political movements have various forms, started from the rough to the peacefull way method. However, in our opinion Tilly was more directed to examine the social movements in the
peacefull way. In the same essay, Tilly stated that in recent versions, the displays of social movements thus identified include public meetings, demonstrations, marches, the creation of
special purpose associations and coalitions of associations, mass media statements, pamphlets, petitions, the posting or wearing of identifying symbols, and the adoption of distinctive
slogans.
10
In fact, there are socio-political activities that use the rough ways or methods such as vandalism, damaging public property, physical violence, and armed conflict.
Further Tilly also mentioned that in the social and political movement, there are four important elements that support the success of an action or movement. Those are
worthiness
sobriety, propriety of dress, incorporation of priests and other dignitaries, endorsement of moral authorities, evidence of previous undeserved Suffering,
unity
uniforms, marching or dancing in Unison, chanting of slogans, singing, cheering, linking of arms, wearing or bearing of the
common symbols, direct Affirmation of a common program or identity,
quantity
filling of public space, presentation of petitions, representations of multiple units eg, neighborhood
associations, direct claims of numerical support by means of polls, membership inscriptions, financial contributions, and
commitment
persistence in costly or risky activity, declarations of readiness to persevere, resistance to attack. These four elements are combined to produce the
power to encourage the success of the social and political movement. Tilly formulated those four elements into: strength = worthiness X numbers X unity commitment.
11
But now through the presence of ICT-based social media, social and political movements are facilitated by the new form of media in achieving their goals. It seems that theory proposed
by Tilly didn‟t count the social media into account. In the formulation described by Tilly, we can
know that the media described was still the conventional media before the presence of ICT. Even Marx and Aristotle could never have imagined that one day people do revolution and participated
in politics by the the terrain using a new tools called social media or social network such as Facebook.
C. Facebook Development and Debate
This era is often called cyber era in which all human activities on earth can not be separated from the cyber world called the internet. At this level, almost all of the social
interactions and relationships are built through ICT. Among the facilities provided by ICT, social media or networks such as Friendster, Blogs, Facebook, and Twitter are the most widely used
sites in the world including people in Indonesia.
12
Nowadays, the presence of the social media is not merely a facility but it also has become a need, or even an urgency. Consequently, the presence of the social media such as Friendster,
Blogs, Facebook, and Twitter become a primary need in peoples life, ranging from young people
10
Ibid, p 260
11
Ibid, p 261
12
The term Social Media refers to the use of web-based and mobile technologies to turn communication into an
interactive dialogue. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and
exchange of user-generated content. Social media are media for social interaction, as a superset beyond social communication. Kietzmann et al 2011 argue that “social media introduce substantial and pervasive changes to
communication between organizations, communities, and individuals”, enabled by ubiquitously accessible and scalable communication techniques. See,
Social Media at Wikipedia , last accesed Sept 1
st
2011
to the elderly. Among those social networks, Facebook is the most widely used site used by people in Indonesia and it has a very high prestige in the eyes of Indonesian people.
Facebook had already existed in the early 2004 in America, but it was only in 2006 was opened for public access. Later, it eventually spreaded all over the world. Within a relatively
short time, Facebook has experienced an unexpected increase in the number of very large users. Indonesia is in the second ranks in a matter of the use of Facebook. Facebook users in Indonesia
grow rapidly and become the second worlds fastest growth of Facebook user worldwide. Indonesia is under the USA position which is also the
world‟s largest Facebook users. This fact can be obtained a survey conducted by eMarketer. Based on this survey, the number of Facebook
users in Indonesia raised 1,431,160 million users until last month. The increase was observed from the data which showed that the users increased from December 1, 2009 to January 1, 2010.
On December 1, 2009, eMarketer noted that the number of Facebook users in Indonesia was 13,870,120 users, while on January 1, 2010 it was 15,301,280 users. Therefore, Indonesia is only
one rank below the USA with 4,576,220 increasing users in the same period from 98,105,020 to 102,681,240 users.
Although Indonesia is below U SA‟s position, the increasing percentage in the number of
Facebook users in Indonesia was twice as many as America. Indonesia increased 10 percent, while the USA was only 5 percent. The significant 10 percent increase including the worlds
highest percentage growth. Apart from Indonesia, some countries which were able to reach 10 percent increase in the percentage of the FB users were the Philippines and Malaysia.
Table 1
13
Top 10 Countries, rangked by Gain in Facebook Users Desember 2009 January 2010
December 1 2009
January 1 2010
change Change
penetration 1. US
98,105,020 102,681,240
5 4,576,220
33,6 2. Indonesia
13,870,120 15,301,280
10 1,431,160
6,7 3. Philippines
8,025,420 8,805,300
10 780,880
9,7 4. Turkey
16,327,880 16,961,140
4 633,260
24 5. Italy
12,993,120 13,500,300
4 507,180
22,6 6. India
5,174,200 5,658,080
9 483,880
0,5 7. Mexico
6,211,620 6,671,560
7 459,940
6,3 8. Spain
7,401,620 7,827,180
6 425,560
17,0 9. Malaysia
3,837,920 4,236,960
10 399,040
15,3 10. Argentina
7,187,360 7,526,920
5 339,560
18,9 The data above showed a fantastic fact about Indonesian people who use Facebook. The
number of the users in Indonesia is higher than Japan, which is famous for its technology. Another data shows the use of Facebook for Indonesian community, from the data below we can
see the top 30 of countries which have Facebookers:
13
See, Wow... Indonesia Ranking 2 Pertumbuhan Facebook Tertinggi di Dunia
– Kompas, January 13
th
2010, last accesed Feb 18
th
2011
Table 2
14
Facebook Usage Statistic by Country
Rank Country
Number of Facebook users
Sep 2008 Number of
Facebook users Sep 2009
Number of Facebook users Sep
2010 12 month
growth 24 month
growth 1
USA 32,931,680
84,596,240 138,660,280
64 321.1
2 UK
12,637,540 20,228,480
27,279,920 34.9
115.9 3
Indonesia 322,840
8,786,920 26,870,640
205.8 8223.2
4 Turkey
4,566,660 13,996,380
22,689,280 62.1
396.9 5
France 3,381,220
12,032,020 18,875,380
56.9 458.2
6 Canada
9,991,260 12,667,220
17,050,280 34.6
70.7 7
Italy 1,035,920
10,903,620 16,589,460
52.1 1501.4
8 Philippines
233,020 4,832,040
16,492,880 241.3
6977.8 9
Mexico 1,174,920
4,731,700 15,132,080
219.8 1187.9
10 India
806,680 3,980,260
13,612,360 242
1587.5 11
Germany 815,840
3,875,800 11,119,240
186.9 1262.9
12 Argentina
939,080 6,036,060
11,118,120 84.2
1083.9 13
Spain 1,076,740
6,314,220 10,908,540
72.6 913.1
14 Colombia
3,227,760 6,488,200
10,725,740 65.3
232.3 15
Australia 3,655,680
6,591,640 9,169,220
39.1 150.8
16 Malaysia
592,740 2,619,040
8,187,460 212.6
1281.3 17
Taiwan 90,140
2,257,340 7,109,140
214.9 7786.8
18 Chile
3,491,200 5,465,740
7,060,020 29.2
102.2 19
Venezuela 1,462,500
4,223,740 6,857,980
62.4 368.9
20 Brazil
155,400 1,541,380
5,860,740 280.2
3671.4 21
Egypt 836,440
1,896,120 4,025,280
112.3 381.2
22 Sweden
1,358,460 2,587,300
3,835,160 48.2
182.3 23
Belgium 833,620
2,557,000 3,553,600
39 326.3
24 Hong Kong
1,109,200 2,350,460
3,383,440 44
205 25
Poland 113,920
732,000 3,348,980
357.5 2839.8
26 South Africa 1,022,000
1,899,600 3,123,260
64.4 205.6
27 Peru
208,200 1,206,620
3,089,100 156
1383.7 28
Israel 661,460
1,782,700 2,965,000
66.3 348.3
29 Greece
641,260 1,858,620
2,898,180 55.9
352 30
Netherlands 283,900
1,362,420 2,863,540
110.2 908.6
14
See, Facebook usage statistics by country
, last accesed Feb 18th 2011
These data showed a fantastic fact about Indonesian people who use Facebook. The number of the users grow from year to year. It implies that social media is able to attract
people‟s attention. Facebook it self can be seen as a part of ICT development. As mentioned earlier, there
are two important inventions in ICT development this century. Those inventions are computer and the Internet. Those new technology and their development have long triggered the real pros
and cons. Generally, there are two main views which have the opposite ideas: Neo-Luddite and Technophiles.
For the Technophiles, the invention of such technology is an effective medication that can cure many human problems. Technology such Facebook is considered as the product of ICT
development which is could be very useful in humans life. This opinion is based on principles and ideology of those who view technology as if it is a perfect lover. Therfore, there will be no
worry to face the future if we live with technology.
15
Their main idea is the ideology of technology.
The ideology of technology rests on how the technical problems can be solved and possibly developed in the future. In other words, the process becomes the concern, while the
value of the aims wanted to be achieved can be abandoned. When the Internet began to be developed, qualified people drowned in their effort to continually improve the technical issues
and develop it. The challenge to continue improving the technological superiority becomes the goal, regardless the consideration of a much wider aspects the impact of ethical, psychological,
social, and legal aspects.
This opinion is contrast with the opinion of the Neo-Luddite.
16
The Neo-Luddite who is famous for its anti-technology movement thinks that the presence of technology will destroy
peoples life. Their movement was begun with anti-industrialization movement in England in the early 19th century. They thought that the presence of the machine is a decadence in a
civilization. It can take over the work ers‟ positions hand skil art and mass-producing products
using human labors. In line with the development of the ICT, Neo-Luddite also provides a massive assessment
and prediction about the growth and rate of information technology development. For instance they makes predictions about the adverse effects of the new ways of doing various things,
including reading printed books will become obsolete and replaced by the e-book, personal face- to-face communication through will extinct. They also assumed that the future generations will
be the computer geek and there will be social isolation intensified when individuals live in their own fantasy world, a world known as cyberspace virtual world.
17
While in the political area, the tensions of the two opposing views continue. There are some parties who argue that the presence of the Internet can help the development of
democratization in the society and bring new expectations utopian. It is a kind of optimism through the use of the internet. However, some other parties think that the presence of the
15
Postman, Neil,
Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology
, Vintage Books, New York, 1993, p. 5
16
The term was raised by Ian Boal on his book
Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information
, City Lights, San Fransisco, 1995. Wendell Berry, author of
Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer
,
What Are People For?
, North Point Press, San Fransisco, 1990 is also one of followers of Neo-Luddite. In his book, he defends a right to use old technology as well as raises about how ro reduce negative effects caused by new
technology.
17
Graham, Gordon,
The Internet: a Philosophical Inquiry
, Routledge, London, 1999
internet only will further facilitate supervision panoptikon in every aspect of human life, and no more then a trendy tool of life, in other word they tend to be pessimistic.
In the context of democracy and democratization, the optimistic view argues that the presence of technology is able to solve the problem of participation. ICT including social-
network based media such as Facebook is often seen capable to facilitate the involvement of the citizens by reducing the communication
difficulties. It‟s said to be able to to transform the political system or policy. While the pessimistic view sees it from the opposite side, they assume
that the transformation in the society will lead to the social fragmentation and isolation, which can cause the deterioration of democracy.
18
Issue and this debate might have no way out, because ICT still continue to evolve after all and we have to accept its influence. However, the role and the benefit of those innovations of
technology must be evaluated and critize. That is why we need to look at how this kind of technology used, especially in socio-political area. The following section of this paper will
discuss the use of Facebook for social and political activities of Community Forum for Heritage Building Preservation Indonesian: Forped BCB in Salatiga
D. Story of Forped BCB and The Use of Facebook
