Psychological Approach Review of Related Theories

9 events of a story. Character can be described as round and flat that every character has to be credible means that readers have to accept them as true people or believable people p. 20. Further Roberts and Jacobs 1987 state that round characters are usually the major and central figures. Author fully develops them with many traits. Round characters are central characters. That is why they are also called protagonist, yet not every round and central character is a protagonist. Protagonist moves against antagonist which could grow conflicts in the stories. Round characters are many- sided and possess many unpredictable human traits. They are considered as dynamic for having capacity to change and grow. At the beginning of a story, the major character may have a different quality compared to the end of the story p.121. The opposite of round characters is flat characters. Flat characters do not change within the story. They are representative that are undistinguishable from their classes to which they belong. Flat characters are usually minor characters. They are useful for the story and remain the same through out of the story. They are static and usually face the same challenges. They are not central figures and not developed as much as round characters. Readers must use their own knowledge and experience with human beings to make the findings about characters’ quality to reveal characters pp. 121-122.

3. Characterization

Rohrberger and Woods 1971 state that “characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters ”. 10 The creating process of character is called “characterization”. Author can characterize in two ways; direct and dramatic. Direct means the author plainly tells the readers about the characters. It can be through physical appearance, moral quality, intellectuality, and other important information about the characters. In dramatic, author places the characters in a situation to show what they are. Readers can reveal their characters through the way they behave and speak p. 20. However, another element is needed to help people in building a complete description of the character, either psychologically or physically that are known as characterization. Rohrberger and Woods 1971 also define the word “characterization” as “the process by which an author creates character, the devices by which he makes people believe a character is the particular type of p erson he is” p. 20. How the author makes the readers understand his characteristics and personalities is needed to know. For that purpose, the author usually employs some techniques of characterization. Murphy 1972 points out nine ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable to and come alive for his readers, as follows pp. 161-173: a. Personal description The author describes a person’s appearance and clothing using some adjectives to tell the readers the details of the character’s appearance such as his face, skin, eyes, and his body. It is important because each character has an individual aspect so that the reader can have a better imagination.