v
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xii
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-7
1.1 Introduction
1 1.2
Background of Study 1
1.3 Problem Statement
3 1.4
Project Objective 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study
6 1.6
Organization of Report 6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8-29
2.1 Introduction
8 2.2
Manual Material Handling 9
2.3 Principle of Manual Material Handling
10 2.4 Risk Factor
14 2.4.1 Types of Ergonomic Risk Factor
15 2.4.2 Risk Effect in Manual Material Handling
17 2.5
Summary of Previous Research Work Related To Material Handling Technique
19
TABLE OF CONTENT
vi
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 30-48
3.1 Introduction
30 3.2
Planning and Activities 30
3.3 Evaluate the Information on Risk Factor Contributing To
Muscle Fatigue and Muscle Discomfort Associated with Manual Material Handling
33 3.4
Analysis of Muscle Activity While They Are Performing Manual Material Handling Task
35 3.4.1 Subjects for Experiment sEMG Measurement
35 3.4.2 Design of Experiment for the Surface
Electromyography Measurement 36
3.4.3 Surface Electromyography Signalling and Processing
37 3.4.4 Apparatus
38 3.4.5 Working Procedure
39 3.5
To Model Relationship between Muscle Activity and Load Mass, Task Frequency, Exposure Time and Rest time
41 3.6
Data Collection 43
3.7 Data Analysis
43 3.7.1 Descriptive Statistics
43 3.7.2 Analysis of Variance
44 3.7.3 T-test
45 3.8
Expected Result 47
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 48-102
4.1 Introduction
48 4.2
Evaluation of Risk Factor Contributing To Muscle Fatigue and Muscle Discomfort Associated With Manual Material Handling Tasks. 49
4.2.1 Result of Evaluating Risk Factor Based On Manual Material Handling
49 4.2.2 Result of Evaluating Risk Factor Based On Muscle Discomfort 54
4.2.2.1 Result of Evaluating Risk Assessment Based On Muscle Discomfort Mean
55
vii
4.2.2.2 Result of Evaluating Risk Assessment Based On Muscle Discomfort Standard Deviation
56 4.2.3 Summary on Evaluating Risk Factors
57 4.3
Interpretation of Muscle Activity Data While Performing Manual Material Handling Task.
58 4.3.1 First Muscle Activity RT BICEPS BR
60 4.3.2 Second Muscle Activity LT BICEPS BR
62 4.3.3 Third Muscle Activity LT UPPER TRAP
65 4.3.4 Fourth Muscle Activity RT LUMBAR ES
67 4.3.5 Fifth Muscle Activity LT LUMBAR ES
70 4.3.6 Summary for All Muscle Activity
73 4.4
Model Relationship between Muscle Activities with Body Posture, Load Mass and Exposure Time using Analysis Of Variance ANOVA 74
4.4.1 Hypothesis Testing for RT Biceps BR Muscle 76
4.4.1.1 ANOVA for RT Biceps BR 79
4.4.1.2 Fitted Model for RT Biceps BR 80
4.4.2 Hypothesis Testing for LT Biceps BR Muscle 81
4.4.2.1 ANOVA for LT Biceps BR 84
4.4.2.2 Fitted Model for LT Biceps BR 85
4.4.3 Hypothesis Testing for LT Upper Trap Muscle 86
4.4.3.1 ANOVA for LT Upper Trap 89
4.4.3.2 Fitted Model for LT Upper Trap 90
4.4.4 Hypothesis Testing for RT Lumbar ES Muscle 91
4.4.4.1 ANOVA for RT Lumbar ES 94
4.4.4.2 Fitted Model for RT Lumbar ES 95
4.4.5 Hypothesis Testing for LT Lumbar ES Muscle 96
4.4.5.1 ANOVA for LT Lumbar ES 99
4.4.5.2 Fitted Model for LT Lumbar ES 100
4.4.6 Summary of Model Relationship between Muscle Activities With Body Posture, Load Mass and Exposure Time.
101
viii
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 103-106
