3
extract information on the specific body part which will lead to the hand and arm injuries and at the same time are able to get to know the participants background.
The data then will be collected and processed using the Microsoft Excel. The software is very helpful to relate the target group data with the hand and arm injuries.
1.3 Objective
This study has a few objectives to accomplish. Each of the objectives will be encountered using the appropriate method that will be explained more in chapter 3.
The aim of this study is divided into 3 parts as follow:
1. To identify significant relationships between hand grip strength of hand and general hand and arm injuries.
2. To evaluate the hand grip strength for UTeM sportsperson. 3. To investigate the hand pain experience for UTeM sportsperson.
1.4 Scope of study
The scopes of the study justify the participants for this study. In general, this study is on the UTeM sportsperson. As we all know, sportsperson are usually expert and well
trained for one type of sport. Different sportsperson have different expertise in their hand grip strength. The scope of this study is divided into 5 categories. There are as
below:
1. Male and female UTeM badminton athletes. 2. Male and female UTeM handball athletes.
3. Male and female UTeM Kayak athletes. 4. Male and female UTeM Softball athletes.
5. Male UTeM Rugby athletes.
4
1.5 Report Outline
This report is written in 3 chapters. This is the first chapter which describes generally on what the whole study is all about. The first chapter includes study background,
objectives and scopes. The second chapter is on the literature review. It elaborates more on hand grip and the disease may occur from it. Here the types of grips are
explained more with illustrations. Other than that, it also describes on various types of hand arm and injuries and also the software that will be used. Next is chapter 3
which is the methodology. In this chapter we can see the overall flow of the study. The data collection methods are explained here. The Gantt chart is also in this
chapter to show the study planning and the actual time taken. In chapter 4, the data obtained are analyzed here. Graphs and tables are drawn out to show the overall
result of my study. Each category will be evaluated respectively. The last chapter is chapter 5. This chapter conclude this study and state out any recommendations.
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This Chapter discusses on manual hand grip assessment and injuries may occur from it. The assessment or test is subjective and need to be done a few times to get the most
accurate result. This study is more on UTeM athletes including male and female.
2.1 Hand Grip
There are 35 muscles involved in movement of the forearm and hand, with many of these involved in gripping activities during gripping activities; the muscles of the flexor
mechanism in the hand and forearm create grip strength while the extensors of the forearm stabilize the wrist Waldo, B. Grip Strength Testing, 1996. There are four
major joints of the hand, Carpometacarpal, Intermetacarpal, Metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joint, with 9 extrinsic muscles that cross the wrist and 10 intrinsic
muscles with both of their attachments distal to the wrist Hall S. Basic Biomechanics,
2007. These muscles include the pronator radii teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulanris, flexor sublimis digitorum, and Palmaris longus on the extrinsic layer and the
flexor profundus digitorum, flexor policus longus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicus brevis, and abductor pollicus brevis on the intrinsic layer. Each of these muscles is
active during gripping activities.
According to German Sports Scientist Jurgen Weinick, the characteristic structure of the hand is related to its function as a grasping tool. Grasping ability is made possible by the
6
fact that the thumb can be opposed to the fingers. The fingers and the thumb act as a versatile pair of pliers. They need the palm of the hand as a flat base, on which the
object grasped can be held Weinick J. Functional Anatomy in Sports, 1990. From this statement, it can be concluded that the anatomy of the hand is more geared toward
flexion than extension. Further proof lies in the research of Li, Zatsiorsky, and Latas on the strength of finger flexor vs. finger extensor musculature during isometric tasks. Their
findings revealed the flexor mechanism of the fingers to be 62 stronger than the extensor Li Z., Zatsiorsky V., Latash M, 2001
Figure 2.1: Hand Muscles
2.2 Hand Grip in Sports
