Lecture 4 001
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1
LECTURE 4
PRESENTED BY ARCH. S.M ESSENDI
FLOORS
CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS
definition
A concrete slab is a flat, rectangular and reinforced
concrete structure, which can be sized in its length and
width but is of a lesser depth, and used in the
construction of floors, roofs, bridge decks, etc.
DESIGN
A slab that is not supported by the ground ( grade level
slab) is referred to as a suspended slab.
These include slabs on floors higher than ground floor, and/
or slabs on ground level that are raised from the ground.
There are many designs, for suspended slabs. This is so, in
order to develop the ratio of its strength and weight. In all
the cases only the bottom side is changed/ profiled where as
the top surface is flat the types include: precast
( prefabricated/ offsite) slabs and castinsitu ( on site) slabs
CONSTRUCTION
The slabs could be:
i.
Prefabricated/precast, or
ii.
cast insitu.
Prefab slabs are made offsite in factories and then
transported to the site for placement while insitu
slabs are cast on site through use of formwork.
Once brought to site, prefabs are laid in place between
already built beams which could either be steel or
concrete
CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS
PREFABRICATED SLABS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Corrugated : concrete is discharged in a ridged tray
made of steel. It increases the strength of the slab
and stops the bending of the slab under its weight.
Ribbed slab: significant additional strength is given
in one direction.
Waffle slab: extra strength is given in both of the
directions.
Oneway slab, here the structural strength is given
in the shortest direction.
Twoway slab, here the structural strength is given
in two directions.
Hollow core slabs
PREFABRICATED SLABS
Waffle slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
corrugated slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
Ribbed slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
One way slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
Two way slab
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATED
CONSTRUCTION
Freedom to choose elements sizes without restrictions
Multiple use of individual formwork elements
Easy handling and laying without lifting equipment
CAST IN SITU SLABS
WALLS
DEFINITION
A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin
in proportion to its length and height built to provide
shelter as an external wall or to subdivide/ partition
houses into rooms as internal walls.
The core function of an external wall is to provide
shelter from rain, wind , sun and other elements of
weather.
Load bearing walls act as structural supports in
addition to screening while nonload bearing walls are
mainly partitions and only carry their own weight
WALL TYPES ( BASED ON CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUE)
Walls can be classified into two:
i.
Solid (masonry e.g brick, concrete block, and stone
and monolithic). Masonry walls are held together
using a binding material called mortar. If the
concrete block is one continuous mass, it is called a
monolithic wall.
ii.
Framed. A framed wall is build from many small
sections of timber, concrete or metal joint together to
achieve strength and rigidity.
WALL TYPESMASONRY
WALL TYPESFRAMED
WALL TYPES ( BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY)
Interior walls: can either be masonry or framed
External walls: both framed and masonry
Party walls: both framed and masonry
Retaining walls : mainly masonry
Boundary walls: both framed and masonry
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
The general requirements for walls may vary with
functionality and place of use. Generally, walls should
meet the following conditions:
Strength and stability
Resistance to weather and ground moisture
Durability and freedom from maintenance
Fire safety
Thermal control
Sound control ( acoustic viability)
security
WALL MATERIALS BRICK
Brick is obtained by burning scaled blocks of clay.
They can be hand made or machine made & wire cut
Walls made from bricks are good insulators, resistant
to fire, durable and cheap.
BONDING BRICK
bed
BONDING BRICK
The objective of bonding is to get the wall to work as a
single unit ( stiffen), through effective transfer of the
loading forces.
If one brick fails, the rest still act together in unity.
It also makes it possible to create openings in the wall
when bonding is properly executed.
The loads above the openings are transferred to the
sides via lintels.
BONDING BRICK
Stretcher bond
BONDING BRICK
Flemish bond: counters the monotony in stretcher bonds
However, it leads to loss of brick and additional cost
hence is expensive
BONDING BRICK
Header bond mostly considered unattractive
BONDING BRICK
Flemish bond header faces lie directly below and above
stretcher faces
BONDING BRICK
English bond header face lies directly at the center of a
stretcher face.
JOINTING & POINTING
Bricks are held together using mortar, which is
mixture of sand, cement and water.
Jointing is the word used to describe the mortar joint
finish in fairface brickwork. Although used
interchangeably with pointing, the latter refers to the
actual finish given to the joint as an appearance
enhancer or weather guard.
JOINTING & POINTING
Any of the joints below can be used both for pointing
and jointing.
ASSIGNMENT
On a scale of 1:50, draw a well annotated section
through a two story house clearly showing the
foundation and roof structure. The section must show
at least one of the windows in the wall.
LECTURE 4
PRESENTED BY ARCH. S.M ESSENDI
FLOORS
CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS
definition
A concrete slab is a flat, rectangular and reinforced
concrete structure, which can be sized in its length and
width but is of a lesser depth, and used in the
construction of floors, roofs, bridge decks, etc.
DESIGN
A slab that is not supported by the ground ( grade level
slab) is referred to as a suspended slab.
These include slabs on floors higher than ground floor, and/
or slabs on ground level that are raised from the ground.
There are many designs, for suspended slabs. This is so, in
order to develop the ratio of its strength and weight. In all
the cases only the bottom side is changed/ profiled where as
the top surface is flat the types include: precast
( prefabricated/ offsite) slabs and castinsitu ( on site) slabs
CONSTRUCTION
The slabs could be:
i.
Prefabricated/precast, or
ii.
cast insitu.
Prefab slabs are made offsite in factories and then
transported to the site for placement while insitu
slabs are cast on site through use of formwork.
Once brought to site, prefabs are laid in place between
already built beams which could either be steel or
concrete
CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS
PREFABRICATED SLABS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Corrugated : concrete is discharged in a ridged tray
made of steel. It increases the strength of the slab
and stops the bending of the slab under its weight.
Ribbed slab: significant additional strength is given
in one direction.
Waffle slab: extra strength is given in both of the
directions.
Oneway slab, here the structural strength is given
in the shortest direction.
Twoway slab, here the structural strength is given
in two directions.
Hollow core slabs
PREFABRICATED SLABS
Waffle slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
corrugated slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
Ribbed slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
One way slab
PREFABRICATED SLABS
Two way slab
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATED
CONSTRUCTION
Freedom to choose elements sizes without restrictions
Multiple use of individual formwork elements
Easy handling and laying without lifting equipment
CAST IN SITU SLABS
WALLS
DEFINITION
A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin
in proportion to its length and height built to provide
shelter as an external wall or to subdivide/ partition
houses into rooms as internal walls.
The core function of an external wall is to provide
shelter from rain, wind , sun and other elements of
weather.
Load bearing walls act as structural supports in
addition to screening while nonload bearing walls are
mainly partitions and only carry their own weight
WALL TYPES ( BASED ON CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUE)
Walls can be classified into two:
i.
Solid (masonry e.g brick, concrete block, and stone
and monolithic). Masonry walls are held together
using a binding material called mortar. If the
concrete block is one continuous mass, it is called a
monolithic wall.
ii.
Framed. A framed wall is build from many small
sections of timber, concrete or metal joint together to
achieve strength and rigidity.
WALL TYPESMASONRY
WALL TYPESFRAMED
WALL TYPES ( BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY)
Interior walls: can either be masonry or framed
External walls: both framed and masonry
Party walls: both framed and masonry
Retaining walls : mainly masonry
Boundary walls: both framed and masonry
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
The general requirements for walls may vary with
functionality and place of use. Generally, walls should
meet the following conditions:
Strength and stability
Resistance to weather and ground moisture
Durability and freedom from maintenance
Fire safety
Thermal control
Sound control ( acoustic viability)
security
WALL MATERIALS BRICK
Brick is obtained by burning scaled blocks of clay.
They can be hand made or machine made & wire cut
Walls made from bricks are good insulators, resistant
to fire, durable and cheap.
BONDING BRICK
bed
BONDING BRICK
The objective of bonding is to get the wall to work as a
single unit ( stiffen), through effective transfer of the
loading forces.
If one brick fails, the rest still act together in unity.
It also makes it possible to create openings in the wall
when bonding is properly executed.
The loads above the openings are transferred to the
sides via lintels.
BONDING BRICK
Stretcher bond
BONDING BRICK
Flemish bond: counters the monotony in stretcher bonds
However, it leads to loss of brick and additional cost
hence is expensive
BONDING BRICK
Header bond mostly considered unattractive
BONDING BRICK
Flemish bond header faces lie directly below and above
stretcher faces
BONDING BRICK
English bond header face lies directly at the center of a
stretcher face.
JOINTING & POINTING
Bricks are held together using mortar, which is
mixture of sand, cement and water.
Jointing is the word used to describe the mortar joint
finish in fairface brickwork. Although used
interchangeably with pointing, the latter refers to the
actual finish given to the joint as an appearance
enhancer or weather guard.
JOINTING & POINTING
Any of the joints below can be used both for pointing
and jointing.
ASSIGNMENT
On a scale of 1:50, draw a well annotated section
through a two story house clearly showing the
foundation and roof structure. The section must show
at least one of the windows in the wall.