35 Jongo
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.8
0.0 0.0
0.1 Paralysis
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.8
0.0 0.0
0.1 Polio
0.0 0.0
0.8 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.1 Undiagnosed disease
0.8 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.1 Yabisi
0.0 0.8
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.1
1
Note: these percentages indicate incidence of disease in the total number of interviewed households by site n = 122, 132, 122, 133, 121 and 119, respectively. Since the incidence is for the entire household,
there could be households with multiple diseases or members affected by the same sickness.
2
The prevalence of HIV reported should be taken with caution. While preparing the survey, some team members maintained that people would not report HIV sickness in the household, in part because many do
not know that they are infected and also due to the social stigma that if often associated with the disease. Judging by the survey responses, this suggestion seems to have been correct, given the few households
reporting that they were affected by HIV in the past year. For Tanzania as a whole, the prevalence of HIV among people between 15-49 years old was estimated at 7.8 in 2002 Population Reference Bureau,
2003. When households are the sampling unit, as in our survey, this prevalence should be even higher.
Drinking Water
Most households in our survey obtained water from protected sources, such as piped water or protected springs and wells, especially in Tanga and Unguja sites Table 13 and Figure 2.
Comparing with NBS 2002 results, piped water was less common than in rural Tanzania 22 v. 28. However, this difference seems to be more than compensated by a greater availability of
protected springs and wells 44 v.18.
Also, the NBS 2002 reports that 53 of rural Tanzanian households use an unprotected source of drinking water, including unprotected wells and springs and surface water such as rivers and
lakes. All of our survey sites had lower percentages of unprotected water source use, except for Mafia Island. In Mafia Island, drinking water was mostly obtained from unprotected wells 49
as well as other sources, such as rain harvest 12 or has to be fetched from other places 6. The scarcity of water on this island seems to be a major limitation for its residents.
During focus groups, nine villages reported that some or all of the villagers had to walk more than 1.5 kilometers to collect water between 1.5 and 8 kilometers. During village leader focus
groups, 12 villages reported having water problems shortages during the dry season, which forced them to buy water during this period. For example, in Songo-Songo, village leaders reported that
they have to buy water for 150-200 Tshliter.
Another major water problem reported in four villages was water contamination Table 14. Some villages reported that the water becomes contaminated with cholera during the rainy season
whereas others stated that their well water becomes salty during the dry season or is salty year- round.
Table 13. Source of drinking water percent
Tanga Coastal
Zone Mafia
Island Kilwa
District Menai
Bay Jozani-
Chwaka Bay
Misali Island
Pemba Total
Rural Tanz.
1
Piped water 31.1
0.8 0.0
72.9 18.0
5.0 21.9
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