CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN NINIT YUNITA'S TEST PACK
CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN NINIT YUNITA'S
TEST PACK
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Particular Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One Degree
By:
SEFT A AFRIYANTI
103026027632
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2007
APPROVAL SHEET
CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN NINIT YUNITA'S
TEST PACK
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Particular Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One Deg:ree
By:
SEFT A AFRIYANTI
103026027632
Approved by:
Advisor
Dr. Muhamm·
rkhan M.Pd
N . 150 299 480
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SY ARIF HIDA YATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2007
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled "Code Switching and Code Mixing in Ninit Yunita's Test
Pack" has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty's Examination
Committee on November 28, 2007. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Strata One Degree.
Jakarta, 28 November 2007
Examining Committee
Secretary
Chief
ｾ＠
Dr. 11. Abdul Chair MA
NIP. 150 216 746
ｾ＠
/t1Aftl JW
Ors. A. Saefuddin. M. Pd
NIP.150261 902
Members
Examiner I
Examiner II
Elve Oktafivani S.S. M.1-Ium
NIP.150 3!7 725
Zaharil Anasv S .Pd
NIP.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent ha:s been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in text.
Jakarta, 28 November 2007
Sefta Afriyanti
ABSTRACT
Sefta Afriyanti. Code Switching and Code Mixing in Ninit Yum'ta 's Test Pack.
English Letters Department, Faculty of Adah and Humanities, State Islamic
University SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta. November 2007.
This research is aimed to know code switching and code mixing problem that
appears in the conversation of the novel. It also aims to know the functions and the
types of code switching and code mixing that happens in novel.
In this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method where she
analyzes, finds out and classifies the code switching and code mixing. Then, from
those result, the writer concludes what the types and function of code switching and
code mixing.
The unit analysis of this research is Test Pack by Ninit Yunita. Actually, there
are many cases of code switching and code mixing in that novel, but the writer just
takes only twenty one character's dialogs. And the instruments of the research, the
writer use herself as the main instrument. Being informed with the theories, the writer
tries to identify and group the language used by the character that is considered as
code switching and code mixing.
The result of analysis shows that the twenty one cases of code switching and
the nine cases of code mixing accounted base on the frequency of word, clause, and
phrase from another language (English).
The types of code switching, in this novel there are twenty data identified as
metaphorical switching, because in all dialog of data ther·e are any changes of
situation, topic, or participants. In the other data there is one data is identified as
situational switching. The switches of those data happen because the second speaker
changes the topic. There are only five functions in this novel. The five functions are:
first, distancing; second, redefinition of a situation has already been mentioned; third,
to soften or strengthen request or command; fourth, humorous effect or to indicate
that a referentially derogatory comment is not to be taken seriously; the last is lexical
need.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, praise belong to Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful of
the world, the Lord of the Universe for all chance has been given to observe His
world with full of guidance and aid to pass it through. May peace and blessing of
Allah be upon the messenger of Allah, Muhammad SAViT, his family and his
companions.
On this occasion, the writer would like to thank beloved parents who have
given her their spiritual support and full-financial during her study and the process of
making the paper.
Thanks to the most meaningful persons, that the writer assures for this work
would not finish without their. aid and supports. Therefore, the writer would like to
thank:
I. Dr. H. Abdul Chair MA, the Dean of the Faculty of Adah and Humanities Syarif
Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta.
2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department, the
academic advisor and the guidance counselor of this study, and Drs. A.
Saefuddin, M.Pd, the secretary of the English Letters Depa:rtment.
3. Her parents H. Moch. Syaffei'e and Hj. Tien Rustinah, the perfect parents she
had, who always give their ever lasting cares, their contribution, and moral
encouragement that they always give to the writer. Her beloved brother Adi
Moch. Rustamaji. who are always her best hero and never gives up supporting her
to finishing this paper.
4. All lecturers in the English Letters Department, and all the staffs of Adab and
Humanities Faculty.
5. The staffs of the Adah and Humanities Library, the s.taffs of State Islamic
University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Library, the staffs of Indonesian
University Library, the staffs Atma Jaya Library for all reforences of this study.
6. Her special person, Ihenk who always spends his time to accompany the writer in
doing this paper and also for patience that you gave to the v11Iiter.
7. Masduki, S.Pd and family for all love and support.
8. All staff and teachers in Keraton Nurul Amal for all support.
9. Her friends Dini thanks for the idea, Ununy, Zack, Abadi, Angga, Heri, Acep,
Rizal, Yuni, Dhany, Faris, and all names who are not mentiioned in this paper.
The words are not enough to say any appreciation for your help and
contribution on this paper. May Allah, the Almighty bless tlb.em all and give them
happiness.
Jakarta, 28 November 2007
The Writer
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVEMENT ...........................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ..........................................................................................
n
DECLARATION ............................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT .••..•..•.••..•.....•.••....•....•.•..•.......•..•.••.•..•.••.••.•......•.•..•.•.•..•.••.•.•.•.••••
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..............................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ...................................................
1
B. Focus of the Study.............................................................
5
C. Research Question .............................................................
5
D. Significance of the Study ..................................................
6
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of Research ..........................................
6
2. The Method of Research .............................................
6
3. The Approach of Research ..........................................
7
4. The Instrument of Research ........................................
7
5. Unit Analysis ................................................................
7
6. Place and Time of Research ........................................
8
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Language .....................................................................
9
B. Bilingualism and Multilingualism
1. Bilingualism ....................................... ....................
12
2. Multilingualism ·································"····················
15
C. Definition of Code Switching and Code Mixing ...........
17
D. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing .................
18
E. Functions of Code Switching and Code Mixing ...........
21
CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS
A. Data Description . .. .... ..... ... .... .... .. .... ..... .... ............... .....
25
B. Data Analysis ...............................................................
29
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ......................................... ..... ...... ...............
49
B. Suggestion ...................................................................
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................
54
APPENDICES
i;1iit
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is not simply a means of communicating information about the
weather or any other subjects. It is also a very important means of establishing and
maintaining relationships among people. Probably the most important thing about the
conversation between two people is not the words they are using, but the fact that
they are talking at all.
Communication is used in a process of sending and receiving information
signals or message by gesture or writing. Language plays a great part in our life.
Perhaps because of its familiarity, we rarely observe it and take it for granted, as we
do breathing or walking.
According to Harimurti Kridalaksana as quoted by Kentjono, "bahasa adalah
sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer yang dipergnnakan oleh para anggota kelompok
sosial untuk beke1jasama, berkomunikasi, dan mengidentifilca>likan diri" (Language is
an arbitrary vocal symbol used by human being for cooperation, communication and
identification of human being himself). 1 In other definition, bahasa adalah alat
komunikasi antara anggota masyarakat berupa simbol bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat
1
Djoko Kentjono, Dasar-Dasar Linguistik Umum, {Jakarta: Ui, 2002) p. 2
2
ucap manusia. (Language is communication between the societies in the form of
sound symbol produced by human organ of speech). 2
A language then would be some unitary system of linguistic communication
which subsumes a number of mutual intelligible varieties. 3 We may also refer to a
language or a variety of a language as a code because it is neutral. Code can refer to
any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. It can
actually be used for a system used by a single person, as when someone devises a
private code to protect certain secrets. The particular dialect or language one chooses
to use on any occasion is a code, a system used for communi.cation between two or
more parties.
Within each community there is a variety of language codes and ways of
speaking available to its members, which is called communicative repertoire. By this
communicative repertoire people can have free language choice variation. The
communicative repertoire may also include different occupational codes specialized
religious language, secret codes of various kinds, imitative speech, and whistle or
drum language, and varieties used for talking to foreigners, young children, and pets.4
Fasold in his book says that speakers have a choice among language varieties.
This choice may be between one language or another, depending on the situation
2
Gorys Keraf, Komposisi, (Ende: Nusa lndah, 1994) p. 1
3
Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to s;ciolinguistics, (Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2002),
4"' Ed, p. 29
4
Muriel Saville Troike, The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, (Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, 1986) p. 51
3
called by code switching, people can also use elements from one language while
speaking another; this is called code mixing or among the myriad variants within a
single-language system. 5 Furthermore, he suggests one criterion that is sometimes
offered to distinguish switching from mixing is that grammar of the clause determines
the language. If a person uses a word or phrase from another language, he has mixed,
not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical structure of one language and the
next is constructed according to the grammar of another, a switch has occurred. 6
Heller's have researched code switching in Montreal between English and
France. Blom and Gumperz have researched code switching in Hemnesberget society
in Norway in 1972. They use a local northern dialect of Norwegian, Ranamal, and
one of the standard varieties, Bokmal. 7 Generally, the research of code switching and
code mixing which have done by many sociolinguistics are focused on the spoken
language. They found cases of code switching and mixing in bilingual conversation
between the people who can speak more than one language.
When many members of society can speak more than one language, switching
between two or more languages in the same conversation is a common phenomenon.
People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. People are usually
forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to Sp(:ak and they may also
decide to switch from one code to another or to mix code. 111e code we choose to use
5
Ralph Fasold, The Sociolinguistics ofSociety, (UK: Basil Blackwdl, i 984) p. 208
6
Ibid., p. 182
7
Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. cit, p. 104
4
on a particular occasion is likely to indicate how we wish to be viewed by others and
code switching and mixing may be very useful. A speaker may similarly switch to
another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an
addressee. Even speakers who are not very proficient in a second language may use
brief phrases and words for this purpose.
The characteristic of code mixing marked by the relationship between the role
and the language function, the role means who is using the language, while the
language function means what is the aim wanted by the speaker with the speech. The
other characteristics are the relaxation or informal situation. r better or worse. till death do us part is only history. Sekarang
mas Jacky meninggalkan saya. He doesn't remember the d(fV when
we (ell in love. Mavbe what he said is true, love is not enough to
make him stav." (p. 175 line 19)
18. Tata
. : "Semalcm saya tclepon kamu ... wonderin'i{ siapa perempuan yang
tidur di tempat tidur kita ... now I know who she is ... Sinta kan,
Kang?" (p. 189 line 24)
28
19. Dian
: "Tapi kan Ta, vou were the one who let/ him.'' (p. 194 line 8)
20. Kakang
: Gue dan Tata masih melakukan ha! yang sruna, meskipun Tata tidak
bisa hamil karena keadaan gue. Tata akhirnya pu!ang ke rumah.
Dunia gue kembali berputar. Burung kembali: berkicau dan rumput
kemba!i bergoy ... well, the point is: everything is back to normal. We
do things like we used to do.. Termasuk hal yang satu ini,
penyerbukan. (p. 219 line 9)
21. Tata
: Pasangan lain mungkin dikaruniai sesuatu yang sempurna dengan
memiliki anak. But in fact, tanpa memiliki anak tidak menghalangi
gua untuk bahagia bersama kakang. Bahkan I love him and more
karena ketabahan dia dalam menjalani hidup. (p. 224 line 18)
The writer uses McLaughlin's criteria to differentiate which dialogs use code
switching and which dialogs use code mixing, identifies the type of code switching
and mixing using Blom and Gumperz's theories, and identifies the functions of code
switching using Saville-Troike's theories. The writer also 1;ses other supporting
theory related to code-switching and mixing that relevance.
29
B. Data Analysis
In this sub chapter, the writer analyzes the character's dialogs which use code
switching and code mixing. The characters of this novel are: Arista Natadiningrat
(Tata), Rahmal Natadiningrat (Kakang), Dian (Tata's best friend), Mr. Jacky
Sombrero and Mrs. Ratna (Tata's client). The writer gives the number of data 1 until
data 21 to separate between one situation from other situation.
Data I
This is one statement when Tata writes in her diary that she really wants to
give Kakang a baby. (p. 6)
Tata
: Okc ... Kakang mungkin gak pusing dengan keadaan gua yang belum
hamil juga. He said he loves me million times which I think that's so
sweel©. As I wrole above, I love him so much thal' 's whv l want to give
him a babv. (dia bilang kalau dia mencintai gua be:rjuta kali di mana gua
berpikir kalau itu sangat manis. Seperti yang gua tu1lis di atas, gua sangat
mencintai dia dan itulah sebabnya gua ingin membeii dia seorang bayi.)
Analysis:
Based on McLaughlin theories about code switching and code mixing, Tata
uses code switching, because her statement uses Indonesian language until the word
''.juga", then in the next clause she switches her language to English until the word
"baby".
30
Tata docs not change the topic; the situation (setting, formality level, and
intimate level) does not change. So this statement uses metaphorical switching.
Based on Saville-Troike theories, Tata switches both languages to strengthen the
topic that she really wants to give Kakang a baby.
Data 2:
The dialog happens between Kakang and Tata. In this dialog, they are
discussing about Tata's plan to adopt a child. (p. 11)
Tata
: "Bayi tabung? Tapi itu bukannya mahal, Kang? Atau kamu mulai
mikirin kemungkinan kita ngadopsi anak? Atau sebelum itu, kita
ngerawat anak siapaaa gitu Kang? Katanya bisa bu.at 'pancingan' Joh."
Kakang : "Pancingan? We 're talking about starting a..Jjj'mi/y here (disini kita
bicara soal memulai suatu keluarga), Neng. Not Fishing (Bukan
Memancing)."
Analysis:
Kakang uses Indonesian language "pancingan?" in his statement, then he
switches his language to English. Based on McLaughlin criteria about code switching
and code mixing, Kakang uses code switching in this dialog.
This dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, because they talks in one
situation (setting, have intimate relationship, and in informal conversation). The topic
of their conversation does not change. There is any other participant who has the
31
same language skill, age level, and social-economic level while they discuss about
that topic.
The function of code switching in this dialog is to indicate that a referentially
derogatory comment is not to be taken seriously. Tata wants to tell that she wants to
adopt a child, not about fishing.
Data 3:
This is one statement when Tata having lunch with her friend, Dian. And they
meet Dian's friend. Then they are talking about their children. (p. 29)
Tata
: Obrolan mereka tentang anak kembali berlanjut. Tentang baju anak.
Tentang kamaval. Tentang gigi anak yang barn tanggal. Tentang
1m1kannn kcsukm111 si sulung.
Gua hanya bisa tersenyum dan mengangguk tidak mengerti ketika
mereka membicarakan semua itu. I feel like a s(ranger. (gua merasa
seperti orang asing)
Analysis:
This statement is identified as code switching, because in the first sentence
she uses Indonesian language, then she switches to English. Based on Blom and
Gumperz's theories, this statement is identified as metaphorical switching, because it
happens in one setting, in the informal situation. The topic of conversation does not
change either when they talk about their children.
32
One of twelve function of code switching by
ｓ｡ｶｩｬｾＭｔｲｯｫ･＠
is distancing
because Tata was not comfortable with the situation. She has not a capacity to speak
about baby since she could not get pregnant yet.
Data4:
This is Kakang's statement when he thinks that he makes her wife sad
because he can not give what his wife wants. (p. 41)
Kakang : Melihat seseorang yang sangat gue sayang lahir batin sedih dan sakit
membuat gue sebagai suarni larnbat laun mulai berpikir bahwa memiliki
anak is not the most important thing in our marriage. (bnkan ha! yang
terpenting dalarn pernikahan kita)
Analysis:
This statement is identified as code mixing from Indonesian language to
English when he tells "is not the most important thing in orur marriage". Based on
Blom and Gumperz' s theories, this statement is identified as metaphorical switching,
because the situation (setting, formality level, and intimate level), topic, or participant
(language skill, age level, and social-economic status) do not changes in this
statement.
This switch functions to strengthen his opinion that having a child is not the
important thing.
33
Data 5:
The dialog happens between Kakang and Tata when sb.e makes new rule in
their home that Kakang is not allowed to smoke in their home. (p. 52)
Kakang : ""Neng, ini apa?" Gue menunjuk kertas yang Tata tempelkan di lemari
kamar.
: "Peraturan baru," jawab Tata santai.
Tata
Kakang : Yes my beautiful wife, I know exactly what it is. (Iya istri ku yang
cantik
TEST PACK
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Particular Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One Degree
By:
SEFT A AFRIYANTI
103026027632
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2007
APPROVAL SHEET
CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN NINIT YUNITA'S
TEST PACK
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Particular Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One Deg:ree
By:
SEFT A AFRIYANTI
103026027632
Approved by:
Advisor
Dr. Muhamm·
rkhan M.Pd
N . 150 299 480
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SY ARIF HIDA YATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2007
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled "Code Switching and Code Mixing in Ninit Yunita's Test
Pack" has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty's Examination
Committee on November 28, 2007. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Strata One Degree.
Jakarta, 28 November 2007
Examining Committee
Secretary
Chief
ｾ＠
Dr. 11. Abdul Chair MA
NIP. 150 216 746
ｾ＠
/t1Aftl JW
Ors. A. Saefuddin. M. Pd
NIP.150261 902
Members
Examiner I
Examiner II
Elve Oktafivani S.S. M.1-Ium
NIP.150 3!7 725
Zaharil Anasv S .Pd
NIP.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent ha:s been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in text.
Jakarta, 28 November 2007
Sefta Afriyanti
ABSTRACT
Sefta Afriyanti. Code Switching and Code Mixing in Ninit Yum'ta 's Test Pack.
English Letters Department, Faculty of Adah and Humanities, State Islamic
University SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta. November 2007.
This research is aimed to know code switching and code mixing problem that
appears in the conversation of the novel. It also aims to know the functions and the
types of code switching and code mixing that happens in novel.
In this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method where she
analyzes, finds out and classifies the code switching and code mixing. Then, from
those result, the writer concludes what the types and function of code switching and
code mixing.
The unit analysis of this research is Test Pack by Ninit Yunita. Actually, there
are many cases of code switching and code mixing in that novel, but the writer just
takes only twenty one character's dialogs. And the instruments of the research, the
writer use herself as the main instrument. Being informed with the theories, the writer
tries to identify and group the language used by the character that is considered as
code switching and code mixing.
The result of analysis shows that the twenty one cases of code switching and
the nine cases of code mixing accounted base on the frequency of word, clause, and
phrase from another language (English).
The types of code switching, in this novel there are twenty data identified as
metaphorical switching, because in all dialog of data ther·e are any changes of
situation, topic, or participants. In the other data there is one data is identified as
situational switching. The switches of those data happen because the second speaker
changes the topic. There are only five functions in this novel. The five functions are:
first, distancing; second, redefinition of a situation has already been mentioned; third,
to soften or strengthen request or command; fourth, humorous effect or to indicate
that a referentially derogatory comment is not to be taken seriously; the last is lexical
need.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, praise belong to Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful of
the world, the Lord of the Universe for all chance has been given to observe His
world with full of guidance and aid to pass it through. May peace and blessing of
Allah be upon the messenger of Allah, Muhammad SAViT, his family and his
companions.
On this occasion, the writer would like to thank beloved parents who have
given her their spiritual support and full-financial during her study and the process of
making the paper.
Thanks to the most meaningful persons, that the writer assures for this work
would not finish without their. aid and supports. Therefore, the writer would like to
thank:
I. Dr. H. Abdul Chair MA, the Dean of the Faculty of Adah and Humanities Syarif
Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta.
2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department, the
academic advisor and the guidance counselor of this study, and Drs. A.
Saefuddin, M.Pd, the secretary of the English Letters Depa:rtment.
3. Her parents H. Moch. Syaffei'e and Hj. Tien Rustinah, the perfect parents she
had, who always give their ever lasting cares, their contribution, and moral
encouragement that they always give to the writer. Her beloved brother Adi
Moch. Rustamaji. who are always her best hero and never gives up supporting her
to finishing this paper.
4. All lecturers in the English Letters Department, and all the staffs of Adab and
Humanities Faculty.
5. The staffs of the Adah and Humanities Library, the s.taffs of State Islamic
University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Library, the staffs of Indonesian
University Library, the staffs Atma Jaya Library for all reforences of this study.
6. Her special person, Ihenk who always spends his time to accompany the writer in
doing this paper and also for patience that you gave to the v11Iiter.
7. Masduki, S.Pd and family for all love and support.
8. All staff and teachers in Keraton Nurul Amal for all support.
9. Her friends Dini thanks for the idea, Ununy, Zack, Abadi, Angga, Heri, Acep,
Rizal, Yuni, Dhany, Faris, and all names who are not mentiioned in this paper.
The words are not enough to say any appreciation for your help and
contribution on this paper. May Allah, the Almighty bless tlb.em all and give them
happiness.
Jakarta, 28 November 2007
The Writer
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVEMENT ...........................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ..........................................................................................
n
DECLARATION ............................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT .••..•..•.••..•.....•.••....•....•.•..•.......•..•.••.•..•.••.••.•......•.•..•.•.•..•.••.•.•.•.••••
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..............................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ...................................................
1
B. Focus of the Study.............................................................
5
C. Research Question .............................................................
5
D. Significance of the Study ..................................................
6
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of Research ..........................................
6
2. The Method of Research .............................................
6
3. The Approach of Research ..........................................
7
4. The Instrument of Research ........................................
7
5. Unit Analysis ................................................................
7
6. Place and Time of Research ........................................
8
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Language .....................................................................
9
B. Bilingualism and Multilingualism
1. Bilingualism ....................................... ....................
12
2. Multilingualism ·································"····················
15
C. Definition of Code Switching and Code Mixing ...........
17
D. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing .................
18
E. Functions of Code Switching and Code Mixing ...........
21
CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS
A. Data Description . .. .... ..... ... .... .... .. .... ..... .... ............... .....
25
B. Data Analysis ...............................................................
29
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ......................................... ..... ...... ...............
49
B. Suggestion ...................................................................
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................
54
APPENDICES
i;1iit
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is not simply a means of communicating information about the
weather or any other subjects. It is also a very important means of establishing and
maintaining relationships among people. Probably the most important thing about the
conversation between two people is not the words they are using, but the fact that
they are talking at all.
Communication is used in a process of sending and receiving information
signals or message by gesture or writing. Language plays a great part in our life.
Perhaps because of its familiarity, we rarely observe it and take it for granted, as we
do breathing or walking.
According to Harimurti Kridalaksana as quoted by Kentjono, "bahasa adalah
sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer yang dipergnnakan oleh para anggota kelompok
sosial untuk beke1jasama, berkomunikasi, dan mengidentifilca>likan diri" (Language is
an arbitrary vocal symbol used by human being for cooperation, communication and
identification of human being himself). 1 In other definition, bahasa adalah alat
komunikasi antara anggota masyarakat berupa simbol bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat
1
Djoko Kentjono, Dasar-Dasar Linguistik Umum, {Jakarta: Ui, 2002) p. 2
2
ucap manusia. (Language is communication between the societies in the form of
sound symbol produced by human organ of speech). 2
A language then would be some unitary system of linguistic communication
which subsumes a number of mutual intelligible varieties. 3 We may also refer to a
language or a variety of a language as a code because it is neutral. Code can refer to
any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. It can
actually be used for a system used by a single person, as when someone devises a
private code to protect certain secrets. The particular dialect or language one chooses
to use on any occasion is a code, a system used for communi.cation between two or
more parties.
Within each community there is a variety of language codes and ways of
speaking available to its members, which is called communicative repertoire. By this
communicative repertoire people can have free language choice variation. The
communicative repertoire may also include different occupational codes specialized
religious language, secret codes of various kinds, imitative speech, and whistle or
drum language, and varieties used for talking to foreigners, young children, and pets.4
Fasold in his book says that speakers have a choice among language varieties.
This choice may be between one language or another, depending on the situation
2
Gorys Keraf, Komposisi, (Ende: Nusa lndah, 1994) p. 1
3
Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to s;ciolinguistics, (Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2002),
4"' Ed, p. 29
4
Muriel Saville Troike, The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, (Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, 1986) p. 51
3
called by code switching, people can also use elements from one language while
speaking another; this is called code mixing or among the myriad variants within a
single-language system. 5 Furthermore, he suggests one criterion that is sometimes
offered to distinguish switching from mixing is that grammar of the clause determines
the language. If a person uses a word or phrase from another language, he has mixed,
not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical structure of one language and the
next is constructed according to the grammar of another, a switch has occurred. 6
Heller's have researched code switching in Montreal between English and
France. Blom and Gumperz have researched code switching in Hemnesberget society
in Norway in 1972. They use a local northern dialect of Norwegian, Ranamal, and
one of the standard varieties, Bokmal. 7 Generally, the research of code switching and
code mixing which have done by many sociolinguistics are focused on the spoken
language. They found cases of code switching and mixing in bilingual conversation
between the people who can speak more than one language.
When many members of society can speak more than one language, switching
between two or more languages in the same conversation is a common phenomenon.
People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. People are usually
forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to Sp(:ak and they may also
decide to switch from one code to another or to mix code. 111e code we choose to use
5
Ralph Fasold, The Sociolinguistics ofSociety, (UK: Basil Blackwdl, i 984) p. 208
6
Ibid., p. 182
7
Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. cit, p. 104
4
on a particular occasion is likely to indicate how we wish to be viewed by others and
code switching and mixing may be very useful. A speaker may similarly switch to
another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an
addressee. Even speakers who are not very proficient in a second language may use
brief phrases and words for this purpose.
The characteristic of code mixing marked by the relationship between the role
and the language function, the role means who is using the language, while the
language function means what is the aim wanted by the speaker with the speech. The
other characteristics are the relaxation or informal situation. r better or worse. till death do us part is only history. Sekarang
mas Jacky meninggalkan saya. He doesn't remember the d(fV when
we (ell in love. Mavbe what he said is true, love is not enough to
make him stav." (p. 175 line 19)
18. Tata
. : "Semalcm saya tclepon kamu ... wonderin'i{ siapa perempuan yang
tidur di tempat tidur kita ... now I know who she is ... Sinta kan,
Kang?" (p. 189 line 24)
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19. Dian
: "Tapi kan Ta, vou were the one who let/ him.'' (p. 194 line 8)
20. Kakang
: Gue dan Tata masih melakukan ha! yang sruna, meskipun Tata tidak
bisa hamil karena keadaan gue. Tata akhirnya pu!ang ke rumah.
Dunia gue kembali berputar. Burung kembali: berkicau dan rumput
kemba!i bergoy ... well, the point is: everything is back to normal. We
do things like we used to do.. Termasuk hal yang satu ini,
penyerbukan. (p. 219 line 9)
21. Tata
: Pasangan lain mungkin dikaruniai sesuatu yang sempurna dengan
memiliki anak. But in fact, tanpa memiliki anak tidak menghalangi
gua untuk bahagia bersama kakang. Bahkan I love him and more
karena ketabahan dia dalam menjalani hidup. (p. 224 line 18)
The writer uses McLaughlin's criteria to differentiate which dialogs use code
switching and which dialogs use code mixing, identifies the type of code switching
and mixing using Blom and Gumperz's theories, and identifies the functions of code
switching using Saville-Troike's theories. The writer also 1;ses other supporting
theory related to code-switching and mixing that relevance.
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B. Data Analysis
In this sub chapter, the writer analyzes the character's dialogs which use code
switching and code mixing. The characters of this novel are: Arista Natadiningrat
(Tata), Rahmal Natadiningrat (Kakang), Dian (Tata's best friend), Mr. Jacky
Sombrero and Mrs. Ratna (Tata's client). The writer gives the number of data 1 until
data 21 to separate between one situation from other situation.
Data I
This is one statement when Tata writes in her diary that she really wants to
give Kakang a baby. (p. 6)
Tata
: Okc ... Kakang mungkin gak pusing dengan keadaan gua yang belum
hamil juga. He said he loves me million times which I think that's so
sweel©. As I wrole above, I love him so much thal' 's whv l want to give
him a babv. (dia bilang kalau dia mencintai gua be:rjuta kali di mana gua
berpikir kalau itu sangat manis. Seperti yang gua tu1lis di atas, gua sangat
mencintai dia dan itulah sebabnya gua ingin membeii dia seorang bayi.)
Analysis:
Based on McLaughlin theories about code switching and code mixing, Tata
uses code switching, because her statement uses Indonesian language until the word
''.juga", then in the next clause she switches her language to English until the word
"baby".
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Tata docs not change the topic; the situation (setting, formality level, and
intimate level) does not change. So this statement uses metaphorical switching.
Based on Saville-Troike theories, Tata switches both languages to strengthen the
topic that she really wants to give Kakang a baby.
Data 2:
The dialog happens between Kakang and Tata. In this dialog, they are
discussing about Tata's plan to adopt a child. (p. 11)
Tata
: "Bayi tabung? Tapi itu bukannya mahal, Kang? Atau kamu mulai
mikirin kemungkinan kita ngadopsi anak? Atau sebelum itu, kita
ngerawat anak siapaaa gitu Kang? Katanya bisa bu.at 'pancingan' Joh."
Kakang : "Pancingan? We 're talking about starting a..Jjj'mi/y here (disini kita
bicara soal memulai suatu keluarga), Neng. Not Fishing (Bukan
Memancing)."
Analysis:
Kakang uses Indonesian language "pancingan?" in his statement, then he
switches his language to English. Based on McLaughlin criteria about code switching
and code mixing, Kakang uses code switching in this dialog.
This dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, because they talks in one
situation (setting, have intimate relationship, and in informal conversation). The topic
of their conversation does not change. There is any other participant who has the
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same language skill, age level, and social-economic level while they discuss about
that topic.
The function of code switching in this dialog is to indicate that a referentially
derogatory comment is not to be taken seriously. Tata wants to tell that she wants to
adopt a child, not about fishing.
Data 3:
This is one statement when Tata having lunch with her friend, Dian. And they
meet Dian's friend. Then they are talking about their children. (p. 29)
Tata
: Obrolan mereka tentang anak kembali berlanjut. Tentang baju anak.
Tentang kamaval. Tentang gigi anak yang barn tanggal. Tentang
1m1kannn kcsukm111 si sulung.
Gua hanya bisa tersenyum dan mengangguk tidak mengerti ketika
mereka membicarakan semua itu. I feel like a s(ranger. (gua merasa
seperti orang asing)
Analysis:
This statement is identified as code switching, because in the first sentence
she uses Indonesian language, then she switches to English. Based on Blom and
Gumperz's theories, this statement is identified as metaphorical switching, because it
happens in one setting, in the informal situation. The topic of conversation does not
change either when they talk about their children.
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One of twelve function of code switching by
ｓ｡ｶｩｬｾＭｔｲｯｫ･＠
is distancing
because Tata was not comfortable with the situation. She has not a capacity to speak
about baby since she could not get pregnant yet.
Data4:
This is Kakang's statement when he thinks that he makes her wife sad
because he can not give what his wife wants. (p. 41)
Kakang : Melihat seseorang yang sangat gue sayang lahir batin sedih dan sakit
membuat gue sebagai suarni larnbat laun mulai berpikir bahwa memiliki
anak is not the most important thing in our marriage. (bnkan ha! yang
terpenting dalarn pernikahan kita)
Analysis:
This statement is identified as code mixing from Indonesian language to
English when he tells "is not the most important thing in orur marriage". Based on
Blom and Gumperz' s theories, this statement is identified as metaphorical switching,
because the situation (setting, formality level, and intimate level), topic, or participant
(language skill, age level, and social-economic status) do not changes in this
statement.
This switch functions to strengthen his opinion that having a child is not the
important thing.
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Data 5:
The dialog happens between Kakang and Tata when sb.e makes new rule in
their home that Kakang is not allowed to smoke in their home. (p. 52)
Kakang : ""Neng, ini apa?" Gue menunjuk kertas yang Tata tempelkan di lemari
kamar.
: "Peraturan baru," jawab Tata santai.
Tata
Kakang : Yes my beautiful wife, I know exactly what it is. (Iya istri ku yang
cantik