be valued. Transition with long
silence between turns or with substantial overlap i.e. both speaker trying to speak at the same time are felt to be akward. When two people attempt tohave a
conversation and
discover that there is no „flow‟, or smooth rythm to their transitions, much more is being communicative than it said.
Discorse study has become popular term and major field of study and research. Many expert have defined the notion of discourse. Stubbs in Fauziati,
2009: 174 states that Discourse is language above sentence level. While according to Fairlough in Fauziati, 2009:174, Discourse is more than language
use: it is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social practices. Renkema 1993: 1 states that discourse studies is the disciple devoted
to the investigation of the relationship between form and function in verbal communication.
Stubbs in Fauziati, 2009: 175 also states that discourse analysis is used to refer mainly to the linguistic analysis of naturaly occuring connected to
the spoken or written discourse. Therefore, discourse analysis is studying larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. Based on
explanation by expert above, the writer concludes that discourse analysis is the study of linguistic attempts to analyze the relation between form and function both
spoken or written language.
Although discourse analysis is often mistaken with conversation analysis, they both have significant differences. Discourse analysis cover both
spoken and written language for instance, pharagraph or passage, books or film. On contrary, conversation analysis only study on naturally occurance spoken
language, for instance, film, talkshow or everyday conversation. In other word, discourse analysis has larger field than conversation analysis. In this case
conversation analysis is more suitable to analyze this research because it has more narrow approach than discourse analysis.
The meaning of a conversation is not always represented in words. In order to understand the conversation, one must infer it. Inference and intention are
related to context. According to Cutting 2008: 3, there are three kinds of context
6 for analysing language use, those are, situational context is a context related to
what speakers know about what they can see around them. The situational context is the immediate physical co-presence, the situational where the interaction is
taking place at the moment of speaking. Background-knowledge contexta is a context related to what speakers know each other in the world. This can be either
cultural and interpersonal background-knowledge. Cultural is general knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life. Interpersonal
is specific knowledge about history of the speakers themselves. Co-textual context is a context related to what speakers know about what they have been saying.
Many linguists use transcription system to convert the recorded verbal interaction into written representation. A transcription system as Renkema 1993:
107 describes in his book is a method required in the study of verbal interaction. According to Wikipedia, Transcription refers to the systematic representation of
language in written form both spoken and written language. By using transcription system, we can know the intonation, who is the current speaker and who said what
then. In this research the writer use orthographic transcription system to transcript the dialogues in the movie. According to Wikipedia, Orthographic transcription is
“a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language”.
- Distribution aspect in turn-taking
- Transition Relevance Place TRP or Turn Constructional Unit TCU
- Pauses
- Overlap
- Nonverbal Action
- Raising tone
- Short hesitation
- Stressing
- Lengthening
- Interruption
- Sequence organization
- Repairs
Turn-taking is the central feature of the conversation analysis. As Renkema 1993 says in his book, turn-taking can be quite varied. In
conversations, there is no limit to the length of a turn. According to Sack et al. 1974, the turn-taking model consist of two components: the turn-construction
component and the turn-taking component. The first component a turn is constructed, built up out od syntactical units: sentences, sentence fragments. Or
words. The first point at which an assignment of turns can take place is at the end of the first units. This point called the „transition-relevance place‟ TRP. This
first component consis of four rules.
7 Sack et. al. 1974 have formulated the turn-taking rules in order to
provide the allocation of a next turn to one party, and coordinate transfer so gaps and overlapping can be minimized. Those rules are:
1 For any turn, at the initial transition-relevance place TRP of an initial turn-
construction unit: a
If the turn-so-far is so constructed as to involve the use of a „current speaker selects next‟ technique, then the party so selected has the right
and is obliged to take the turn to speak; no others have such the rights or obligations, and transfer occurs at that place.
b If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a „current
speaker selects next‟ technique, then self-selection for next speakership may, but need not, be institued; first starter acquires right to a turn, and
transfer occurs at that place.
c If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a „current
speaker selects next‟ technique, then current speaker may, but need not continue, unless another self-select.
2 If as the initial transition-relevance place TRP of an initial turn-construction
unit, neither 1a nor 1b has operated, and, following the provision 1c, current speaker has continued, then the rule-set a to c re-applies at the next TRP,
and recursively at each next TRP, until transfer is affected.
From the explanation above, it can be said that there are 3 technique in taking the turn in conversation, those are: current speaker select next technique,
self selection technique and current speaker continue. Before discussing several aspects in turn-taking, the writer thinks it is
necessary to discuss the turn-taking approach. According to T.P. Wilson, et al. 1984, there are three approaches which can be used as a reference to analyze
turn-taking especially in conversation interaction. The three approaches are: 1 stochastic modelling approach, 2 signalling system approach, and 3 sequential
production approach in conversation. The merger approach 2 and 3 above is very important to be considered in order to produce the accurate understanding of
turn-taking.
Stochactic modelling approach firstly presented by Jaffe Feldstein 1970 refers to the instrument to analyze the measurement the physical
characteristics of the acoustic signal associated with the conversation. This stochastic model used to present the information of conversation data in term of
quantity gradation, such as the length of silent and overflowing self-speakers, silent length and overflow between speakers, individual vocal characteristics, and
coincidental utterances. Jaffe Feldstein 1970 also develop the study of turn- taking especially whether or not there is a speaker exchange after silences.
8 Meanwhile, signalling system approach in turn-taking refers to the
transition of a turn which organized by switching signs, such vocal or gesture. In this approach, Duncan 1972 formulates sign system and rule called turn system,
which is hypotesized to organize turn-taking in face to face conversation of two people. The assumtion of turn-taking system is each speaker assumes that they
stand in one of two sides, that is: speaker, who demands the turn; hearer, who don‟t demand the turn. So, there are four conditions in two people conversation,
that is: 1 A as speaker, B as hearer; 2 A as hearer, B as speaker; 3 A and B as speakers; and 4 A and B as hearers.
The basic mechanism of turn-taking system has two signs: the sign of speaker turn or turn yielding turn and attempt suppresing signal Duncan Fiske,
1977: 188-89 in T.P Wilson, et al. 1984. Turn-taking approach with sequential production adherents the
tradition of conversation analysis by Sacks et al. 1974. According to Sacks et al. 1974, turn-taking system has rule and procedure that is used by participants to
exchange their turn. So after the first speaker determines the end of his turn, the hearer side alternately take the chance to speak after that.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
