(Indonesian – English) Code Switching And Code Mixing Found In The Novel “Kamar Cewek” Written By Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah

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(INDONESIAN – ENGLISH) CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING FOUND IN THE NOVEL “KAMAR CEWEK” WRITTEN BY NINIT YUNITA & OKKE SEPATUMERAH

A THESIS

DIAN MARISHA PUTRI REG. NO.: 070705026

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA 2010

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ACKNOWLEDEGMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank God, Allah SWT, for giving the power and spirit that enable to finish writing of this thesis.

This thesis is intended to fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of sarjana sastra, from the English department, Faculty of Latters, University of Sumatera Utara.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. I would like to thank the Dean Drs. Syahron Lubis, M. A., the Head of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the Secretary of English Department, Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum., for their help during the days of my study in Faculty of Letters.

I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, and co-supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Tran, M. Hum, who has helped, stimulated given suggestions and encouragement to me in all the time of weitting of this thesis.

Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my beloved parents, Mara Sarifat, SH and Riza Gustinawaty, SH whose patient in giving me support and motivation in finishing my thesis. To my big brother, Dolly Prima SE, and my little brother Muhammad Abdallah. I hope we can be succeed in the future and make our parents feel proud. And thanks to my big family.

To all of my classmate especially Eva, Rani, Era, Mala, Tarri and Mahesa. Thank you for having great times in finishing this thesis and thank you for tears and laugh that we share. I believe that we can get all the wishes that we want. And

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to my special one, RBN, thank you for your pray and support. Last but not least, thank you to Bang Amran as the administrator staff of English Department for all of his help and contribution in finishing all the administration matter. I also state my thankful for all who help me in finishing this thesis that I can not mention one by one.

Medan, March 2011

Dian Marisha Putri Reg. No. 070705026

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Dian Marisha Putri, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been without due acknowledgement in the main text of thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for aware of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Dian Marisha Putri

Title : (Indonesian – English) Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Novel “Kamar Cewek” Written by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah

Qualification : S-1 / Sarjana Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion on the library of English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Dalam skripsi yang berjudul (Indonesian – English) Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Novel “Kamar Cewek” Written by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah ini, Penulis menganalisis dua tipe alih kode dan satu tipe campur kode berdasarkan teori Wardaugh. Ketiga tipe ini dapat ditentukan berdasarkan digunakannya lebih dari satu bahasa dalam satu ujaran. Data yang dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Kemudian hasil analisis akan ditampilkan dan dianalisa dalam bentuk persentase berdasarkan formula Bungin. Penulis mengambil 50 ujaran dimana dalam satu ujaran bisa ditemukan dua atau tiga tipe, dari 626 penemuan yang ada dalam novel yang dirasa cukup untuk mewakili setiap tipe. Analisis difokuskan pada dua tipe alih kode yaitu situational code switching dan methaporical code switching, dan satu tipe code mixing. Hasil dari analisis mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat 626 ujaran yang merupakan alih kode dan campur kode. Hasil presentasi yang didapat adalah situational code switching (23,64%), methaporical code switching (1,60%) dan code mixing (74,76%). Campur kode merupakan tipe yang paling dominan muncul dalam ujaran-ujaran antar tokoh dalam novel Kamar Cewek.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... iii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1 Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis ... 7

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ... 7

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ... 7

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ... 7

1.6 Method of the Description ... 8

1.7 Review of Related Literatures ... 9

CHAPTER II A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS ... 11

2.1 Sociolinguistics ... 11

2.2 Types of Using Language ... 12

2.2.1 Bilingual ... 12

2.2.2 Diglosia ... 13

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2.3 Code ... 15

2.4 Code Switching ... 16

2.4.1 Causal Factors of Code Switching ... 17

2.4.2 Types of Code Switching ... 17

2.5 Code Mixing ... 18

2.5.1 Causal factors of Code Mixing ... 19

2.5.2 Types of Code Mixing ... 20

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 21

3.1 Research Method ... 21

3.2 Data Collecting Method ... 21

3.3 Data Analysis Method ... 21

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSIONS ... 23

4.1 Finding ... 23

4.2 Discussion ... 23

4.3 The Frequency of Code Switching and Code Switching ... 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 49

5.1 Conclusion ... 49

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of system of complex communication. Yet another definition sees language as a system of communication that enables humans to cooperate. This definition stresses the social functions of language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment. Language and human being are two things that cannot be separated. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called

There are relationship between language and society, such as relationship to object, ideas, events, and actual speakers and listeners. Platt in Siregar in Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behaviour (1984:66) says “Every language express in some way or other how people think, perceive and act, in what state people, things and ideas are and how they relate to each other. Words which express action, states, perceptions, etc., the verbs occur in every language. However, there are many differences in the way they can be structures, what additional concepts they may express and what other words may occur with them”.

There are some varieties of possible relationship between language and society, such as first is that social structure may either influence; second is directly opposed the first; third is that the influence is bi-directional; fourth is to

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assume that there is no relation at all between linguistic structure and social. This variant view appears to be the one that Chomsky holds: he refers to develop a social linguistics as a preliminary to any other kind of linguistics.

In general, sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of is used, and the effects of language use on society.

Hudson (1980:4) says “Sociolinguistics is study of language in relation to society”. Hickerson (1980:81) says “Sociolinguistics is a developing sub field of linguistics which takes speech narration as its focus, viewing variation or its social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variations social factors in this case are age, religion, sex, gender and occupation”. Appel et.al (1987:10) define sociolinguistics as a science which focuses on a language use in social and cultural aspects. In using language there are some capabilities needed. In daily conversation we also find some problems in using language. One of the most striking phenomena in a bilingual’s linguistic performance is the occurrence of the seemingly random mixing of two languages, both within the two utterances, during a conversational exchange. This linguistic behaviour not only attracts scholarly attention but also raises questions about the various features which charecterize language-mixing. As Troike in Wardaugh (1986:51) says “In every human being there are many codes and ways contained which is can be used by the people to do their society play in role. On the whole codes and ways in speak called communication repertoire.

By the existence of communication repertoire above, some people have choice in many kinds variety of language. People are usually selecting a particular code

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whenever they choose to speak, and they also decide to switch one code or to create a new code. As Fasold (1984:208) says “People can use two languages in conversation by turns that depends entirely on the situation”. There are two kinds of code. They are code switching where people can use two language in conversation by turns that depends entirely on the situation; and code mixing where some people either use the elements from one language in while they were spoken in one foreign language.

Gal in Wardaugh (1986:100) said that code switching as a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy grous boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligation. Code switching also is the consequence of bilingualism or multilingualism.

Suwito in Chaer and Agustina (2004:114) devides code switching into two types, they are:

a. “Campur kode eksternal terjadi ketika satu bahasa dialihkan ke bahasa lain dalam kelompok bahasa yang berbeda”. Extern of code switching, it occurs when one language is switched into another language in diffrent group of language.

For example: Bahasa Indonesia is switch into English.

b. “Campur kode internal terjadi ketika satu bahasa dialihkan ke bahasa

lain dalam kelompok bahasa yang sama”. Intern of code switching, it occurs when one language is switched into another language in the same group of language.

For example: In bataknese language, batak toba is switched into batak mandailing.

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Suwito also devides code mixing into two types, they are:

a. “Campur kode ke dalam adalah campur kode yang bersumber dari

bahasa asli dengan variasinya”. Inner code mixing, it occurs if the speaker inserts the elements of their own language into national language, the element of dialect into own language.

b. “Campur koode keluar adalah campur kode yang bersumber dari bahasa

asing”. Outer code mixing, it occurs if the speaker inserts the element of their own language into foreign language.

Nababan (1993:33) says “Bilamana orang mencampur dua atau lebih bahasa dalam suatu tindak bahasa (speech act atau discourse) tanpa ada sesuatu dalam situasi berbahsa itu yang menuntut pencampuran bahasa itu. Dalam keadaan yang demikian, hanya kesantaian penutur atau kebiasaannya yang dituruti. Tindak bahasa yang demikian disebut campur kode”.

Jendra (2010:75-77) said that the grammatical classification result in three types of code switching, they are:

a. Tag code switching, happens when a bilingual inserts short expressions (tag) from different language at the end of his/her utterances.

For example: An Indonesian bilingual switches from English to Indonesian, e.g. It’s okay, no problem, ya nggak?

b. Intern-sentential code switching, happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language.

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For example: An Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English, e.g. Ini lagu lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi, masih enak kok didengerin.

c. Intra-sentential code switching, found when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. For example: An English bilingual switches from English to French, e.g. The hotel, il est grand, is really huge and unbelieveble majestic.

Jendra (2010:75-77) also said that the contextual classification is based on the reasons why people switch. The classification divides two types of code switching, they are:

a. Situational code switching, appears when there is a change in the situation that causes the bilingual switches from one code to the other.

For example:

Agus : Menurutku, semuanya karena mereka tidak tahu persis artinya De, ...

Mark : Hi, Agus.

Agus : Eh, how are you Mark? Mark, this is Made, our friend from Mataram.

Made : Nice to meet you Mark.

Mark : Nice to meet you too. What are you two talking about? Agus : Nah, ini dia kita bisa... Mak, can you help us?

b. Methaporical code switching, happens when there is a change in the perception, or the purpose, or the topic of the conversation.

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Made : We want to take it, to where ... Ya, itu tempat kita biasa mancing (fishing), and we are drinking, singing, having fun, ok.

Ali : And, there are surfing, swimming ... terus, kita jadi pusing-pusing (feeling dizzy,) ha, ha, ha...

Made : Are you joining, Jim?

Jim : Okay, then.

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”.

Code switching and code mixing present because of the impact of the ability and skill of people to speak more than one language. In many cases, if there are two or more languages used, caused the using of speaker in one community of same language, and the components certainly transferred from one language.

The writer chooses a novel written by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah, entitled “Kamar Cewek” as source of data because there are many code switching and code mixing case of the dialogues of the novel. The writer is intersted in finding the case (mixing and switching) and describes them. In this thesis, the

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writer explore identifies the code mixing and code switching occured or found in the novel.

1.2 Problem of the Analysis

Based on the background, there are some questions to be raised as the problems of this analysis, they are:

1. What type of code mixing and code switching are found in the novel “Kamar Cewek”?

2. Which type of code mixing and code switching occure most domonantly in the novel “Kamar Cewek”?

1.3 Objective of the Analysis The objectives as follow:

1. To find out the type of code mixing and code switching in the novel “Kamar Cewek”.

2. To find out which type of code mixing and code switching occured the most in the novel “Kamar Cewek”.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

The writer focuses on the type of code mixing and code switching in the novel “Kamar Cewek”, the scope of analysis focus on all the chapter of the novel.

1.5 Significances of the Analysis

The writer hopes that this thesis could enrich the study of sociolinguistics that can be used for further reference, especially dealing with the code switching and

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code mixing. Besides that, the writer also expects that she could achieve some significance for the readers:

a. The writer hopes that this analysis can be advantegous and useful for the readers.

b. The reader can compare the code switching and code mixing in two languages or bilingual.

1.6 Method of the Description

This thesis will apply library research by using relevant theories to support my analysis from written sources such as from text books, internet, thesis and dictionaries.

In the novel “Kamar Cewek” there is 28 chapters for further analyzing, and all chapter of the novel will be chosen.

The qualitative method is used to analyze the data that is a procedure or manner in solving the problem by describing or explaining the data, explore identifies towards the factual facts. Description qualitative method is applied by giving a description of code switching and code mixing and quantitative means a research which some instrument in collecting data formula to count the data which means here to count the categories of code mixing and code switching in the novel. All the result of counting in order to get the percentage is for supporting description.

The data which found in the novel “Kamar Cewek” are collected by listing depends on categories, they are situational code switching, methaporical code switching and code mixing. The rule of each type, for further result description

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will be explained into categories which have a relationship between Code Switching and Code Mixing.

1.7 Review of Related Literature

These are some thesis and journals related to code mixing and code switching that is reviewed in order to support this analysis.

Tarigan (2005) in Language Code Switching and Code Mixing on Indonesian Music Television’s Video Jockeys, A Sociolinguistic Study. He analyzed about code switching and code mixing used by the presenter or host is known as a video jockey in television music program (MTV) in Indonesia. Based on the analysis, he concludes that the host of television music program has done over the code switching and code mixing in their activities to bring the television music program. The host usually use code switching and code mixing by adjusting the situation and identify who they are talking.

Hanafiah (2007) in Sociolinguistics Theory an Introduction. He listed some quotations about the seven reasons for bilinguals to mix or switch their codes or languages; and some variables that can also influence the occurrence of language mixing and switching.

Nababan (2009) in An Analysis of Code Switching And Code Mixing In EI TU ZE Bukan Impian Biasa By Danni Junus. She analyzed about code switching and code mixing found in the novel EI TU ZE Bukan Impian Biasa By Danni Junus based on Suwito; and Chaer and Agustina theory. Based on the analysis, she concludes that outer code mixing is the most dominant type of code switching and code mixing in EI TU ZE Bukan Impian Biasa By Danni Junus. It can be

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concluded that the ability in mastering more than one language has influenced Danni Junus in writing this novel.

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CHAPTER II

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS

2.1 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is one of study about language in related by society condition. Jendra (2010:9) says ”sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an subject of study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology handle it.” Hudson (1980:4) says “sociolinguistics is study of language in relation to society.” Wardaugh (1998:12) states that sociolinguistics is concern with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication,” while Gumperz in Wardaugh (1998:11) states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occurs.”

There are several possible relationships between language and society. On is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and behaviour. Certain evidence may be adduced to support this view: the age grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from mature adults; studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflects such matters as their regional, social, or ethnic origin or possibly even their sex (gender); and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements. The second possible relationship is directly opposed to the

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first: linguistic structure and behaviour may either influence or determine social structure. The third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional: language and society may influence each other. One variant of this approach is that this influence is dialectical in nature. The fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structures and that each is independent of the other. A variant of this possibility would be to say that, although there might be some such relationship, presents attempts to characterize it are essentially premature, given what we know about both language and society. Actually this variant views an asocial linguistics as a preliminary to any other kind of linguistics, such as asocial approach being, in his view, and logically prior.

Language study should be based more on the view that human experiences are basically plural and every different language and variety of it reflects natural and cultural diversities. Holmes (2001:9) says that there are four different dimensions for analysis which relate to the social factors:

1. A social distance scale concerned with participant relationships 2. A status scale concerned with participant relationships

3. A formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction

4. Two functional scales relating to the purposes or topic of interaction

2.2 Types of Using Language 2.2.1 Bilingual

Bilingualism can be regarded as the ability to communicate in two languages, but with greater skills in one language. While the people which interrelated in, it

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called bilingual. There used to be communities whose members use one language as a means of communication. We call the individuals of such community monolinguals, while people who are not monolinguals but speak two languages every day are named bilinguals (bilingual people). So, bilingualism is interrelated with the individual and society by two languages how both of languages use and how they studied.

There was an argument that a person should be only called a bilingual when he or she can use two or more languages in the same level of performance. But a more moderate view suggested that for a person does not need to command two or more languages in the same level to be called a bilingual. And this second view is preferred in general.

Bloomfield (1933:56) definite the bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in using two languages, in case the using of the first language as good as a second language”. According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if s/he can use the first language as well as the second language. Many people asked about Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism, it is because, first, how to measure the ability of the speaker in mastering two languages that they use, second, is there any speaker that using the second language as well as the first language.

In addition to the concept bilingual, the term multilingual is also sometimes used to refer to the people who can use more than two languages. However, it has been now common to use the term bilinguals to include people who are actually more properly identified as multilingual.

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In sociolinguistics, diglossia is known as the situation in society where found the distinction of using language according the function or the play in role in each other by the social context. A diglossia situation exists in society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is one code is employed in one set of circumstances and the other in any entirely different set. Ferguson in Wardaugh (1998:87) as defined diglossia as follows: “Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional standard), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learn largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation”.

While Holmes (2001:30) states that “Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Holmes (2001:27) describes three crucial features of diglossia:

1. Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high (or H) variety and the other a low (or L) variety.

2. Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.

3. No one use the H variety in everyday conversation.

The phenomenon of diglossia is not ephemeral in nature; in fact the opposite is true: it appears to be a persistent social and linguistic phenomenon.

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2.2.3 Slang

Slang is the language frequently used in ordinary conversation or in the formal or formal situation. Slang is the words informal nonstandard, which is arranged by specific; or the ordinary words changed in arbitration; or the simile specific words; powerful and humorous which is used in conversation. Sometime the word of slang resulted from the error speech indirectly or sometime disturber the ordinary word to fulfil a scope of another meaning. Actually, the words of slang, not even obtain on student classify, it may in the society classify too. In every classify or the society group can create the terms in specific or use the general words and the specific meanings which only current for their own group. The usage of slang is the introduction the new words with the new meaning. The words and phrases of slang is often found and suitability with idea and the new character which grow up in society. Slang the vocabulary circle, isn’t grammar or dialect and usually used by the people which have the high level, not only by the people in low profile.

2.3 Code

In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes has to be made. According to Marjohan (1988:48), “code is a term which refers to a variety”. Thus a code maybe an idiolect, a dialect, a sociolect, a register or a language. A speaker has a linguistic repertoire which consists of various codes. Thus he usually has a set of codes, each code having certain functions or maybe some of them have similar

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functions. In a monolingual situation, the use of different codes depends on the variability of the language. In a multilingual situation, the use of different codes depends on the variability of the languages and the specification of their uses as agreed upon by the people. When the speakers have two codes with each having specific functions, the speakers have a stable diglossia.

Holmes (2001:23) says “three important social factors in code choice – participant, setting and topic.” Holmes also states “three are other factors that contributed to the appropriate choice of code; they are social distance, status formality, and function or goal of the interaction.” The particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any occasion is a code, a system used for communication between two or more parties. People are usually required to select a particular code whenever the choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another; or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code. The phenomenon in switch or mix the code called code switching and code mixing.

2.4 Code Switching

Code switching is a situation where speakers deliberately change a code being used, namely by switching from one to another. Code switching can be generally defined as the phenomenon where in a bilingual or multilingual speaker shifts from one language to another in the course of a conversation. Gal in Wardaugh (1998:100) says “code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations. Pietro in Jendra (1977:74) says “code switching is the use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a

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speech act. Chaer and Agustina (2004:115) states that “bila di dalam suatu peristiwa tutur terjadi peralihan dari satu klausa suatu bahasa ke klausa bahasa yang lain, maka peristiwa yang terjadi adalah alih kode.” (When there is a switching from one clause of a language to another clause of other language occur in a conversation, so it called code switching).

2.4.1 Causal Factors of Code Switching 1. Conversant

A conversant sometimes switches the code with another conversant because of certain purpose. For example, to change formal situation to informal situation and in versa.

2. Background of language

If the first conversant and the second conversant have a similar background of language, they will switch the code in variant switching form, but if the first conversant and the second conversant have a different background of language, they will switch the code in language switching form.

3. The appearance of the third conversant

If the third conversant has the different background of language with the first and the second conversant, they usually do code switching to neutralize the situation and to respect the appearance the third conversant.

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Topic is the dominant factor in determining code switching. The formal topic is usually served in neutral and serious style of language and informal topic is usually served in relax style of language.

2.4.2 Types of Code Switching

Suwito in Chaer and Agustina (2004:114) devides code switching into two types, they are:

2.5 Code Mixing

Code mixing is the mixing of pieces of a word or phrase from a language into the other language in a bilingualism or multilingualism. Code mixing refers to the mixture of two or more languages or language varieties in speech. Chaer and Agustina (2004:115) says that “campur kode adalah digunakannya serpihan-serpihan dari bahasa lain dalam menggunakan suatu bahasa, yang mungkin diperlukan dengan tanpa disadari, sehingga tidak dianggap suatu kesalahan atau penyimpangan.” (Code mixing is using pieces of another language, maybe needed unconsciously, so that it is not accepted as a mistake). Wardaugh (1998:103) says that “code mixing occurs when conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single

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utterance”. While Nababan (1993:33) says that “ bilamana orang mencampur dua atau lebih bahasa atau ragam bahasa dalam suatu tindak bahasa (speech act atau discourse) tanpa ada sesuatu dalam situasi berbahasa itu yang menuntut pencampuran bahasa itu. Dalam keadaan demikian, hanya kesantaian penutur atau kebiasaannya yang dituruti. Tindak bahasa yang demikian kita sebut campur kode”.

2.5.1 Causal Factors of Code Mixing

1. The using of elements from one certain language in sentence or foreign discourse.

2. The compulsion of technology might be mentioned as a need feeling motive.

3. Actually happen on situation of informal conversation and pushed by prestige filling motive.

4. The language is dynamic, this parallel with the globalization of development.

5. The limited Indonesian, there are many foreign technology. If it put in Indonesian, the meaning will be hazy/vague, and sometimes it wouldn’t practice.

6. There’s image, if using the foreign terminology, it seems intellect and good. The case in village society in Indonesia it seems like the people is an intellect person. In many cities the foreign language becomes the icon of the intellectuality.

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2.5.2 Types of Code Mixing

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

This thesis uses library research in which a number of books about linguistics, sociolinguistics and code choice. As nawawi (1993:30) says “Penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literature baik di perpustakaan maupun di tempat-tempat lain.” (Library research is carried out by accumulating all the data from various literatures either in library or in other places).

The information which is accumulated are about code switching and code mixing; its definitions, types and factors as well as sociolinguistics as its foundation.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

Documentation method is used to collect the data. Documentation method is applied in thesis because source of the analysis is written material that is Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah’s Kamar Cewek. Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah’s Kamar Cewek consists of 28 chapters. The writer will analyze all chapters to get all the data of code switching and code mixing. The writer analyzes all the chapters because the chapters are not consist of many pages.

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3.3 Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data, descriptive method is applied in this thesis in which all the facts that are related to the object of the analysis in this thesis will be described. As Nawawi (1993:27) says, “Metode descriptivf adalah prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselediki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang actual pada saat sekarang.” (Descriptive method is a procedure or manner in solving the problems of an analysis by explaining the object which is being investigated towards the factual facts).

To count the percentage of the data, this thesis uses Bungin’s formula (Bungin, 2005:171-172), that is:

n = x 100% N

n : percentage of code switching and code mixing type

Fx : individual frequency of code switching and code mixing type N : total number of all types

The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follows: 1. Reading whole chapters of Kamar Cewek repeatedly.

2. Identifying the words or sentences which belong to code switching and code mixing.

3. Classifying the code switching and code mixing into the more specific types, i.e. extern code switching, intern code switching, inner code mixing and outer code mixing.

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4. Analyzing the code switching and code mixing based on Suwito’s theory. 5. Calculating each type of code switching and code mixing and determining the

most dominant type.

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CAHPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Finding

From the novel Kamar Cewek by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah that consists of 238 pages. The analysis below is only to determine the utterance in the correct division based on the type of code switching and code mixing. The utterance is taken from the conversation between the characters in the novel.

CODE SWITCHING

Situational Code Switching Methaporical Code Switching

Sentence Clause Sentence Clause

93 55 6 4

Total: Total:

148 10

CODE MIXING

Word Phrase

468 192

Total: Total:

468 192

4.2 Discussion

1. “Pokoknya, I’ll be there for you gals, gua akan selalu mengontak kalian, biar pun nantinya Lona terlalu sibuk dengan lusinan anak-anaknya setelah

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menikah atau Tiara terlalu sibuk jadi guru, bahkan kalau gua menikah dengan Lang, gua bakal ngontak Safina sebagai wedding planner gua.” (p.6/ch.1)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (I’ll be there for you gals), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase, wedding planner, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

2. “Best friends forever?” cetus gue cepat.

“BEST FRIENDS FOREVER!” seru sahabat-sahabat gue berbarengan, sambil mengangkat cawan chi masing-masing.

Gue tersenyum lebar. Berkumpul kembali. Bersahabat sampai tua. Best friends forever. It sounds wonderful. (p.7/ch.1)

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Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (It sounds wonderful), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase, best friends forever, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

3. Ayo dong. Rat, say something smart… (p.41/ch.5) Analysis:

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and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

4. Obviously, his mom and sister don’t like me. Duh, sebel. Detailnya nanti, ya. Sekarang gua lagi dianter pulang sama Lang. Anyway, thanks for your help, ya. I owe you one, Mwa mwa.  (p.50/ch.6)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (Obviously, his mom and sister don’t like me), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching. Beside it, this utterance (Anyway, thanks for your help, ya. I owe you one), has the different topic. So this utterance is included into methaporical code switching.

5. “Nggak apa-apa, we always need to blame someone else to make us feeling better, right?” (p.64/ch.7)

Analysis:

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different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (we always need to blame someone else to make us feeling better, right), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching. 6. “Dunno, suddenly he sent a message to my Friendster inbox… ya udah, kita jadi rutin chatting dan kadang-kadang telpon atau SMS…. (p.67/ch.8)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (suddenly he sent a message to my Friendster inbox), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, chatting, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

7. “Iya… gara-gara Lona… Gosh, Lona benar, we have to blame someone else to make us feeling better…” (p.91/ch.10)

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Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (we have to blame someone else to make us feeling better), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and there is the different topic. So, this utterance is included into methaporical code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, gosh, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

8. Ugh, nistanya…

So, how’s the vacation, Dear? (p.96/ch.11) Analysis:

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utterance (so, how’s the vacation, dear), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and there is the different topic. So, this utterance is included into methaporical code switching.

9. Asal lo tau yah… the beach makes me orgasm. Apalagi sunsetnya, woooo.. I get multiple orgasms every single afternoon. (p.97/ch.11)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterances (the beach makes me orgasm and I get multiple orgasms every single afternoon), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic changed is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

10. Karena dia begitu muda, begitu bersemangat, punya banyak mimpi, punya khayalan yang wild, hidup rock n’ roll as if there’s no future. (p.110/ch.12) Analysis:

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utterance (rock n’ roll as if there’s no future), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, wild, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

11. Kami memandangi punggung Ratu yang menjauh. Somehow, aku ngerasa, she’ll be in trouble… soon. (p.113/ch.12)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (she’ll be in trouble soon), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

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conversant insert a word, somehow, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

12. Salon? Apakah banyak makhluk bernama pria ganteng di sana? Oh saaay, I’d rather go to the gym. (p.124/ch.14)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (I’d rather go to the gym), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

13. Gue ditinggal, tanpa cadangan. I won’t do the same mistakes. (p.112/ch.12) Analysis:

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English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

14. “Gals… tapi kan percuma, pakai kebaya cantik-cantik tapi end-up nya ketutupan sama jas wisuda yang warnanya item jelek gak jelas itu…” (p.2/ch.1)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, somehow and a phrase, end up, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

15. “Ini lucu deh… kita keluar dari fakultas hokum, tapi ngelamarnya gak ada yang ke law firm gitu.” (p.4/ch.1)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase, law firm, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

16. “Mmm, sebenarnya ada salah satu tanteku yang punya catering, lalu ada lagi yang punya salon, aku berfikir untuk ngebikin usaha yang ngejual jasa wedding planner…” (p.5/ch.1)

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Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, catering and a phrase, wedding planner, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

17. Tiara sih mirip-mirip gue, single meski sedikit kelainan karena masih cinta pada mantan. (p.13/ch.2)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, single, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

18. “That’s my boss…,” desisnya perlahan. “Oh… so?”

“Ya itu bos gua, that’s it…” (p.38/ch.5) Analysis:

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utterance (That’s my boss), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, so, and a phrase that’s it which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

19. “Yep, I absolutely need to destroy my body.” Gua menyeringai sambil menghembuskan asap rokok kuat-kuat. (p.54/ch.7)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (I absolutely need to destroy my body), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

20. Tiara lagi-lagi mengeluarkan statement nggak penting. Itu memang spesialisasi dia. (p.55/ch.7)

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Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, statement, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

21. “Hari ini langsung saya coba! You are the best, Lon!” “No problem, say…,” Lona menggerling. (p.172/ch.20) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (you’re the best), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase no problem which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

22. Udah aku yang antar jemput dia, eeeh enak banget yaaa dia marah-marahin aku. I’m not his driver anyway. (p.196-197/ch.22)

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Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (you’re the bestI’m not his driver anyway), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

23. Tapi setidaknya empat sampai lima jam nggak menangis itu merupakan hal yang bagus. That’s why I love shopping. (p.223/ch.25)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (that’s why I love shopping), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and there is the different topic. So, this utterance is included into methaporical code switching. 24. Di jalan kita banyak cerita-cerita. He’s so adorable. (p.233/ch.26)

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Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (he’s so adorable), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

25. Lona lalu melirik saya. “Talking about ending… lo sendiri gimana, Tiara?” (p.237/ch.27)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (talking about ending), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and there is the different topic. So, this utterance is included into methaporical code switching. 26. Saya kasihan sama kalian yang sudah sabar selama satu decade mendengarkan

keluhan saya.

The show must go on, right? (p.238/ch.27) Analysis:

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Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (The show must go on, right), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching. 27. “Sekarang giliran Safina dulu ya, Tiara.”

“Of course. I can wait.” (p.238/ch.27) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (I can wait), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase of course which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

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28. “Sial! Males saya sama bekas-bekasnya kamu… Kembali ke pertanyaan saya, What is Mr. Right? (p.137/ch.15)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (What is Mr. Right), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and there is the different topic. So, this utterance is included into methaporical code switching.

29. “Gals… cerita ketemu calon mertuanya Ratu itu udah beres belom sih?” (p.59/ch.7)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, gals, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

30. “Nah itu… gua ngerasa baru ngeliat the real Lang kemarin, di tengah-tengah keluarganya… (p.61/ch.7)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other

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in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase, the real, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

31. Saya butuh cowok… I MISS DATING. (p.138/ch.15) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (I miss dating), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

32. “Well… yah, gimana ya Rat… Aku sih ngeliatnya kamu itu pasangan yang cocok. Kamu tuh happy nggak jalan sama Lang?” Tanya Tiara. (p.63/ch.7) . Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert words, well and happy, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

33. Suara kuku jemari lentik Lona yang tersaput kuteks Pearly Shine keluaran Unique yang beradu dengan tuts-tuts keyboard menimbulkan bunyi tak-tik-tuk tidak beraturan. (p.65/ch.8)

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Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, keyboard, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

34. Saya tidak pernah melewatkan melihat dia dua kali dalam seminngu di sebuah acara televise swasta. He’s a perfect date! (p.224/ch.25)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (he’s a perfect date), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching. 35. “Gue? Chatting lah… masa lagi bungee jumping?” (p.65/ch.8)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, chatting and phrase, bungee jumping, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

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36. “Iya, gue bilang. Bodoh, ya? But I just couldn’t lie…” (p.162/ch.19) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (but I just couldn’t lie), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

37. “Siapa sih, Pramastya Adithya itu?” tanyaku. Namanya terdengar begitu familiar. (p.66/ch.8)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, familiar, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

38. “Tapi, flirting gitu kan intim jugaaa…,” protes Tiara. Analysis:

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conversant insert a word, flirting, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

39. “Biarin ah… anyway, sampai mana tadi?” (p.68/ch.8) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, anyway, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

40. “Kok bisa sih, ngomongin cium-ciuman, sama stranger lagi. Orang yang boro-boro pacar, kenal dekat aja nggak…” (p.70/ch.8)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, stranger, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

41. “Kamu kan suka banget Miss Sixty. Ayo dong nyari-nyari apa kek. Just incase you need something that you want to buy, Saf…”

“Honey… don’t we always buy something we don’t need?” Lona lalu menyesap vanilla latte sambil tersenyum lebar. (p.174/ch.20)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the

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languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterances (Just incase you need something that you want to buy, and Honey, don’t we always buy something we don’t need), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

42. Aku sama sekali nggak pernah melihat mobil dia kotor! What a guy! (p.192/ch.22)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterances (what a guy), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

43. Pacaran serius, kerja serius, ini serius, itu serius. Liat aja, sama Hilman yang udah mau married aja masih cinta mati. (p.70-71/ch.8)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other

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in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, married, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

44. Aku sign out dari YM, sejurus kemudian Lona kembali. (p.72/ch.8) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase, sign out, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

45. “Jiyee… siapa tau soulmate lo tuh. Sayang nggak ada pic-nya. Tapi bales aja deh?” goda Lona. (p.76/ch.9)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, soulmate, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

46. “How was your weekend?”

“Not bad. Nonton DVD Desperate Housewife seharian. Trus siangnya makan di plaza Senayan.” (p.192/ch.22)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the

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languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (how’s your weekend), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a phrase, not bad, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

47. Lona, Ratu dan Tiara. They’re my best friends. (p.200/ch.23) Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (They’re my best friends), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

48. Dari awal, aku udah penasaran, James ini expatriate dari mana ya? (p.79/ch.9) Analysis:

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Wardaugh (1986:103) says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. This utterance bases on Indonesian, but the conversant insert a word, expatriate, which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. So, this utterance is included into code mixing.

49. “Wanna know the truth?”

“Yup.” Gua dan Tiara mengangguk kompak, lalu memasang sikap siap mendengarkan dengan takzim, seperti murid-murid SD yang siap menerima petatah petitih dari guru kelasnya. (p.209/ch.24)

Analysis:

Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterance (wanna know the truth), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching. 50. “Who needs him anyway?” tiba-tiba Lona yang lesu berubah menjadi Lona

yang angkuh kembali, “gue gak perduli, gue gak mau ketemu dia lagi…” “Lon?”

“Jangan khawatir, I’m fine…” (p.213/ch.24) Analysis:

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Wardaugh (1986:102-103) says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. This utterances (who needs him anyway and I’m fine), the conversant switches Indonesian into English and no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into situational code switching.

4.3 The Frequency of Code Switching and Code Mixing

There are 626 code switching and code mixing in Kamar Cewek by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah. Below are the number and percentage of code switching and code mixing in Kamar Cewek by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah.

No. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Number of Case Percentage

1. Situational Code Switching 148 23,64%

2. Methaporical Code Switching 10 1,60%

3. Code Mixing 468 74,76%

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CHAPTER V

CUNCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing all the data in this thesis, the conclusion can be drawn, as in the following:

1. There are 626 cases of code switching and code mixing. They are 148 cases of situational code switching, 10 cases of methaporical code switching and 468 cases of code mixing.

2. Code mixing which represants 74,76 % of whole cases, followed by situational code switching 23,64 % and the last methaporical code switching 1,60%.

Based on the results above, it can be seen that outer code mixing is the most dominant type of code switching and code mixing in Kamar Cewek by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah. It can be concluded that the ability in mastering English has influenced Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah in writing this novel. It is shown in the utterances of characters. The occurance of outer code mixing because the characters who involved are most of young person who master in adding the vocabulary of English in every utterance. The utterances give the impression such intellect and prestige motive. Code mixing is not a grammar problem but more except as vocabularies problem. As the statement of the factor of code mixing in the previous chapter mention that the conversant do code mixing because pushed by prestige filling motive.

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The less dominant type of code switching and code mixing Kamar Cewek by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah is extern code switching. This is happened because the ability of each character to express the complete statements in English is different. Actually each character has the same background of language so they will switch the code in variant switching form. Otherwise if each character has the different background of language, they will switch the code in language switching form.

5.2 Suggestion

Code switching and code mixing are interesting objects to study and to analyze. It is because the development og thought and technology force us to understand more about it. It also happens in Kamar Cewek by Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah. From this novel, we know that Ninit Yunita & Okke Sepatumerah are the intellect writers and want to express their thought in a smart way. They use a lot of terms in English. Indirectly, they have been adding more vocabularies to the readers. From this case, it is suggested to the students of English literature to analyze code switching and code mixing which are happen in Indonesia. It is because code switching and code mixing that happen in Indonesia are varieties and shown in many aspects, and there are many language in Indonesia which is has its own phenomenon. So, by analyzing code switching and code mixing in different objects, hopefully the vocabularies of the readers can be added.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwasliah, A. Chaedar. 1933. Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa. Appel, Rene and Musken, Pieter. 1987. Language Contact and Bilingualism.

Great Britian: Edward Arnold.

Chaedar, Abdul. Dan Agustina, Leonie. 1995. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Chaer, Abdul. 2007. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Fasold, R.W. 1984. The Sociolinguistic of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell. Hanafiah, Ridwan. 2007. Sociolinguistics Theory An Introduction. Medan

Hickerson, Nancy Parrot. 1980. Linguistic Anthropology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics Third Edition. New York: Longman

Hudson, R.A. 1980. Sociolinguistics. London: Cambridge University Press. Jendra, Made Iwan I. 2010. Sociolinguistics : The Study of Societies Languages.

Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Marjohan, Asril. 1988. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Nababan, J.W. 1993. Sosiolinguistik – Suatu Pengantar Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama

Nawawi, Hadari. 1993. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada Universitu Press.

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B. SENTENCE

No. Sentence Page Line Chapter

1 It sounds wonderful 7 21 1

2 Make ups, overseas training programs, wearing mini skirt and those fab boots at work, that’s better than complaining (ratapan perempuan single)

13 14-17 2

3 I choose to be single 13 21 2

4 But long, I’m looking for a better person 14 19 2 5 So, I’m not a better person for him 14 22 2 6 If men think they can leave someone for

a better person, don’t think I’m not

14 23-25 2

7 Hey! I’m single and ready to mingle 15 29 2

8 I’m getting married, Ra 27 3 4

9 This is a big step for me, Ra 27 14 4

10 He was my high school sweet heart 28 12 4

11 Available on the market 28 18-19 4

12 Are you kidding? 29 4 4

13 What about her? 29 25 4

14 Will you marry me? 32 16 4

15 Won’t you marry me? 32 21 4

16 That’s my boss 38 2 5

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eat people

18 Gals, SMS (Save My Soul), please please please

43 12-13 6

19 This is C plan ASAP 48 20 6

20 Obviously, his mom and sister don’t like me

50 19 6

21 Well, after what I’ve been thru last night, I need more caffeine intake, I guess

54 10-11 7

22 Yep, I absolutely need to destroy my body

54 15 7

23 What I nightmare 55 15 7

24 Okay, okay,,, sorry 60 14 7

25 Well, are you a good kisser? 66 15-16 8

26 Of course I am 66 17 8

27 I am a damn good kisser, try me 66 20 8

28 Dunno, suddenly he send a message to my friendster inbox

67 13-14 8

29 Are you there? 72 3 8

30 Kill me 80 17 9

31 What did she say? 93 10 10

32 So, how’s the vacation dear? 96 26 10

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34 He’s such a great kisser 97 24 11

35 The queen on vacation 98 3 11

36 Queen, yes, she’s on vacation 98 14 11

37 Think about that 102 8 11

38 Wish you were here, buddy 102 9 11

39 Wish I were there too 103 4 11

40 I’m in Plaza Senayan, with my friends, why?

107 22 12

41 Yes, I miss you too 108 7 12

42 You gals are my best friends, right? 111 3 12 43 You would do anything to make me

happy, even for a while, right?

111 5-6 12

44 You should do that, if it makes you happy

111 9 12

45 I won’t do the same mistakes 112 9-10 12

46 Gals, stop it. It was humiliating 116 24 13

47 This is very very unhealthy 128 24 14

48 This is the loneliest Friday ever! 133 4 15

49 Sitting in the office 133 4-5 15

50 Dark and so cloudy outside 133 5 15

51 The rain seems to fall 133 5-6 15

52 Starting at my laptop with Hilman on my mind

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53 I’m tired 134 2 15

54 I have to work 134 2 15

55 I have to forger about you 134 2-3 15

56 I’m tired thinking about you all the time 134 3 15

57 Thank God it’s Friday 134 9 15

58 For me, damn it’s Friday 134 11 15

59 Thank God it’s Friday 134 18-19 15

60 It’s easy to have fun if you have boyfriends

135 7 15

61 Do you need boyfriends to have fun? 135 8 15 62 Well, it’s not easy to find Mr. Right

though

136 21 15

63 What is Mr. Right anyway? 136 22 15

64 I don’t need Mr. Right 138 2 15

65 I need Mr. Right Now 138 4 15

66 I miss dating 138 6 15

67 Guess what, he’s divorced 147 13-14 17

68 Say, the thing is you went a thousand miles for an answer to a question that he didn’t know

152 20-21 17

69 She’s right 152 23 17

70 He asked me whether there were another guy around

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71 We really don’t know what we got till it’s gone

163 20 19

72 It’s oh so true 163 20-21 19

73 In moment like this, I really need yopu the most, gals

164 5-6 19

74 You gals are really my best friends 164 8 19

75 You know what? 167 15 19

76 We’re gonna fight together for that 168 13 19

77 I won’t 168 27 19

78 Well, another love story has a happy ending

169 1-2 19

79 You are the best, Lon! 172 14-15 20

80 Just incase you need something that you wabt to buy, sat

174 13-14 20

81 Honey, don’t we always buy something we don’t need?

174 15-16 20

82 Almost knows everything 186 1-2 21

83 How was your weekend? 193 5 22

84 How about you? 193 10 22

85 I’m not his driver anyway 197 1-2 22

86 They’re my best friends 200 7 22

87 Wanna know the truth? 209 3 24

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89 I guess she is really in love 217 16-17 24

90 That’s why I love shopping 223 10 25

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