Develop A 5.8ghz Antenna Using Microstrip Technologies.
i
DEVELOP A 5.8GHZ ANTENNA USING MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGIES
NOR ASHIKIN BINTI HALIM
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For Bachelor
Degree Of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronic)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APRIL 2007
ii
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
:
Develop a 5.8GHz Antenna Using Microstrip Technologies
Sesi
Pengajian
:
2006/2007
Saya
NOR ASHIKIN BINTI HALIM
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
___________________________________
(COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
PT19140 Jln Cempaka 6,
Tmn. Desa Cempaka 3,
Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan.
Tarikh: 25 April 2007
Tarikh:
iii
iv
v
Special dedicated to my beloved parents, family and fellow friends, who had strongly
encouraged and supported me in my entire journey of learning…
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, a lot of thanks and deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr.
Chairulsyah Bin Wasli who has guide me a lot of knowledge and information
regarding a final project, which is also known as Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM), due to
an antenna topic. Mr Chairulsyah always guide me regarding an antenna that I never
heard and knew before, willing to share a great experience especially in managing a
project, encouraging me to improve my performance and able to advice for own
goods. Not forgetting for Mr Abd Shukur Bin Ja’afar for your helped.
Not forget, my inadequate to my parents, Mr. Halim Bin Musa and Mrs.
Zuridah Binti Sharif, Mr. my special friend, Mohd Fahmi Bin Ismail and Ms Nor
Hadzfizah Binti Mohd Radzi who never give up encouraging me, kind, helpful and
supportive me a lot since the project begin.
In addition, thanks to my friends who have been for supporting and
encourage me a lot during completing this Projek Sarjana Muda. Finally, for those
who give a contribution in my training whether direct or indirectly involved thanks a
lot.
Completing my Projek Sarjana Muda with the title of 5.8GHz antenna
successfully is the pleasant time for me.
vii
ABSTRACT
The project is focusing on developing a 5.8GHz Antenna using Microstrip
Technologies. While developing this project, there is a certain scope of works where
it is such a guideline in order to assure the project is completely finished without
facing any much difficulties. The overall project will include the literature review,
simulation, fabricating and testing. A few prototypes are created in order to observe
whether which method will produce a better performance including the bandwidth,
return loss and VSWR. This project highlights the development of an antenna using
Microwave Office. The prototype of an antenna must be developing at least five in
order to choose the three best samples. At the end of this project, the result will be as
requirement that is 5.8GHz of antenna.
viii
ABSTRAK
Perlaksannan projek ini tertumpu kepada membangunkan 5.8GHz Antena
dengan menggunakan perisisan Microwave Office. Semasa menjalankan projek ini,
terdapat beberapa skop kerja yang harus dipatuhi bagi memastikan projek dapat
disiapkan dengan sempurna dan perjalanan projek adalah lancar tanpa sebarang
kesulitan yang tidak diingini. Keseluruhan projek tertumpu kepada membuat kajian
mengenai teori antena, simulasi, fabrikasi dan pengujian. Beberapa prototaip telah
direka bagi menganalisa kaedah terbaik yang dapat menghasilkan prestasi unggul
dari segi lebar jalur, kehilangan balikan dan Nisbah Voltan Terhadap Gelombang
(VSWR). Simulasi bagi litar dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Microwave
Office. Sampel untuk antena ini harus dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya lima sample
dan hanya tiga yang terbaik akan dipilih. Pada akhir projek ini, keluaran yang harus
diperolehi mestilah mengikut spesifikasi yang dikehendaki iaitu 5.8GHz.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
TOPIC
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
DECLARATION LETTER
ii
DECLARATION
iii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ix
LIST OF TABLE
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
xv
LIST OF TERMS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
OBJECTIVES
1
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENTS
1
1.3
SCOPE OF WORKS
2
1.4
THESIS OUTLINES
3
x
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1
ANTENNA
6
2.1.1 Basic Antenna Operations
7
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
8
2.2.1 Size of the Patch Element
10
2.2.2 Resonant Dimension of the Patch Element
10
2.2.3 Two Resonant Dimensions
10
2.2.4 The Feed Position
10
2.2
2.2.5 The Feed Position and Resonant Frequency 11
2.3
TRANSMISSION LINE
11
2.3.1 Fringing Effects
11
2.3.2 Effective Length, Resonant Frequency and
Effective Width
III
14
2.3.3 Design
15
2.4
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
17
2.5
MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGIES
18
2.6
APPLICATION
20
ANTENNA PROPERTIES
21
3.1
BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
21
3.1.1 Impedance
22
3.1.2 Wavelength
22
3.1.3 Bandwidth
23
3.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant
23
3.1.5 VSWR
25
3.1.6 Gain
26
3.1.7 Polarization
27
3.1.8 Return Loss
29
xi
3.2
3.3
IV
FEED TECHNIQUE
30
3.2.1 Microstrip Feed Line
30
3.2.2 Coaxial Probe Feed
31
3.2.3 Aperture Coupling Feed
32
3.2.4 Proximity Coupling Feed
33
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
34
3.3.1 Components
34
3.3.1.1 Substrate
35
3.3.1.2 Coaxial Connector
35
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
36
4.1
FLOWCHART OF ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT 37
4.2
METHODOLOGY
38
4.2.1 Literature Review and Calculation
38
4.2.2
Simulation
39
4.2.2.1 Microwave Office
39
4.2.2.2 CorelDraw 12
41
4.2.3 Fabricating
41
4.2.3.1 Layout Printing
42
4.2.3.2 UV Exposure
43
4.2.3.3 Developing the Image
44
4.2.3.4 Spray Washing
44
4.2.3.5 Etching
45
4.2.3.6 Resist Stripping
46
4.2.3.7 Scrub Cleaning
46
4.2.3.8 Cutting and Drilling
46
4.2.3.9 Soldering
46
xii
4.2.4 Testing
4.3
V
47
4.2.4.1 Network Analyzer
48
4.2.4.2 Parameter Analysis
48
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE METHODOLOGY 49
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
51
5.1
RESULTS
51
5.1.1 Calculation
51
5.1.1.1 The Length and Width of Patch
Antenna
52
5.1.1.2 The Impedance Matching of an
Antenna
5.1.2
5.2
54
Simulation
58
5.1.2.1 Results of the Simulation
58
a) Results for Sample 1
58
b) Results for Sample 2
63
c) Results for Sample 3
67
5.1.2.2 Enclosure
71
5.1.2.3 Dielectric Layer Parameters
73
5.1.2.4 Boundaries
74
5.1.2.5 Graph and Measurements
75
5.1.2.6 Frequency
79
5.1.3 Fabricating
80
5.1.4 Testing
82
ANALYSIS
85
5.2.1 Calculation and Simulation
85
5.2.2 Fabricating
87
5.2.3 Testing
88
xiii
5.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Microstip Antenna
VI
89
CONCLUSION
90
6.1
THE CONCLUSION
90
6.2
FUTURE WORKS
91
REFERENCES
93
APPENDIX A
94
APPENDIX B
97
APPENDIX C
100
APPENDIX D
102
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
3.1
VSWR and Transmitted Power of Antenna
3.2
Summarization On The Characteristics of Different Feed
PAGE
26
Techniques
34
3.3
Detail of Substrate Used
35
5.1
The Dimension Used for Sample 1
59
5.2
The Dimension Used for Sample 2
63
5.3
The Dimension Used for Sample 3
67
5.4
Comparison between Simulation and Measurement
Results
85
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
2.1
Function of Antenna
6
2.2
A typical Microstrip Antenna
8
2.3
Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna
9
2.4
Microstrip Line and Its Electric Field Lines and
Effective Dielectric Constant Geometry
2.5
PAGE
13
Effective Dielectric Constant Versus Frequency for
Typical Substrate
14
2.6
Microstrip Line Characteristic
18
2.7
Microstrip Line
19
3.1
Example of Frequency Response for the Antenna
23
3.2
Extremely Wide (W>>h) and Extremely Narrow
(W
DEVELOP A 5.8GHZ ANTENNA USING MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGIES
NOR ASHIKIN BINTI HALIM
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For Bachelor
Degree Of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronic)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APRIL 2007
ii
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
:
Develop a 5.8GHz Antenna Using Microstrip Technologies
Sesi
Pengajian
:
2006/2007
Saya
NOR ASHIKIN BINTI HALIM
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
___________________________________
(COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
PT19140 Jln Cempaka 6,
Tmn. Desa Cempaka 3,
Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan.
Tarikh: 25 April 2007
Tarikh:
iii
iv
v
Special dedicated to my beloved parents, family and fellow friends, who had strongly
encouraged and supported me in my entire journey of learning…
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, a lot of thanks and deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr.
Chairulsyah Bin Wasli who has guide me a lot of knowledge and information
regarding a final project, which is also known as Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM), due to
an antenna topic. Mr Chairulsyah always guide me regarding an antenna that I never
heard and knew before, willing to share a great experience especially in managing a
project, encouraging me to improve my performance and able to advice for own
goods. Not forgetting for Mr Abd Shukur Bin Ja’afar for your helped.
Not forget, my inadequate to my parents, Mr. Halim Bin Musa and Mrs.
Zuridah Binti Sharif, Mr. my special friend, Mohd Fahmi Bin Ismail and Ms Nor
Hadzfizah Binti Mohd Radzi who never give up encouraging me, kind, helpful and
supportive me a lot since the project begin.
In addition, thanks to my friends who have been for supporting and
encourage me a lot during completing this Projek Sarjana Muda. Finally, for those
who give a contribution in my training whether direct or indirectly involved thanks a
lot.
Completing my Projek Sarjana Muda with the title of 5.8GHz antenna
successfully is the pleasant time for me.
vii
ABSTRACT
The project is focusing on developing a 5.8GHz Antenna using Microstrip
Technologies. While developing this project, there is a certain scope of works where
it is such a guideline in order to assure the project is completely finished without
facing any much difficulties. The overall project will include the literature review,
simulation, fabricating and testing. A few prototypes are created in order to observe
whether which method will produce a better performance including the bandwidth,
return loss and VSWR. This project highlights the development of an antenna using
Microwave Office. The prototype of an antenna must be developing at least five in
order to choose the three best samples. At the end of this project, the result will be as
requirement that is 5.8GHz of antenna.
viii
ABSTRAK
Perlaksannan projek ini tertumpu kepada membangunkan 5.8GHz Antena
dengan menggunakan perisisan Microwave Office. Semasa menjalankan projek ini,
terdapat beberapa skop kerja yang harus dipatuhi bagi memastikan projek dapat
disiapkan dengan sempurna dan perjalanan projek adalah lancar tanpa sebarang
kesulitan yang tidak diingini. Keseluruhan projek tertumpu kepada membuat kajian
mengenai teori antena, simulasi, fabrikasi dan pengujian. Beberapa prototaip telah
direka bagi menganalisa kaedah terbaik yang dapat menghasilkan prestasi unggul
dari segi lebar jalur, kehilangan balikan dan Nisbah Voltan Terhadap Gelombang
(VSWR). Simulasi bagi litar dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Microwave
Office. Sampel untuk antena ini harus dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya lima sample
dan hanya tiga yang terbaik akan dipilih. Pada akhir projek ini, keluaran yang harus
diperolehi mestilah mengikut spesifikasi yang dikehendaki iaitu 5.8GHz.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
TOPIC
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
DECLARATION LETTER
ii
DECLARATION
iii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ix
LIST OF TABLE
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
xv
LIST OF TERMS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
OBJECTIVES
1
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENTS
1
1.3
SCOPE OF WORKS
2
1.4
THESIS OUTLINES
3
x
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1
ANTENNA
6
2.1.1 Basic Antenna Operations
7
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
8
2.2.1 Size of the Patch Element
10
2.2.2 Resonant Dimension of the Patch Element
10
2.2.3 Two Resonant Dimensions
10
2.2.4 The Feed Position
10
2.2
2.2.5 The Feed Position and Resonant Frequency 11
2.3
TRANSMISSION LINE
11
2.3.1 Fringing Effects
11
2.3.2 Effective Length, Resonant Frequency and
Effective Width
III
14
2.3.3 Design
15
2.4
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
17
2.5
MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGIES
18
2.6
APPLICATION
20
ANTENNA PROPERTIES
21
3.1
BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
21
3.1.1 Impedance
22
3.1.2 Wavelength
22
3.1.3 Bandwidth
23
3.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant
23
3.1.5 VSWR
25
3.1.6 Gain
26
3.1.7 Polarization
27
3.1.8 Return Loss
29
xi
3.2
3.3
IV
FEED TECHNIQUE
30
3.2.1 Microstrip Feed Line
30
3.2.2 Coaxial Probe Feed
31
3.2.3 Aperture Coupling Feed
32
3.2.4 Proximity Coupling Feed
33
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
34
3.3.1 Components
34
3.3.1.1 Substrate
35
3.3.1.2 Coaxial Connector
35
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
36
4.1
FLOWCHART OF ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT 37
4.2
METHODOLOGY
38
4.2.1 Literature Review and Calculation
38
4.2.2
Simulation
39
4.2.2.1 Microwave Office
39
4.2.2.2 CorelDraw 12
41
4.2.3 Fabricating
41
4.2.3.1 Layout Printing
42
4.2.3.2 UV Exposure
43
4.2.3.3 Developing the Image
44
4.2.3.4 Spray Washing
44
4.2.3.5 Etching
45
4.2.3.6 Resist Stripping
46
4.2.3.7 Scrub Cleaning
46
4.2.3.8 Cutting and Drilling
46
4.2.3.9 Soldering
46
xii
4.2.4 Testing
4.3
V
47
4.2.4.1 Network Analyzer
48
4.2.4.2 Parameter Analysis
48
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE METHODOLOGY 49
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
51
5.1
RESULTS
51
5.1.1 Calculation
51
5.1.1.1 The Length and Width of Patch
Antenna
52
5.1.1.2 The Impedance Matching of an
Antenna
5.1.2
5.2
54
Simulation
58
5.1.2.1 Results of the Simulation
58
a) Results for Sample 1
58
b) Results for Sample 2
63
c) Results for Sample 3
67
5.1.2.2 Enclosure
71
5.1.2.3 Dielectric Layer Parameters
73
5.1.2.4 Boundaries
74
5.1.2.5 Graph and Measurements
75
5.1.2.6 Frequency
79
5.1.3 Fabricating
80
5.1.4 Testing
82
ANALYSIS
85
5.2.1 Calculation and Simulation
85
5.2.2 Fabricating
87
5.2.3 Testing
88
xiii
5.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Microstip Antenna
VI
89
CONCLUSION
90
6.1
THE CONCLUSION
90
6.2
FUTURE WORKS
91
REFERENCES
93
APPENDIX A
94
APPENDIX B
97
APPENDIX C
100
APPENDIX D
102
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
3.1
VSWR and Transmitted Power of Antenna
3.2
Summarization On The Characteristics of Different Feed
PAGE
26
Techniques
34
3.3
Detail of Substrate Used
35
5.1
The Dimension Used for Sample 1
59
5.2
The Dimension Used for Sample 2
63
5.3
The Dimension Used for Sample 3
67
5.4
Comparison between Simulation and Measurement
Results
85
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
2.1
Function of Antenna
6
2.2
A typical Microstrip Antenna
8
2.3
Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna
9
2.4
Microstrip Line and Its Electric Field Lines and
Effective Dielectric Constant Geometry
2.5
PAGE
13
Effective Dielectric Constant Versus Frequency for
Typical Substrate
14
2.6
Microstrip Line Characteristic
18
2.7
Microstrip Line
19
3.1
Example of Frequency Response for the Antenna
23
3.2
Extremely Wide (W>>h) and Extremely Narrow
(W