Design And Analysis On Durian Opener.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ON DURIAN OPENER
LING CHAI VOON
This report is presented in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Fluid)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APRIL 2009
ii
“I hereby, declare this thesis is result of my own research except as cited in the
references”
Signature
: ………………………….
Author‟s Name
: LING CHAI VOON
Date
: 10/04/2009
iii
To my beloved family
iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to convey my most heartfelt gratitude to Mr.
Kamarul Ariffin Zakaria as the final year project supervisor who has graciously
offered his time, attention, experience and guidance throughout the completion of
project. Special thanks also to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University
Technical Malaysia Malacca (UTeM) for the opportunities given and facilities
offered. Lastly, I would like to thank each and every individual who have either
directly or indirectly helped me throughout the efforts of this report be it in the form
of encouragement, advice or kind reminders. A special thanks to the occupants of
No.23, Jalan TU 23, Taman Tasik Utama for their consistent words of wisdom and
company throughout the late nights.
v
ABSTRACT
The present investigation primarily designs of the durian fruit opener that
easy to use and create the model for the design. To build up the idea of design the
durian opener, research on the different body shape and size of durian fruit from
different species have to be done well in order to get the dimension for the design.
Beside that, research on old type methodology of opening a durian fruit also will be
consider to find out the weaknesses of the methodology and solve the weaknesses
with new idea of design. There are many different types of durian fruit opener that
used by people nowadays. Therefore, research will be done on those openers to find
out the weaknesses such as its size, method of use, safety factor, etc. From these,
more information will be collect for analyses so that a more easy to use and
comfortable durian opener idea can be create for the conveniences of durian fruit
fans. After the full concept design have done, a model of durian fruit opener will be
fabricate for the analysis test on its toughness and the force that it can afford on it. A
suitable material to fabricate the design of durian fruit opener also will be
considering in this project.
vi
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah kajian tentang mereka cipta satu alat pembuka buah durian
yang mudah untuk digunakan dan membangunkan model rekabentuk tersebut.
Untuk membina gagasan reka bentuk pembuka buah durian yang sempurna, kajian
ke atas pelbagai bentuk dan saiz buah durian daripada pelbagai spesis hendaklah
dikaji dengan baik untuk mendapat dimensi rekabentuk tersebut. Selain itu, kajian ke
atas kaedah lama yang digunakan untuk membuka buah durian juga akan
dipertimbangkan untuk mengetahui kelemahan-kelemahan kaedah tersebut dan
menyelesaikan kelemahan-kelemahan dengan idea baru rekabentuk. Terdapat
pelbagai jenis alat pembuka buah durian yang digunakan sekarang. Oleh itu, kajian
akan dibuat ke atas alat pembuka yang sedia ada untuk mengetahui kelemahankelemahan seperti saiznya, kaedah penggunaan, faktor keselamatan, dan sebagainya.
Daripada ini, lebih banyak maklumat dapat dikumpulkan untuk membuat analisis
supaya satu rekaan yang lebih mudah dan selesa dapat dibangunkan bagi kegunaan
atau keselesaan peminat-peminat buah durian. Selepas idea konsep penuh telah
dibuat, sebuah model pembuka buah durian akan difabrikasi untuk ujian analisis ke
atas kekuatan alat tersebut. Bahan yang sesuai untuk membina rekabentuk pembuka
durian juga akan dipertimbangkan dalam projek ini.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
TOPIC
PAGE
VERIFICATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Durian Fruit
4
2.2
Different Species of Durian Fruit
6
2.3
The Shape of Durian Fruit
7
2.4
Old Type of Durian Opener and the
8
Weaknesses of the Design
viii
CHAPTER
TOPIC
PAGE
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
14
3.1
Planning
14
3.2
Research of different type and
15
shape of durian fruit
3.3
Investigation of old methodology
15
and design of durian opener
3.4
3.5
Design Process
15
3.4.1
Conception design
16
3.4.2
Design Concept and Criteria
19
3.4.3
Evaluation on Design Drawing
20
Detail Design
21
3.5.1
21
New Design of a Durian
Opener
3.5.2
Components of the New
23
Durian Opener Complete
With Dimension
3.6
Preparing Model (Model Fabrication)
28
3.6.1
28
Tools use for fabricating
model of new durian opener
3.6.2
Procedure of fabricating the
34
new durian opener
3.7
Analysis Test
39
3.7.1
Compression Test
39
3.7.1.1 Experiment Data
46
for Compression Test
3.7.1.2 Experiment Results
49
for Compression Test
3.7.2
Analysis Axial Loading;
49
Normal Stress and Factor of
Safety for the Durian Opener
3.8
Experiments for Testing the Durian
Opener
63
ix
CHAPTER
TOPIC
3.9
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
Conclusion
PAGE
65
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
66
4.1
Expected Result
66
4.2
Design Step
67
4.3
Detail Design
68
4.4
Fabrication
68
4.5
Analysis on the design
69
4.6
Further Development
70
CONCLUSION
71
REFERENCE
72
APPENDIX
74
x
LIST OF TABLES
NO.
TITLE
2.1
Steps of opening durian fruit using old
PAGES
9
Methodology
2.2
Different types of existent durian
11
opener and its weaknesses
3.1
Five idea sketch complete with
17
advantages and weaknesses
3.2
Design Drawing Evaluation
20
3.3
The detail design of the durian opener
24
complete with dimension
3.4
Tools that use for cutting system in
28
fabricating model
3.5
Tools that use for welding system in
32
fabricating model
3.6
Procedure for cutting, filling and
welding process
34
xi
NO.
TITLE
3.7
The picture and the data measuring for
PAGES
42
durian D13, D98 and Durian Kampung
3.8
The picture and procedure for
44
compression test
3.9
Maximum load and compressive strength
49
of durian D13, D98 and Durian Kampung
3.10
The procedure of testing the durian opener
63
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO.
TITLE
2.1
Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also
PAGES
4
known as Durian Merah
(Source: Djatmiko W.A. 2007)
2.2
Durian tree, compared to human height
5
(Source: Yun, H. Y. 2008)
2.3
Durian flowers
5
(Source: Bryan Loh. 2007)
2.4
Durio Oxleyanus
6
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
2.5
Durio Graveolens
6
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
2.6
Durio Oblongus
7
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
2.7
Three rare Durio species together
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
7
xiii
NO.
TITLE
2.8
Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully
PAGES
7
capable of drawing blood
(Source: Takato Marui. 2006)
2.9
The zigzag line where a durian will naturally
8
split apart between sections
(Source: Nirav, S. 2006)
3.1
Flow Chart of Methodology
14
3.2
French‟s Model of the Design Process
15
3.3
Hierarchical Diagrams of Design Criteria
19
3.4
Sketch of the design of durian opener.
22
3.5
The caulking compress gun CG-A106
23
3.6
The explode view of the design
27
3.7
The actual view of the new durian opener
38
3.8
INSTRON 5585 Material Testing System
39
3.9
Measuring the maximum diameter of a
40
durian fruit
3.10
Measuring the maximum width of a
durian fruit
41
xiv
NO.
TITLE
3.11
Measuring the maximum length of a
PAGES
41
durian fruit
3.12
Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus
46
Compressive Extension (mm) for
Compression Test of Durian 13
3.13
Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 13
46
3.14
Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus
47
Compressive Extension (mm) for
Compression Test of Durian 98
3.15
Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 98
47
3.16
Graph of Compressive Load (N)
48
Versus Compressive Extension (mm)
for Compression Test of Durian Kampung
3.17
Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 98
48
3.18
Force acting to press the Aluminum
51
rod down on the compress gun
3.19
Force acting to press the Aluminum
52
Alloy 2011 rod down
3.20
The Aluminum Alloy 2011 rod is subjected
to equal and opposite comcentrated load P and P’
52
xv
NO.
TITLE
3.21
The location of durian fruit holder on
PAGES
54
the design
3.22
The Holder (steel 1018) is subjected
54
to equal and opposite concentrated
load P and P‟
3.23
Force acting to the Aluminum Alloy
56
2011 base support
3.24
Force acting to press the aluminium
57
rod down on the handle
3.25
The Aluminum Alloy 2011 handle
58
subjected to equal and opposite
concentrated load P and P‟
3.26
The diagram to find the load acting
58
on the pressing gun.
3.27
Shearing stress on Pin A (Aluminum
60
Alloy 2011)
3.28
Shearing stress on 4 Pin B
61
(Aluminum Alloy 2011)
4.1
The front view of the design
66
4.2
The isometric view of the stand and
67
holder for design
4.3
The fabricated model for the new design
68
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO.
TITLE
A
Gantt Chart
74
B
Design 3D View Drawing
75
C
Experiment Data for Compression Test
87
D
Table A-20
96
Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metal
PAGES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background study
The durian is the fruit of trees from the genus Durio belonging to the
Malvaceae, a large family which includes hibiscus, okra, cotton, mallows, and
linden trees. Widely known and revered in Southeast Asia as the "King of Fruits",
the fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered
husk. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimeters long and 15 centimeters in diameter,
and typically weighs one to four kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round,
the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on
the species (Djatmiko W.A. 2007).
Nowadays, there are many recognised durian species available in the
international market. There are hundreds of durian cultivars, most of them
propagated by vegetative clones; where farmer will mixed up the seeds from
different type of durian. Beside vegetative clones, farmer will also propagated by
layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge,
whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different
cultivars can be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as
the shape of the spines. Most of these durian cultivars have a common name and a
code number starting with "D" such as, Kop (D99), Chanee (D123), Kradum Thong,
Sultan, Mao Shan Wang and with no common name, D24 and D169 (Djatmiko W.A.
2007).
The durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack. However, the
ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia
and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they
have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always
cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in
southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young when the clusters of fruit
within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. In northern Thailand,
the preference is for the fruit to be as soft and pungent in aroma as possible. In
Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be quite ripe and may
even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked
open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy, slightly alcoholic, the aroma
pronounced and the flavour highly complex (Morton, J. 1987).
The durian rind is greenish-or-yellowish-tan-brown, and covered with thick,
sharp- pointed, pyramidal spikes, of many variations in shape. The rind is extremely
tough and has evolved so as to be able to fall to the ground without major damage to
the fruit (unless it lands on solid rock) from heights as much as 40 meter. Larger
durian fruits can be gingerly and carefully picked up bare-handed by placing the
fingers between the spikes; smaller fruits with small spikes are difficult to hold barehanded for more than a few moments. (People who handle durians professionally
often use thick gloves.) The weight of the fruit and its spiky armor make a durian
grove a hazardous place to be during ripening season, unless the fruits have all been
pre-tied with strings or ropes to prevent their fall to the ground, or large safety nets
positioned to catch them (Morton, J. 1987)
.
1.2
Problem Statement
A durian fruit is delicious and it was the „King‟ of fruit in Malaysia.
However, because of it covered by spikes and the outer flesh of durian fruit are
thick and tough it can be difficult to open if you don‟t know how. Therefore a durian
opener which is easy to be use and reliable has to be design to provide convenience
for people that like to eat durian fruit.
1.3
Objectives
To design and fabricate a durian opener which is easy to be handle and
reliable.
1.4
Scope
The research will focus on the design of a new durian fruit opener. To
complete the design, research on the old type durian fruit opener in market is
important. This research is to find out the weaknesses of the old type durian fruit
opener so that to improve it at tha new design. Following this, discover the optimum
and easy methodology to open a durian fruit. Using the information get from the
research to design a conceptual idea of durian opener. Fabricate the model of the
new design follow the real dimension so that it can be analyse the strenght of the
new design of durian opener.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Durian Fruit
The durian, native to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, has been known to the
western world for about 600 years. Durian had been famously described its flesh as
"a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds" in the 19th century. The flesh can be
consumed at various stages of ripeness, and is used to flavour a wide variety of
savoury and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten
when cooked. (Wallace A. R. 1900). The name durian comes from the Malay word
duri (thorn) with suffix -an.
Figure 2.1: Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also known as Durian Merah
(Source: Djatmiko W.A., (2007))
The durian tree, reaching 27-40 meter in height in tropical forests, is usually
erect with short, straight, rough, peeling trunk to 1.2 meter in diameter, and irregular
dense or open crown of rough branches, and thin branches coated with coppery or
gray scales when young. The evergreen, alternate leaves are oblong-lance-olate, or
elliptic-obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly pointed at the apex; leathery, darkgreen and glossy above, silvery or pale-yellow, and densely covered with gray or
reddish-brown, hairy scales on the underside; 6.25-25 cm long, 2.5-9 cm wide.
Malodorous, whitish to golden-brown, 3-petalled flowers, 5-7.5 cm wide, with 5lobed, bell-shaped calyx, are borne in pendant clusters of 3 to 30 directly from the
old, thick branches or trunk. (Morton, J. 1987)
Figure 2.2: Durian tree, compared to human height
(Source: Yun, H. Y., (2008))
Figure 2.3: Durian flowers
(Source: Bryan Loh, (2007))
2.2
Different Species of Durian Fruit
There are 30 recognized Durian species, at least nine of which produce
edible fruit. There are hundreds of durian cultivars; most of them have a common
name and a code number starting with "D". Among the thirty known species of
Durian, nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: D. zibethinus,
D. dulcis, D. grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. lowianus, D. macrantha,
D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarum. (O'Gara et al. 2004). However, there are many
species for which the fruit has never been collected or properly examined, so other
species with edible fruit may exist. (Brown, Michael J.1997) .There is over 300
named varieties of durian in Thailand. Only a few of these are in commercial
cultivation. In Malaysia, 100 types are graded for size and quality. In peninsular
Malaya, there are 44 clones with small differences in time and extent of flowering,
floral and fruit morphology, productivity and edible quality (Morton, J. 1987). All
Thai durians and most Malaysian durians are varieties and clones of only one
species, Durio zibethinus, and the common domestic durian, which has been bred
and selected for centuries in Southeast Asia for various desirable qualities (Shunyam
Nirav). Some popular clones are Kop (D99 ), Chanee (D123), Berserah or Green
Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 ), Kan Yao (D158), Mon Thong (D159), Kradum
Thong and with no common name, D24, D101 and D169. (O'Gara et al. 2004).
Figure 2.4: Durio Oxleyanus
(Source: Nirav, S., (2003))
Figure 2.5: Durio Graveolens
(Source: Nirav, S.., (2003))
Figure 2.6: Durio Oblongus
together (Source: Nirav, S., (2003))
2.3
Figure 2.7: Three rare Durio species
(Source: Nirav, S., (2003))
The Shape of Durian Fruit
The fruits are ovoid or ovoid-oblong to nearly round, 6 to 12 in (15-30 cm)
long, 5 to 6 in (12.5-15 cm) wide, and up to 18 lbs (8 kg) in weight. The yellow or
yellowish-green rind is thick, tough, semi-woody, and densely set with stout, sharply
pointed spines, 3- to 7-sided at the base. Handling without gloves can be painful.
Inside there are 5 compartments containing the creamy-white, yellowish, pinkish or
orange-colored flesh and 1 to 7 chestnut-like seeds, 3/4 to 2 1/4 in (2-6 cm) long
with glossy, red-brown seedcoat. Some fruits split into 5 segments, others do not
split, but all fall to the ground when mature. (Morton, J. 1987)
Figure 2.8: Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully capable of drawing blood.
(Source: Takato Marui, (2006))
LING CHAI VOON
This report is presented in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Fluid)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APRIL 2009
ii
“I hereby, declare this thesis is result of my own research except as cited in the
references”
Signature
: ………………………….
Author‟s Name
: LING CHAI VOON
Date
: 10/04/2009
iii
To my beloved family
iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to convey my most heartfelt gratitude to Mr.
Kamarul Ariffin Zakaria as the final year project supervisor who has graciously
offered his time, attention, experience and guidance throughout the completion of
project. Special thanks also to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University
Technical Malaysia Malacca (UTeM) for the opportunities given and facilities
offered. Lastly, I would like to thank each and every individual who have either
directly or indirectly helped me throughout the efforts of this report be it in the form
of encouragement, advice or kind reminders. A special thanks to the occupants of
No.23, Jalan TU 23, Taman Tasik Utama for their consistent words of wisdom and
company throughout the late nights.
v
ABSTRACT
The present investigation primarily designs of the durian fruit opener that
easy to use and create the model for the design. To build up the idea of design the
durian opener, research on the different body shape and size of durian fruit from
different species have to be done well in order to get the dimension for the design.
Beside that, research on old type methodology of opening a durian fruit also will be
consider to find out the weaknesses of the methodology and solve the weaknesses
with new idea of design. There are many different types of durian fruit opener that
used by people nowadays. Therefore, research will be done on those openers to find
out the weaknesses such as its size, method of use, safety factor, etc. From these,
more information will be collect for analyses so that a more easy to use and
comfortable durian opener idea can be create for the conveniences of durian fruit
fans. After the full concept design have done, a model of durian fruit opener will be
fabricate for the analysis test on its toughness and the force that it can afford on it. A
suitable material to fabricate the design of durian fruit opener also will be
considering in this project.
vi
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah kajian tentang mereka cipta satu alat pembuka buah durian
yang mudah untuk digunakan dan membangunkan model rekabentuk tersebut.
Untuk membina gagasan reka bentuk pembuka buah durian yang sempurna, kajian
ke atas pelbagai bentuk dan saiz buah durian daripada pelbagai spesis hendaklah
dikaji dengan baik untuk mendapat dimensi rekabentuk tersebut. Selain itu, kajian ke
atas kaedah lama yang digunakan untuk membuka buah durian juga akan
dipertimbangkan untuk mengetahui kelemahan-kelemahan kaedah tersebut dan
menyelesaikan kelemahan-kelemahan dengan idea baru rekabentuk. Terdapat
pelbagai jenis alat pembuka buah durian yang digunakan sekarang. Oleh itu, kajian
akan dibuat ke atas alat pembuka yang sedia ada untuk mengetahui kelemahankelemahan seperti saiznya, kaedah penggunaan, faktor keselamatan, dan sebagainya.
Daripada ini, lebih banyak maklumat dapat dikumpulkan untuk membuat analisis
supaya satu rekaan yang lebih mudah dan selesa dapat dibangunkan bagi kegunaan
atau keselesaan peminat-peminat buah durian. Selepas idea konsep penuh telah
dibuat, sebuah model pembuka buah durian akan difabrikasi untuk ujian analisis ke
atas kekuatan alat tersebut. Bahan yang sesuai untuk membina rekabentuk pembuka
durian juga akan dipertimbangkan dalam projek ini.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
TOPIC
PAGE
VERIFICATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Durian Fruit
4
2.2
Different Species of Durian Fruit
6
2.3
The Shape of Durian Fruit
7
2.4
Old Type of Durian Opener and the
8
Weaknesses of the Design
viii
CHAPTER
TOPIC
PAGE
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
14
3.1
Planning
14
3.2
Research of different type and
15
shape of durian fruit
3.3
Investigation of old methodology
15
and design of durian opener
3.4
3.5
Design Process
15
3.4.1
Conception design
16
3.4.2
Design Concept and Criteria
19
3.4.3
Evaluation on Design Drawing
20
Detail Design
21
3.5.1
21
New Design of a Durian
Opener
3.5.2
Components of the New
23
Durian Opener Complete
With Dimension
3.6
Preparing Model (Model Fabrication)
28
3.6.1
28
Tools use for fabricating
model of new durian opener
3.6.2
Procedure of fabricating the
34
new durian opener
3.7
Analysis Test
39
3.7.1
Compression Test
39
3.7.1.1 Experiment Data
46
for Compression Test
3.7.1.2 Experiment Results
49
for Compression Test
3.7.2
Analysis Axial Loading;
49
Normal Stress and Factor of
Safety for the Durian Opener
3.8
Experiments for Testing the Durian
Opener
63
ix
CHAPTER
TOPIC
3.9
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
Conclusion
PAGE
65
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
66
4.1
Expected Result
66
4.2
Design Step
67
4.3
Detail Design
68
4.4
Fabrication
68
4.5
Analysis on the design
69
4.6
Further Development
70
CONCLUSION
71
REFERENCE
72
APPENDIX
74
x
LIST OF TABLES
NO.
TITLE
2.1
Steps of opening durian fruit using old
PAGES
9
Methodology
2.2
Different types of existent durian
11
opener and its weaknesses
3.1
Five idea sketch complete with
17
advantages and weaknesses
3.2
Design Drawing Evaluation
20
3.3
The detail design of the durian opener
24
complete with dimension
3.4
Tools that use for cutting system in
28
fabricating model
3.5
Tools that use for welding system in
32
fabricating model
3.6
Procedure for cutting, filling and
welding process
34
xi
NO.
TITLE
3.7
The picture and the data measuring for
PAGES
42
durian D13, D98 and Durian Kampung
3.8
The picture and procedure for
44
compression test
3.9
Maximum load and compressive strength
49
of durian D13, D98 and Durian Kampung
3.10
The procedure of testing the durian opener
63
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO.
TITLE
2.1
Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also
PAGES
4
known as Durian Merah
(Source: Djatmiko W.A. 2007)
2.2
Durian tree, compared to human height
5
(Source: Yun, H. Y. 2008)
2.3
Durian flowers
5
(Source: Bryan Loh. 2007)
2.4
Durio Oxleyanus
6
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
2.5
Durio Graveolens
6
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
2.6
Durio Oblongus
7
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
2.7
Three rare Durio species together
(Source: Nirav, S. 2003)
7
xiii
NO.
TITLE
2.8
Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully
PAGES
7
capable of drawing blood
(Source: Takato Marui. 2006)
2.9
The zigzag line where a durian will naturally
8
split apart between sections
(Source: Nirav, S. 2006)
3.1
Flow Chart of Methodology
14
3.2
French‟s Model of the Design Process
15
3.3
Hierarchical Diagrams of Design Criteria
19
3.4
Sketch of the design of durian opener.
22
3.5
The caulking compress gun CG-A106
23
3.6
The explode view of the design
27
3.7
The actual view of the new durian opener
38
3.8
INSTRON 5585 Material Testing System
39
3.9
Measuring the maximum diameter of a
40
durian fruit
3.10
Measuring the maximum width of a
durian fruit
41
xiv
NO.
TITLE
3.11
Measuring the maximum length of a
PAGES
41
durian fruit
3.12
Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus
46
Compressive Extension (mm) for
Compression Test of Durian 13
3.13
Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 13
46
3.14
Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus
47
Compressive Extension (mm) for
Compression Test of Durian 98
3.15
Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 98
47
3.16
Graph of Compressive Load (N)
48
Versus Compressive Extension (mm)
for Compression Test of Durian Kampung
3.17
Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 98
48
3.18
Force acting to press the Aluminum
51
rod down on the compress gun
3.19
Force acting to press the Aluminum
52
Alloy 2011 rod down
3.20
The Aluminum Alloy 2011 rod is subjected
to equal and opposite comcentrated load P and P’
52
xv
NO.
TITLE
3.21
The location of durian fruit holder on
PAGES
54
the design
3.22
The Holder (steel 1018) is subjected
54
to equal and opposite concentrated
load P and P‟
3.23
Force acting to the Aluminum Alloy
56
2011 base support
3.24
Force acting to press the aluminium
57
rod down on the handle
3.25
The Aluminum Alloy 2011 handle
58
subjected to equal and opposite
concentrated load P and P‟
3.26
The diagram to find the load acting
58
on the pressing gun.
3.27
Shearing stress on Pin A (Aluminum
60
Alloy 2011)
3.28
Shearing stress on 4 Pin B
61
(Aluminum Alloy 2011)
4.1
The front view of the design
66
4.2
The isometric view of the stand and
67
holder for design
4.3
The fabricated model for the new design
68
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO.
TITLE
A
Gantt Chart
74
B
Design 3D View Drawing
75
C
Experiment Data for Compression Test
87
D
Table A-20
96
Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metal
PAGES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background study
The durian is the fruit of trees from the genus Durio belonging to the
Malvaceae, a large family which includes hibiscus, okra, cotton, mallows, and
linden trees. Widely known and revered in Southeast Asia as the "King of Fruits",
the fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered
husk. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimeters long and 15 centimeters in diameter,
and typically weighs one to four kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round,
the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on
the species (Djatmiko W.A. 2007).
Nowadays, there are many recognised durian species available in the
international market. There are hundreds of durian cultivars, most of them
propagated by vegetative clones; where farmer will mixed up the seeds from
different type of durian. Beside vegetative clones, farmer will also propagated by
layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge,
whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different
cultivars can be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as
the shape of the spines. Most of these durian cultivars have a common name and a
code number starting with "D" such as, Kop (D99), Chanee (D123), Kradum Thong,
Sultan, Mao Shan Wang and with no common name, D24 and D169 (Djatmiko W.A.
2007).
The durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack. However, the
ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia
and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they
have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always
cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in
southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young when the clusters of fruit
within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. In northern Thailand,
the preference is for the fruit to be as soft and pungent in aroma as possible. In
Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be quite ripe and may
even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked
open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy, slightly alcoholic, the aroma
pronounced and the flavour highly complex (Morton, J. 1987).
The durian rind is greenish-or-yellowish-tan-brown, and covered with thick,
sharp- pointed, pyramidal spikes, of many variations in shape. The rind is extremely
tough and has evolved so as to be able to fall to the ground without major damage to
the fruit (unless it lands on solid rock) from heights as much as 40 meter. Larger
durian fruits can be gingerly and carefully picked up bare-handed by placing the
fingers between the spikes; smaller fruits with small spikes are difficult to hold barehanded for more than a few moments. (People who handle durians professionally
often use thick gloves.) The weight of the fruit and its spiky armor make a durian
grove a hazardous place to be during ripening season, unless the fruits have all been
pre-tied with strings or ropes to prevent their fall to the ground, or large safety nets
positioned to catch them (Morton, J. 1987)
.
1.2
Problem Statement
A durian fruit is delicious and it was the „King‟ of fruit in Malaysia.
However, because of it covered by spikes and the outer flesh of durian fruit are
thick and tough it can be difficult to open if you don‟t know how. Therefore a durian
opener which is easy to be use and reliable has to be design to provide convenience
for people that like to eat durian fruit.
1.3
Objectives
To design and fabricate a durian opener which is easy to be handle and
reliable.
1.4
Scope
The research will focus on the design of a new durian fruit opener. To
complete the design, research on the old type durian fruit opener in market is
important. This research is to find out the weaknesses of the old type durian fruit
opener so that to improve it at tha new design. Following this, discover the optimum
and easy methodology to open a durian fruit. Using the information get from the
research to design a conceptual idea of durian opener. Fabricate the model of the
new design follow the real dimension so that it can be analyse the strenght of the
new design of durian opener.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Durian Fruit
The durian, native to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, has been known to the
western world for about 600 years. Durian had been famously described its flesh as
"a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds" in the 19th century. The flesh can be
consumed at various stages of ripeness, and is used to flavour a wide variety of
savoury and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten
when cooked. (Wallace A. R. 1900). The name durian comes from the Malay word
duri (thorn) with suffix -an.
Figure 2.1: Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also known as Durian Merah
(Source: Djatmiko W.A., (2007))
The durian tree, reaching 27-40 meter in height in tropical forests, is usually
erect with short, straight, rough, peeling trunk to 1.2 meter in diameter, and irregular
dense or open crown of rough branches, and thin branches coated with coppery or
gray scales when young. The evergreen, alternate leaves are oblong-lance-olate, or
elliptic-obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly pointed at the apex; leathery, darkgreen and glossy above, silvery or pale-yellow, and densely covered with gray or
reddish-brown, hairy scales on the underside; 6.25-25 cm long, 2.5-9 cm wide.
Malodorous, whitish to golden-brown, 3-petalled flowers, 5-7.5 cm wide, with 5lobed, bell-shaped calyx, are borne in pendant clusters of 3 to 30 directly from the
old, thick branches or trunk. (Morton, J. 1987)
Figure 2.2: Durian tree, compared to human height
(Source: Yun, H. Y., (2008))
Figure 2.3: Durian flowers
(Source: Bryan Loh, (2007))
2.2
Different Species of Durian Fruit
There are 30 recognized Durian species, at least nine of which produce
edible fruit. There are hundreds of durian cultivars; most of them have a common
name and a code number starting with "D". Among the thirty known species of
Durian, nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: D. zibethinus,
D. dulcis, D. grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. lowianus, D. macrantha,
D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarum. (O'Gara et al. 2004). However, there are many
species for which the fruit has never been collected or properly examined, so other
species with edible fruit may exist. (Brown, Michael J.1997) .There is over 300
named varieties of durian in Thailand. Only a few of these are in commercial
cultivation. In Malaysia, 100 types are graded for size and quality. In peninsular
Malaya, there are 44 clones with small differences in time and extent of flowering,
floral and fruit morphology, productivity and edible quality (Morton, J. 1987). All
Thai durians and most Malaysian durians are varieties and clones of only one
species, Durio zibethinus, and the common domestic durian, which has been bred
and selected for centuries in Southeast Asia for various desirable qualities (Shunyam
Nirav). Some popular clones are Kop (D99 ), Chanee (D123), Berserah or Green
Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 ), Kan Yao (D158), Mon Thong (D159), Kradum
Thong and with no common name, D24, D101 and D169. (O'Gara et al. 2004).
Figure 2.4: Durio Oxleyanus
(Source: Nirav, S., (2003))
Figure 2.5: Durio Graveolens
(Source: Nirav, S.., (2003))
Figure 2.6: Durio Oblongus
together (Source: Nirav, S., (2003))
2.3
Figure 2.7: Three rare Durio species
(Source: Nirav, S., (2003))
The Shape of Durian Fruit
The fruits are ovoid or ovoid-oblong to nearly round, 6 to 12 in (15-30 cm)
long, 5 to 6 in (12.5-15 cm) wide, and up to 18 lbs (8 kg) in weight. The yellow or
yellowish-green rind is thick, tough, semi-woody, and densely set with stout, sharply
pointed spines, 3- to 7-sided at the base. Handling without gloves can be painful.
Inside there are 5 compartments containing the creamy-white, yellowish, pinkish or
orange-colored flesh and 1 to 7 chestnut-like seeds, 3/4 to 2 1/4 in (2-6 cm) long
with glossy, red-brown seedcoat. Some fruits split into 5 segments, others do not
split, but all fall to the ground when mature. (Morton, J. 1987)
Figure 2.8: Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully capable of drawing blood.
(Source: Takato Marui, (2006))