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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This study is divided into three main parts. First, review of related theories. Second, review on the historical-biographical background. The last is the
theoretical framework. They are presented as follows.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part reveals some theories which relates to the study. They are Critical Approach, Theory of Poetry, Explication Theory and Education Theories. The
theories are presented as follow.
1. Critical Approach
Critical approach in literature is commonly used since it is easy to conduct. The theories of critical approach in this study are taken from two sources. They
are Rohrberger, and Diana and Gioia. Rohrberger starts the theory of critical approach to literature by comparing
it to impressionistic approach. It is said that critical approach is different from impressionistic approach in terms of viewing literature. Impressionistic approach
seems too subjective in studying a literary works. In contrary, there is critical approach to literature. Critical approach to literature regards art to have esthetic
value. The esthetic value in literature is the part of applied esthetic, which studies PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8 art and the nature of beauty. Therefore, this approach involves esthetic response to
find the esthetic value. Critical approach regards that literature
’s verbal structure has meaning. Therefore, the process in critical approach begins with understanding that words
are used together to shape meaning. The meaning involves one’s experience and knowledge which are valuable. It enables them to participate vicariously. Then, in
doing so, it leads the words to greater knowledge and eventual wisdom. According to Rohrberger, critical approach to literature necessitates an
understanding of its nature, function and positive values. He divides critical approach into six, namely formalist approach, biographical approach,
sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. However, this study uses some of them which are appropriate to the
context of the study. They are sociocultural-historical approach, biographical approach and sociocultural-historical approach.
The first approach, sociocultural-historical approach, regards that someone must locate the civilization as the reference to study. This statement is based on
two reasons. The first reason is that literature is not created in vacuum. There is always situation which becomes the background. The second reason is that the
ideas in the literature have significant meaning to the culture that produces it. According to this approach, there are always philosophies of life which can be
expressed and viewed in moral terms. The second approach, biographical a
pproach, involves the author’s biography to understand his writing. This approach regards art as the reflection of
9 personality. Therefore, the reader needs to find the information about
the author’s life
as much as possible. The author’s life may have fascinated the reader, but the reader may not
present their judgment on author’s life in analyzing the literary works.
Kennedy and Gioia state ten critical approaches to literature. Their finding is different from Rohrberger, who only states five approaches. However, Kennedy
and Gioa have the same idea that criticism can be based on some disciplines. Kennedy and Gioia state that the approaches are not mutually exclusive, the
reader may mix methods to suit their needs and interests. The ten approaches mentioned by Kennedy and Gioia are formalist criticism, biographical criticism,
historical criticism, psychological criticism, mythological criticism, sociological criticism, gender criticism, reader-response criticism, deconstructionist criticism,
and cultural studies. However, not all of them are included in this study. This study emphasizes on historical criticism and biographical criticism.
The first approach, historical criticism, regards the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced literature play important role in analyzing the
literary work. The reader may use them to comprehend the literary works deeper. It begins by exploring the possible ways in which the meaning of the text has
changed over time. The second approach, biographical criticism, believes that literature is
written by actual people. Thus, the reader can comprehend the work thoroughly by understanding the author’s life. Biography provides a practical assistance to
10 underlines the important meaning of the poems. The focus of this approach is
e xplicating literary work using the insight provided by the author’s life.
2. Theory of Explication
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