3.2 Hybridization effect
To investigate whether the arrangement of basalt fibers in the hybrid composite laminate has some effect on its
tensile properties, we tested several types of specimens that have different arrangements, i.e., BC, CB, and B4 see
Table 3. In all cases, the specimens were made by using four and six plies of basalt and carbon fibers, respec-
tively. In the present study, placing the basalt fibers in
A B
C
E D
Figure 4 Optical images of failed hybrid composite under tensile loading: A B1, B B2, C B3, D B4, and E B5.
Table 3 Effect of the positioning of basalt or carbon fiber in the hybrid epoxy laminate.
Hybrid code
Tensile strength
σ
MPa Young’s modulus
E GPa Tensile
strain ε
B4 536
45 1.14
BC 571
49.5 1.15
CB 556
47.5 1.17
the outermost layer and the carbon layer in the innermost layers showed an increase in tensile properties of the com-
posite compared to B4. Figure 5 shows the stress-strain curves of hybrid composite for B4, BC, and CB. Here, the
hybrid composite with basalt layers placed in the exterior of BC has higher tensile strength and strain compared with
the carbon layers placed in the exterior of B4. The tensile strength values of hybrid composite were about 571 and
536 MPa for hybrid composites BC and B4, respectively. At the same time, the Young’s modulus of BC was about
49.5 GPa, which was higher than that of B4 ∼47 GPa. Furthermore, the hybrid composite with dispersed stacks
of basalt layers between the carbon layers, i.e., CB, had a tensile strength and Young’s modulus of about 556 MPa
and 47.5 GPa, respectively, which were lower compared with that of BC, but higher than that of B4 see Table 3.
The tensile strains of hybrid composites of B4, BC, and CB have almost similar values Table 3. This result indicates
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that the variation of the basalt-reinforcing position has a major effect on the tensile strength and Young’s modulus
of this type of hybrid composite. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus of BC are higher than that of B4 by 6.5
and 5.3, respectively.
3.3 Fracture characterization
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