IMPACK OF DEVELOPMENT IN BOGOR MUNICIPALITY ON THE LOCAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
r-----
ISBN: 978-979-99046-5-2 MLKJIHGFEDCB
IC S R D 2013
P R O C E E D IN G S
ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
E d it o r ia l B o a r d s :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE./ West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan / Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Dr. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN
Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yasei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
COLLABORATIVE:
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
S U S T A IN A B L E
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable-Rural
Purwokerto,
RURAL
D evelopm ent
CONFERENCE
D E V E lO P M E N T
- Tow ards
ON
2013
a Better W orld" vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU
Central Java, INDONESIA, August
25-26,2013
IC S R O
2013
~ MLKJIHGFEDCBA
E d it o r ia l B o a r d :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE. / West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Sudi Indra Setiawan / Sogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Or. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN
Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yosei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
DEVELOPM ENT
2013
"Sustainable
CONFERENCE
O N S U S T A IN A B L E
Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Published by:
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University
JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto 53123
Phone/Fax. +62281 638791
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
---,-
RURAL
PROCEEDINGS
OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
Rural Development
Purwokerto,
- Towards a Better World"
IC SR D 2013
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO
~
Preface
List of Contents
iii
vii
A.KEYNOTESPEAKERS
1.
Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and Simulation cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
L iju a n H e , M a so u m e h A m in za d e h , a n d Y a n W a n g
2.
1
Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and
Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan
H id e to U E N O
..
11
B. INVITED SPEAKERS
1.
Homegarden
Intensification
through
Cooperation
Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam
among
Different
Y o se i O IK A W A , V u -L in h N G U Y E N , a n d M a sa a ki Y A M A D A
2.
Field Evaluation of Infiltration
and Throughfall Areas
M . A ska ri, F .A . A h m a d , A.M . M o h d S a yu ti, C .B .S . T e h , S u h a rto n o , H . S a ito , Z.
Y u so p , a n d K . W ija ya
3.
21
Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia
31
A rm a n sya h H . T a m b u n a n
4,
15
Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow
Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability
Breeding Perspective
in Rice Production, A Rice
43
S u p ra yo g i
C. SUPPORTING PAPERS
1
st
1.
Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System
of Rice Intensification (SRI)
C h u sn u l A rif, B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n , H a n h a n A h m a d
M a rtie f, M a sa ru M izo g u ch i, a n d A rd ia n sya h
2.
S o fiyu d d in , L o lly M a rtin a
N u rp ilih a n B a fd a l
,.
83
4.
Modeling Water Movement in Limited Strip-Tillage with Strip Shallow
Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept
Y . I. In ta ra a n d A. S a p e i
Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency
5.
R. D . M u sta n in g sih , a n d C h u sn u l A rif
Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate
3.
73
Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture
Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level
89
S a tya n to K . S a p to m o , B u d i I. S e tia w a n , K M S F e rry R a h m a n , Y u d i C h a d irin , P o p i
S id h a rta S a h irm a n , M u h a m m a d R ifa n , a n d A rd ia n sya h
6.
Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil
Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification
Rice Fields in the Cilacap District
7.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application
Displacement Object
97
103
109
W in d i H a rya n to , A rd ia n sya h , a n d Ism a n g il
using Zigbee for Monitoring
D w i K u m ia w a n , Im ro n R o sya d i, a n d A zis W isn i W id h i N
115
vii
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT
2013
"Sustainable
IC SR O
~
8.
2
nd
1.
2013
Rural D evelopm ent
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
- Tow ards a Better W orld"
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, Aug~;t 25-26, 2013
Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to
Construct
Instrument
for
Nondestructively
Measuring
Optical
(M u sa a cu m in a ta )
Characteristics of Golden Banana cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A . M a rg iw iya tn o , S is w a n to ro , a n d R. E d ia ti
Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security
Mathematical Model for Estimating Staple Food Stock in Temanggung
Regency
133
A n to n T lm u r
2.
Application of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile
Evaluation of Solidified Coconut Sugar
K a rse n o , T ri Y a n to , P e p ita H a rya n ti, a n d R e tn o S e tya w a ti
141
3.
Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main
Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java
4.
Improving
Beef Cattle Production
Development in Central Java
S ya fi'i M , M e la ti R , W a lu yo B, a n d R u sw a n d i 0
5.
121
System
147
for
Sustainable
Rural
A kh m a d S o d iq , S u w a rn o a n d A rif H a rn o w o S id h i
Biotic Investigation on A ca cia S p e cie s in Kordofan Region Sudan Against
155
Climate Change
M a ym o o n a A . E isa , Z e in a b M. H a m m a d , a n d Osman E . A . A b d e lka re e m
6.
7.
163
Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch
Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko ..
Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar
Eigenheimer and Granola
C. W ib o w o a n d N . B a fd a l
8.
177
Dimensional Analysis for Measuring Coefficient of Unit
Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application
Surface
S isw a n to ro , S id h a rla S a h irm a n , a n d A g u s M a rg iw iya tn o
3
rd
187
Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development
1.
A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level CurrentSource Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power
2.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as
Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing
C0 2E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table
195
S u ro so , D a ru T ri N u g ro h o , W in a sis, a n d T o sh ih iko N o g u ch i
A d ria n u s A M H E K A , Y o sh iro H IG A N O , T a ke sh i M IZ U N O Y A , a n d H e lm u t Y A B A R
4th
203
Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development
1.
Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:
Opportunities at Community Level
2.
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
of
AG 3 P0 4
Photocatalyst
Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation
U p e n d ra D . P a te l, R a jiv K . S in h a , a n d M a rg i U . P a te l............................................
for
219
Phenol
U yi S u la e m a n , E va V a to n a h , A n u n g R ia p a n itra , P o n co Is w a n to , S h u Y in , a n d
T su g io S a to
viii
169
225
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
~ural Development
Purwokerto,
th
5
Topic:
Proqrams
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
6
th
1.
2.
3.
4.
Environmental
and
Social
- Towards a Better World"
rC SR D 2013
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
~
Impact
Assessment
of
Rural
Development
Enhancing
Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java
for Sustainable Rural DevelopmentcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
M o ch . S u g ia rto
In S itu Bioremediation
of Glyphosate
Herbicide Using T ric h o d e rm a V irid e
Strain FRP 3
N o vi A rfa rita , B u d i P ra se tya , Y u lia N u ra in i, a n d T su yo sh i Im a i
A Sustainable
Smallholder
Rubber Model: A Partnership
between Private
Company and Local Communities
M u h a m m a d R id w a n sya h
Agricultural
Manpower
Dynamic and Change of Economic
Structure
in
Central Java
T im o tiu s S e tia w a n
Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing
Firms Under
Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia
P a lm a ru d i M a p p ig a u a n d A g u ssa Jim M ..
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology
of Gunungsewu
Karst Area and
Local Community Adaptation
S u d a rm a d ji
Impack of Development
in Bogor Municipality
on The Local Greenhouse
Gas Emission
A rie f S a b d o Y u w o n o
Comparative
Study
Agriculture
Development
Programs
for
Poverty
Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China
M u h a m a d R u sJiya d i
Sustainable
Livelihood
Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects
of Sustainable Rural Development)
N u g ro h o H a ri P u rn o m o a n d W id o d o H a riyo n o
Application
of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation
on Land and
Water
Conservation
Measures
to
Simulate
Realistics
Waterhed
Management
S a h id S u sa n to , C h a n d ra S e tya w a n , a n d S u kirn o
Topic:
Community
235
241
247
253
259
275
287
295
305
311
Health
Criterias
Identification
of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert
System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
R e tn o S u p riya n ti, G u ru h S ya h ro n i, S ri W isn u R e sp a ti, Y o g i R a m a d h a n i, a n d
T u tik Id a R o sa n ti
The Hepatoprotective
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain
P la n ta g o m a jo r
L.) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rv e g ic u s ) Model
E S u trisn a , A A F itria n i, I A S a Jim , A M M a sko e n ,
M S u je tn o , a n d H S.
S a stra m ih a rd ja
Potential Analysis of Cottonwood
Parasite (Dendropthoe
Pentandra) Stem
Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer
Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro
G a m a l a n d E friko S e p ta n a n d a
Wareness
and Willingnes
to Health Policy:
An Empirical
Study with
Reference to Malang Indonesia
G am al
321
331
339
345
ix
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL
SUSTAINABLE
CONFERENCE ON
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
rcSR O 2013
~
5.
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August
25-26, 2013 cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
N ig e l/a s a tiv a Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of
Diabetic Rats
Y u n ita S a ri, D h a d h a n g W a h yu K , S a ryo n o , A rin g to n /G , a n d N a ka ta n i T o sh io .....
355
Posters
1.
Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor
2.
Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines and Sub 1 Gene
Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance
3.
Climate Variability:
Biodiversity
4.
Application of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into Early Maturing Rice
Variety (90-104 Day) for the Development of Improved Agronomic
Performance-Ultra Early Maturing « 90 Days) Rice Variety
Yuwana
363
U n tu n g S u sa n to , R in a H e p se r! W e n in g , M a d e Ja n a M e ja ya , a n d Ja u h a r A Ii
Need for
Collective
Action
in
Conserving
373
Agro-
K . C. S iva b a /a n , B. S w a m in a th a n , a n d S. N ith ila
379
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h a n d U n tu n g S u sa n to
5.
385
On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed
Lowland Areas of Indramayu
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h , U n tu n g S u sa n to , a n d M a d e Ja n a M e ja ya
6.
389
Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of
Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil
in Indonesia
K im a n S ire g a r, A rm a n sya h H . T a m b u n a n , A b d u / K . /rw a n to , S o n i S. W ira w a n , a n d
T e tsu ya A ra ki
7.
407
N u ru / R izki R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A kb a r, a n d S u si
8.
Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in
Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations
B a yu R u d iya n to , T sa ir-W a n g C h u n g , a n d A rm a n sya h H . T a m b u n a n
Coconut
Oil
by
415
9.
Biodiesel
Production
Based
Transesterification Process
10.
Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community
Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District
Esterification
and
N u ru / R izki R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A kb a r, a n d S u si
425
D .M .C .S . M im ro se , E .R .N . G u n a w a rd e n a , a n d H .B . N a ya ka ko ra /a
11.
431
Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction
437
E vi N u rifa h Ju lita sa ri
12.
Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation
A rd ia n sya h , S h o S h io za w a , a n d B u d i /n d ra S e tia w a n
443
13.
Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,
Purwokerto
14.
Isolation and Identification of
Bioethanol from N y p a F ru tic a n s
P u tri R ie ski /m a n d a , R e za K u su m a N , A rd ia n sya h , a n d A fik H a rd a n to
Indigenous
Microbe
for
W iJu d je n g T risa siw i, G u n a w a n W ijo n a rko , a n d M e lisa R iska P u tri
x
393
Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil
Production
455
of
461
PROCEEDINGS
.
International
Conference
on Sustainable
Rural Development
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Setter World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
2013
5 th TOPIC'
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
IMPACK OF DEVELOPMENT IN BOGOR MUNICIPALITY
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
ON THE LOCAL
Arief Sabdo Yuwono
Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,
Sogor Agricultural
University (IPS), Indonesia
e-mail: arieCsabdo_yuwono@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
A decade development in.Boqor Municipality of West Java Province and its impact on the local greenhouse gas
emission covering carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), methane (CH4) as well as nitrous oxide (N20) were assessed
quantitatively by using their relevant emission factors. A ten years period of development was indicated by growth
of population, increasing energy consumption and change of AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and land use) sector as
well as by increase of solid waste generation. Assessment on the generated local greenhouse gas emission was
based on IPCC (Inter-Govemmental Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006. There was a strong correlation
between population growth and the emitted greenhouse gas emission. A similar correlation was also found
between solid waste generation and total greenhouse gas emission. Result of the analysis showed that yearly
local greenhouse gas emission increased from 6.0E+07 to 7.3E+07 ton C02-e within ten years period (20022011). It indicated that development of Sogor Municipality affects directly on the local greenhouse gas emission.
Keywords: Sogor Municipality, development, emission, greenhouse gas, impact
INTRODUCTION
Impact of the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases [1]-[2] concentration
has been studied
worldwide intensively since the last decades. A number of researchers have indicated generally that
global climate change maybe the most serious environmental challenge ever faced by mankind [3]-[4].
This is as a result of devastating impact both on the climate and the environment [5].
Mitigation and adaptation actions to cope such global phenomenon are therefore important to be
concerned by national and local authorities. Consequently, study on trend of greenhouse gas emission
could be a basis to plan strategic measures to deal with the global warming locally. Some
municipalities have tried to respond the global warming phenomenon locally by simply greening the
open area such as urban forest [6].
Other municipalities started to mitigate the global warming without any strategic calculation on the
budget and effectiveness of the implemented action [7]. Consequently, some mitigation measures
were not effective and the greenhouse gases concentration remains high. On the other side, mitigation
measures should be focused on the main contributors of the greenhouse gas emission. Here, impact
of development
on environment
was viewed more specifically on the "negative" aspects, Le.
greenhouse gas emission, rather than on its "positive" effects such as growth of economy, better
infrastructures and so forth.
An estimation of local scale greenhouse gas emission [4] carried out in a Portuguese municipality,
called Oeiras, showed clearly that electricity sector accounts for about 75% of the municipal
emissions. It indicated that local greenhouse
gas estimation highly depends on the electricity
consumption. The objectives of the research were firstly to estimate the amount of sector and total
greenhouse gas emissions generated by Sogor Municipality. Secondly is to assess the impact of
development in Sogor Municipality during ten years period (2002-2011) on the local greenhouse gas
emission.
287
PROCEEDINGS
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Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
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'International
Conference on Sustainable
Rural Development
5 th
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
TOPIC
"Sustainable
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
METHODOLOGY
Estimation on amount of the sector and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was based on IPCC
(Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006. It is classified into three sectors,
namely sector of energy, AFOLU (agricultural, forest land and other land use) sector and solid waste
sector. Each of sector emission was calculated by using its corresponding emission factor which was
adopted from IPCC Guideline 2006 and its database. Greenhouse gas emitted by each sector was
firstly expressed in their responding unit, i.e. [ton CO 2 /year], [ton CH4/year] and [ton N 2 0/year] and
subsequently
converted into a single common unit namely [ton CO 2 -equivalenUyear]
or simply
expressed in [ton CO 2 -e/year] by using conversion factor, i.e. Global Warming Potential (GWP). The
development indicators were population growth, energy consumption (electricity, kerosene, gasoline,
"pertarnax", LPG and diesel oil) as well as solid waste generation as a consequence of the population
growth.
The GWP for CO 2 is 1, CH 4 is 25 and N 2 0 is 298 according to IPCC Guideline 2006. A flowchart of the
research steps is depicted in Fig. 1.
Start
Emission source
Inventory
Sector and total
yearlyGHG
emission estimation
End
General assessment
Impact assessment
of development on
GHG emission
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the research steps.
The amount of emitted greenhouse gas was estimated by using basic equations according to their
sector and the necessary data as indicated in Table I. Hence, for instance, energy sector covers GHG
emission resulted from small, medium as well as large scale industries that consume various fuels
such as diesel oil, natural gas (LPG) and others.
The electricity consumed by each industry was also taken into account in the calculation. In AFOLU
(agricultural, forest land, and other land use) sector the emitted GHG was mainly generated by paddy
field and animal husbandry activity. Therefore, the calculation was based on these components.
Table 1. The Basic Equation And Necessary Data
Sector
Basic equa.tion
Energy
• GHG emission = (fuel
consumption)*(net calorific
AFOLU
• Paddy field GHG emission
~
Number of small, medium
and large scale
industry;
Diesel
oil,
gas
and
electricity
consumption; Emission factor (e).
value )*( emission factor).
(area)*(planting
=
day)*(emission
• GHG emission = (number of
livestock)*( emission factor)
Solid
waste
288
• GHG emission
Data
=
(population)*( emission factor).
factor).
Area of paddy field; Days of planting per year;
Number of livestock (ruminants and poultry);
Emission factor (e).
Municipal
population;
generation;
(e).
Organic
Daily
fraction;
solid
Emission
waste
factor
P R O C E E D IN G S
In t e r n a t io n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o n S u s t a in a b le
"Sustainable Rural Development
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
th
2 0 1 3 vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ
5
T O P IC
- Toward a Better World"
ISBN 978·979·99046·5·2
Paddy field is concerned as a source of GHG (i.e. methane) [8] due to anaerobic condition of the
inundated paddy field normally practiced by the farmers in Indonesia. The anaerobic condition is a
precursor for the methanogenic bacteria producing methane (CH 4). Animal husbandry which is also
regarded as a source of GHG in AFOLU sector is based on the fact that feces emitted a lot of methane
during the first days of their dispatch.
RESULTS
AND
D IS C U S S IO N
Analysis of data showed that total greenhouse gas emission has been growing about 17% from
during ten years period (Fig.2). Population
6.0E+7 [ton COre] in 2002 to be 7.3E+7 [ton CO ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2 -e]
growth, however, has changed much faster, i.e. 68% within the same period as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Population
Year
Growth And Emission Per Capita
Population
[million]
2002
2.9
2011
4.8
Growth
[%]
Total emission
[ton CO-2 e]
Emission per capita
[ton CO-2 e/capita]
6.0E+7
20.7
7.3E+7
15.2
68
It indicated that a fast growth of population does not always imply on fast growth emission per capita
directly as well. Contrary, emission per capita has decreased significantly from 20.7 to be merely 15.2
[ton CO 2 -e/capita]. However, total emission growth was in line with the population growth.
Total greenhouse gas emission in Bogor
followed by methane (CH 4 ) and carbon
result of the data analysis where source
3). There is a strong relationship between
nitrous oxide (N 2 0).
Municipality consisted of mostly nitrous oxide (N 2 0) and then
dioxide (C0 2 ) as indicated in Fig. 2. This is in line with the
of the emitted greenhouse gas was from AFOLU sector (Fig.
AFOLU sector and the relevant emitted greenhouse gas, i.e.
A factor that might contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas emission from AFOLU sector is the
decrease of the forest land area where during 2002-2011 the forest land has decrease more than nine
thousands hectares. It is clearly known that forest land roles as an important agent to offset
atmospheric CO 2 emission [9]. Moreover, biomass resources such as forests, is known as an
attractive strategy to reduce GHG emissions [10].
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2002
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2013
5 vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
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Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
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ISBN
\
(b)
Fig. 2. Yearly (a) and proportion (b) of total greenhouse gas emission.
A strong relationship was also indicated between methane (CH 4 ) emission (Fig. 2) and solid waste
sector (Fig. 3). It is recognized that methane can be generated during solid waste decomposition.
During the decomposition process organic fraction of solid waste would be converted to be a number
of gaseous compounds including methane [11].
III Solid
8.E-!{)7
waste
• Energy
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-
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-- -----.-----2001
2003
..2004
1005
1006
1007
1008
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 3. Greenhouse gas emission per sector.
Population growth as an indicator of development shows a positive correlation with the total emission
as indicated in Fig. 4. The coefficient correlation is 0.985 (Fig. 5) which means that those parameters
are strongly correlated.
The more population the higher solid waste generated in the society which in turn will increase the
amount of the emitted greenhouse gas. A research conducted by Indonesian State Ministry for
Environment in 1996 indicated that average solid waste generation in Indonesia was ±0.8
[kg/capita/day]. It is predicted that the solid waste generation could reach 2.1 [kg/capita/day] by 2020.
290
--
--,----
P R O C E E D IN G S
In t e r n a t io n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o n S u s t a in a b le
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
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Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
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...----. ..-
7.E+06
6.E+06
.---
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• • •
5.E+06
4.E+06
3.E+06
2.E+06
-+-
1.E+06
Population [rnill.]
___
Total emission [x 10 ton C02-e)
........................•................
..-r-ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
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2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
200S
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 4. Population growth and the total greenhouse gas emission
7.5E+07
y = cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
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~
R2= 0 .9 8 5
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o
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c
o
.:::.
5.5E+07
2.5E+06
3.5E1-06
4.5E+06
Population
Fig. 5. Relationship between population and total GHG emission.
Data analysis on the AFOLU sector in terms of paddy field area, settlement area and forest land area
demonstrated that forest land area has decreased about 8.5% within ten years (Fig. 6) whereas
settlement area has increased 32% during the same period. Paddy field area, in contrary, has
increased almost 3%. The latest roles as double agent in the atmospheric greenhouse gas turnover,
i.e. firstly as methane source [12] in the environment and secondly as carbon sink where during
photosynthesis paddy absorbs CO 2 as one of main substances beside water to form carbohydrates.
200
• Paddy field
150 ";;'
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0
0
0
.-i
2S
• Settlement
100
50 -
III
Forest Land
o
2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 6. Area change of forest land, settlement and paddy field.
291
:
5
th MLKJIHGFEDCBA
T O P IC
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
PROCEEDINGS
'International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
Relationship between AFOLU sector and total greenhouse gas emission change is depicted in Fig. 7
where it is obvious that the growing total GHG emission was in line with the increase of settlement
area, decrease of forest land and a slight increase in paddy field area. Settlement area is a kind of
GH~ source as it emits CO ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
activities. The diminishing forest land area is also
2 from its various
concerned as a source of GHG emission due to its decrease in carbon stock or carbon sequestration
capacity. There are a number of estimations by independent researchers pertaining on carbon stocks,
carbon sequestration capacity or primary production of Indonesian forest land such as follows:
• Net sequestration is -0.95 to 0.84 ton CO 2 hal.year" [13]
• Above- and below-ground net primary production was 6.7 Mg C hal.year"
• Carbon stocks in the A-horizon were 18.70 ton C ha -1 [15].
8.E+07
: : : :::==
7.E+07
6.E+07
:
•
••
[14]
~
5.E+07
4.E+07
~~
),
)(
;(
)(
)(
)~\
•
•
•
•
•
•
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
3.E+07
2.E+07
1.E+07
•
•
•
•
2008
2009
2010
2011
O.E+OO
2002
__
___
Forest Land [are]
-.-Paddy
field [x 10 arc]
Total emission [ton CO-2e]
~Settlement
[x 10 are]
Fig. 7. Relationship between AFOLU sector and total emission change.
In energy sector a remarkable change on consumption of gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil has
occurred in 2009 in Indonesia as a consequence of the governmental decree to convert kerosene fuel
mainly consumed by households to natural gas (LPG). Since then the consumption of kerosene has
significantly decreased by almost 87 million liter during the last three years. The change of
consumption amount of these fossil fuel types is described in Fig. 8.
:::: 1
-+-
Kerosene [I]
___
__
Pertamax [I]
-;-,-Oiesel
-+-Gasoline
[I]
Total emission [ton C02-e]
--'-LPG
oil [I]
[kg)
3.E+08
2.E'·08
1.E+08
!
O,E
tOO
L--~-----r-----_---Y----'---"'--'
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 8. Change of fossil fuel consumption in energy sector.
The significant decrease of kerosene supply in the market was Simultaneously followed by increase of
LPG, diesel oil and gasoline consumption during period of 2009-2011. The environmental impact, i.e.
air quality change, of such condition itself was unclear due to the complexity of the atmosphere
292
PROCEEDINGS
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system. In fact, the total greenhouse
period.
2013
5
.
th
TOPIC ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP
ISBN 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2
.
gas emission showed a stabile growing tendency along the study
Relationship between solid waste generation and total greenhouse gas emission is almost linear since
one of the estimation bases of the total GHG emission was the quantity of the generated solid waste.
Hence, as indicated in Fig. 9, the increasing amount of the generated solid waste in Bogor Municipality
was always followed by increase of total GHG emission. Between the amount of generated solid waste
and total GHG emission there is a strong correlation as indicated by its correlation coefficient accounts
for 0.975 (Fig. 10).
8.0E+06
...---
7.0E+06
•
III
11
11
6.0E+06.··· MLKJIHGFEDCBA
R
---
•
5.0E+06
4.0E+06
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[ton]
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em ission
Ix 10
ton CO-2e]
3.0E+06
2.0E+06
1.0E+06
•
•
•
•
2004
2005
2006
2007
• •
O.OE+OO
2002
2003
•
2008
•
•
•
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 9. Trend of solid waste generation and total GHG emission.
7.5E+07
v=
Q;'
N
0
u
•
23.2x + 4E+07
R2= 0.975
7.0E+07
c
~
~
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0
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6.SE+07
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~
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r.;
'0
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7.0E+OS 8.0E+05
9.0E+05
1.0E+06 1.1E+06
1.2E+06
1.3E+06
1.4E .06
S olid w aste
Fig. 10. Correlation
between solid waste generation
and total GHG emission.
The above description indicated that it is important to take into account the management of municipal
solid waste in order to minimize the production of greenhouse gas from the solid waste bulk into
ambient air and then to the atmosphere. Once it is released into the ambient air. a global and local
mitigation measures should be planned and taken in action.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
K. J. van Groenigen, C. W. Osenberg, B. A. Hungate. Increased soil emissions of potent
greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO 2 ,cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
L e tte r R e s e a rc h , vol. 475, pp. 214-217.
July 2011.
O. Ashrafi, L. Yerushalmi, F. Haghighat. Greenhouse gas emission by wastewater treatment
plants of the pulp and paper industry - Modeling and simulation. In te rn a tio n a l J o u rn a l o f
293
PROCEEDINGS
,
MLKJIHGFEDCBA
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
5 th
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
T O P IC
: ISBN 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2
i
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
294
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013 cbaZYXWVUTSR
G re e n h o u s e G a s C o n tro l, vol. 17, pp. 462-472. June 2013
K. R. Mackie and C. D. Cooper. Landfill gas emission prediction using Voronoi diagrams and
importance sampling. E n v iro n . M o d e lin g a n d S o ftw a re , vol. 24, pp. 1223-1232. 2009.
J. Gomes, J. Nascimento, H. Rodrigues. Estimating local greenhouse gas emissions - A case
study on a Portuguese municipality. In te rn a tio n a l J o u rn a l o f G re e n h o u s e G a s C o n tro l, vol. 2,
pp.130-135. 2008
O. Anomohanran. Determination of greenhouse gas emission resulting from gas flaring activities
in Nigeria. E n e rg y P o lic y , vol. 45, pp. 666-670. March 2012
A.S. Yuwono, A. Kurniawan, R. Fatimah. "A quantitative approach on the role of urban forest in
a local carbon cycle" P ro c e e d in g
o f In te rn a tio n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o f In d o n e s ia n
F o re s try
R e s e a rc h e rs (INAFOR), pp. 518-526. December 2011
A.S. Yuwono. "Assessment on tree planting effectiveness to reduce greenhouse gas emission"
presented in In te rn a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o n S u s ta in a b le A g ric u ltu re a n d E n v iro n m e n t (IC S A E ).
Solo, June 26-29. 2013
E.T. Epule, C. Peng, N. M. Mafany. Methane emissions from paddy rice fields: Strategies
towards Achieving a Win-Win Sustainability Scenario between Rice Production and Methane
Emission Reduction. J o u rn a l o f S u s ta in a b le D e v e lo p m e n t, vol. 4, No. 6, pp.188-196. December
2011
T. L. Daniels. Integrating Forest Carbon Sequestration into a Cap-and-Trade Program to
Reduce Net CO 2 Emissions. J o u rn a l o f th e A m e ric a n P la n n in g A s s o c ia tio n , vol. 76, No. 4,
pp.463-475. Autumn 2010
C. Kayo, T. Aramaki, K. Hanaki. Effect of Change of Forest Carbon Storage on Net Carbon
Dioxide Balance of Wood Use for Energy in Japan. J o u rn a l o f In d u s tria l E c o lo g y , vol. 15, No. 1,
pp. 122-136. 2010
Anonymous. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from waste disposal as a result of
implementation of the proposed New Zealand Waste Strategy. Ministry for the Environment.
April 2002
S. S. Yang, C. M. Lai, H. L. Chang, E. H. Chang, C. B. Wei. Estimation of methane and nitrous
oxide emissions from paddy fields in Taiwan. R e n e w a b le E n e rg y , vol. 34, pp. 1916-1922. Jan.
2009
M. van Noordwijk, D. A. Suyamto, B. Lusiana, A. Ekadinata., K. Hairiah. Facilitating agroforestation of landscapes for sustainable benefits: Tradeoffs between carbon stocks and local
development benefits in Indonesia according to the FALLOW model. A g ric u ltu re , E c o s y s te m s
a n d E n v iro n m e n t, vol. 126, pp. 98-112. March 2008
D. Hertel, G. Moser, H. Culmsee, S. Erasmi, V. Horna, B. Schuldt, Ch. Leuschner. Below- and
above-ground biomass and net primary production in a paleotropical natural forest (Sulawesi,
Indonesia) as compared to neotropical forests. F o re s t E c o lo g y a n d M a n a g e m e n t, vol. 258, pp.
1904-1912. July 2009
J. van der Kamp, I. Yassir, P. Buurman. Soil carbon changes upon secondary succession in
Im p e ra ta grasslands (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). G e o d e rm a , vol. 149, pp. 76-83. January
2009.
ISBN: 978-979-99046-5-2 MLKJIHGFEDCB
IC S R D 2013
P R O C E E D IN G S
ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
E d it o r ia l B o a r d s :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE./ West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan / Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Dr. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN
Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yasei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
COLLABORATIVE:
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
S U S T A IN A B L E
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable-Rural
Purwokerto,
RURAL
D evelopm ent
CONFERENCE
D E V E lO P M E N T
- Tow ards
ON
2013
a Better W orld" vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU
Central Java, INDONESIA, August
25-26,2013
IC S R O
2013
~ MLKJIHGFEDCBA
E d it o r ia l B o a r d :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE. / West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Sudi Indra Setiawan / Sogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Or. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN
Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yosei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
DEVELOPM ENT
2013
"Sustainable
CONFERENCE
O N S U S T A IN A B L E
Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Published by:
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University
JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto 53123
Phone/Fax. +62281 638791
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
---,-
RURAL
PROCEEDINGS
OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
Rural Development
Purwokerto,
- Towards a Better World"
IC SR D 2013
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO
~
Preface
List of Contents
iii
vii
A.KEYNOTESPEAKERS
1.
Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and Simulation cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
L iju a n H e , M a so u m e h A m in za d e h , a n d Y a n W a n g
2.
1
Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and
Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan
H id e to U E N O
..
11
B. INVITED SPEAKERS
1.
Homegarden
Intensification
through
Cooperation
Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam
among
Different
Y o se i O IK A W A , V u -L in h N G U Y E N , a n d M a sa a ki Y A M A D A
2.
Field Evaluation of Infiltration
and Throughfall Areas
M . A ska ri, F .A . A h m a d , A.M . M o h d S a yu ti, C .B .S . T e h , S u h a rto n o , H . S a ito , Z.
Y u so p , a n d K . W ija ya
3.
21
Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia
31
A rm a n sya h H . T a m b u n a n
4,
15
Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow
Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability
Breeding Perspective
in Rice Production, A Rice
43
S u p ra yo g i
C. SUPPORTING PAPERS
1
st
1.
Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System
of Rice Intensification (SRI)
C h u sn u l A rif, B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n , H a n h a n A h m a d
M a rtie f, M a sa ru M izo g u ch i, a n d A rd ia n sya h
2.
S o fiyu d d in , L o lly M a rtin a
N u rp ilih a n B a fd a l
,.
83
4.
Modeling Water Movement in Limited Strip-Tillage with Strip Shallow
Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept
Y . I. In ta ra a n d A. S a p e i
Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency
5.
R. D . M u sta n in g sih , a n d C h u sn u l A rif
Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate
3.
73
Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture
Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level
89
S a tya n to K . S a p to m o , B u d i I. S e tia w a n , K M S F e rry R a h m a n , Y u d i C h a d irin , P o p i
S id h a rta S a h irm a n , M u h a m m a d R ifa n , a n d A rd ia n sya h
6.
Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil
Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification
Rice Fields in the Cilacap District
7.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application
Displacement Object
97
103
109
W in d i H a rya n to , A rd ia n sya h , a n d Ism a n g il
using Zigbee for Monitoring
D w i K u m ia w a n , Im ro n R o sya d i, a n d A zis W isn i W id h i N
115
vii
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT
2013
"Sustainable
IC SR O
~
8.
2
nd
1.
2013
Rural D evelopm ent
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
- Tow ards a Better W orld"
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, Aug~;t 25-26, 2013
Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to
Construct
Instrument
for
Nondestructively
Measuring
Optical
(M u sa a cu m in a ta )
Characteristics of Golden Banana cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A . M a rg iw iya tn o , S is w a n to ro , a n d R. E d ia ti
Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security
Mathematical Model for Estimating Staple Food Stock in Temanggung
Regency
133
A n to n T lm u r
2.
Application of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile
Evaluation of Solidified Coconut Sugar
K a rse n o , T ri Y a n to , P e p ita H a rya n ti, a n d R e tn o S e tya w a ti
141
3.
Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main
Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java
4.
Improving
Beef Cattle Production
Development in Central Java
S ya fi'i M , M e la ti R , W a lu yo B, a n d R u sw a n d i 0
5.
121
System
147
for
Sustainable
Rural
A kh m a d S o d iq , S u w a rn o a n d A rif H a rn o w o S id h i
Biotic Investigation on A ca cia S p e cie s in Kordofan Region Sudan Against
155
Climate Change
M a ym o o n a A . E isa , Z e in a b M. H a m m a d , a n d Osman E . A . A b d e lka re e m
6.
7.
163
Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch
Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko ..
Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar
Eigenheimer and Granola
C. W ib o w o a n d N . B a fd a l
8.
177
Dimensional Analysis for Measuring Coefficient of Unit
Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application
Surface
S isw a n to ro , S id h a rla S a h irm a n , a n d A g u s M a rg iw iya tn o
3
rd
187
Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development
1.
A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level CurrentSource Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power
2.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as
Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing
C0 2E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table
195
S u ro so , D a ru T ri N u g ro h o , W in a sis, a n d T o sh ih iko N o g u ch i
A d ria n u s A M H E K A , Y o sh iro H IG A N O , T a ke sh i M IZ U N O Y A , a n d H e lm u t Y A B A R
4th
203
Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development
1.
Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:
Opportunities at Community Level
2.
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
of
AG 3 P0 4
Photocatalyst
Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation
U p e n d ra D . P a te l, R a jiv K . S in h a , a n d M a rg i U . P a te l............................................
for
219
Phenol
U yi S u la e m a n , E va V a to n a h , A n u n g R ia p a n itra , P o n co Is w a n to , S h u Y in , a n d
T su g io S a to
viii
169
225
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
~ural Development
Purwokerto,
th
5
Topic:
Proqrams
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
6
th
1.
2.
3.
4.
Environmental
and
Social
- Towards a Better World"
rC SR D 2013
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
~
Impact
Assessment
of
Rural
Development
Enhancing
Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java
for Sustainable Rural DevelopmentcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
M o ch . S u g ia rto
In S itu Bioremediation
of Glyphosate
Herbicide Using T ric h o d e rm a V irid e
Strain FRP 3
N o vi A rfa rita , B u d i P ra se tya , Y u lia N u ra in i, a n d T su yo sh i Im a i
A Sustainable
Smallholder
Rubber Model: A Partnership
between Private
Company and Local Communities
M u h a m m a d R id w a n sya h
Agricultural
Manpower
Dynamic and Change of Economic
Structure
in
Central Java
T im o tiu s S e tia w a n
Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing
Firms Under
Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia
P a lm a ru d i M a p p ig a u a n d A g u ssa Jim M ..
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology
of Gunungsewu
Karst Area and
Local Community Adaptation
S u d a rm a d ji
Impack of Development
in Bogor Municipality
on The Local Greenhouse
Gas Emission
A rie f S a b d o Y u w o n o
Comparative
Study
Agriculture
Development
Programs
for
Poverty
Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China
M u h a m a d R u sJiya d i
Sustainable
Livelihood
Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects
of Sustainable Rural Development)
N u g ro h o H a ri P u rn o m o a n d W id o d o H a riyo n o
Application
of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation
on Land and
Water
Conservation
Measures
to
Simulate
Realistics
Waterhed
Management
S a h id S u sa n to , C h a n d ra S e tya w a n , a n d S u kirn o
Topic:
Community
235
241
247
253
259
275
287
295
305
311
Health
Criterias
Identification
of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert
System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
R e tn o S u p riya n ti, G u ru h S ya h ro n i, S ri W isn u R e sp a ti, Y o g i R a m a d h a n i, a n d
T u tik Id a R o sa n ti
The Hepatoprotective
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain
P la n ta g o m a jo r
L.) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rv e g ic u s ) Model
E S u trisn a , A A F itria n i, I A S a Jim , A M M a sko e n ,
M S u je tn o , a n d H S.
S a stra m ih a rd ja
Potential Analysis of Cottonwood
Parasite (Dendropthoe
Pentandra) Stem
Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer
Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro
G a m a l a n d E friko S e p ta n a n d a
Wareness
and Willingnes
to Health Policy:
An Empirical
Study with
Reference to Malang Indonesia
G am al
321
331
339
345
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2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
rcSR O 2013
~
5.
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August
25-26, 2013 cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
N ig e l/a s a tiv a Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of
Diabetic Rats
Y u n ita S a ri, D h a d h a n g W a h yu K , S a ryo n o , A rin g to n /G , a n d N a ka ta n i T o sh io .....
355
Posters
1.
Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor
2.
Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines and Sub 1 Gene
Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance
3.
Climate Variability:
Biodiversity
4.
Application of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into Early Maturing Rice
Variety (90-104 Day) for the Development of Improved Agronomic
Performance-Ultra Early Maturing « 90 Days) Rice Variety
Yuwana
363
U n tu n g S u sa n to , R in a H e p se r! W e n in g , M a d e Ja n a M e ja ya , a n d Ja u h a r A Ii
Need for
Collective
Action
in
Conserving
373
Agro-
K . C. S iva b a /a n , B. S w a m in a th a n , a n d S. N ith ila
379
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h a n d U n tu n g S u sa n to
5.
385
On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed
Lowland Areas of Indramayu
M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h , U n tu n g S u sa n to , a n d M a d e Ja n a M e ja ya
6.
389
Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of
Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil
in Indonesia
K im a n S ire g a r, A rm a n sya h H . T a m b u n a n , A b d u / K . /rw a n to , S o n i S. W ira w a n , a n d
T e tsu ya A ra ki
7.
407
N u ru / R izki R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A kb a r, a n d S u si
8.
Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in
Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations
B a yu R u d iya n to , T sa ir-W a n g C h u n g , a n d A rm a n sya h H . T a m b u n a n
Coconut
Oil
by
415
9.
Biodiesel
Production
Based
Transesterification Process
10.
Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community
Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District
Esterification
and
N u ru / R izki R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A kb a r, a n d S u si
425
D .M .C .S . M im ro se , E .R .N . G u n a w a rd e n a , a n d H .B . N a ya ka ko ra /a
11.
431
Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction
437
E vi N u rifa h Ju lita sa ri
12.
Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation
A rd ia n sya h , S h o S h io za w a , a n d B u d i /n d ra S e tia w a n
443
13.
Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,
Purwokerto
14.
Isolation and Identification of
Bioethanol from N y p a F ru tic a n s
P u tri R ie ski /m a n d a , R e za K u su m a N , A rd ia n sya h , a n d A fik H a rd a n to
Indigenous
Microbe
for
W iJu d je n g T risa siw i, G u n a w a n W ijo n a rko , a n d M e lisa R iska P u tri
x
393
Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil
Production
455
of
461
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Rural Development
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Setter World"
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2013
5 th TOPIC'
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
IMPACK OF DEVELOPMENT IN BOGOR MUNICIPALITY
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
ON THE LOCAL
Arief Sabdo Yuwono
Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,
Sogor Agricultural
University (IPS), Indonesia
e-mail: arieCsabdo_yuwono@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
A decade development in.Boqor Municipality of West Java Province and its impact on the local greenhouse gas
emission covering carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), methane (CH4) as well as nitrous oxide (N20) were assessed
quantitatively by using their relevant emission factors. A ten years period of development was indicated by growth
of population, increasing energy consumption and change of AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and land use) sector as
well as by increase of solid waste generation. Assessment on the generated local greenhouse gas emission was
based on IPCC (Inter-Govemmental Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006. There was a strong correlation
between population growth and the emitted greenhouse gas emission. A similar correlation was also found
between solid waste generation and total greenhouse gas emission. Result of the analysis showed that yearly
local greenhouse gas emission increased from 6.0E+07 to 7.3E+07 ton C02-e within ten years period (20022011). It indicated that development of Sogor Municipality affects directly on the local greenhouse gas emission.
Keywords: Sogor Municipality, development, emission, greenhouse gas, impact
INTRODUCTION
Impact of the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases [1]-[2] concentration
has been studied
worldwide intensively since the last decades. A number of researchers have indicated generally that
global climate change maybe the most serious environmental challenge ever faced by mankind [3]-[4].
This is as a result of devastating impact both on the climate and the environment [5].
Mitigation and adaptation actions to cope such global phenomenon are therefore important to be
concerned by national and local authorities. Consequently, study on trend of greenhouse gas emission
could be a basis to plan strategic measures to deal with the global warming locally. Some
municipalities have tried to respond the global warming phenomenon locally by simply greening the
open area such as urban forest [6].
Other municipalities started to mitigate the global warming without any strategic calculation on the
budget and effectiveness of the implemented action [7]. Consequently, some mitigation measures
were not effective and the greenhouse gases concentration remains high. On the other side, mitigation
measures should be focused on the main contributors of the greenhouse gas emission. Here, impact
of development
on environment
was viewed more specifically on the "negative" aspects, Le.
greenhouse gas emission, rather than on its "positive" effects such as growth of economy, better
infrastructures and so forth.
An estimation of local scale greenhouse gas emission [4] carried out in a Portuguese municipality,
called Oeiras, showed clearly that electricity sector accounts for about 75% of the municipal
emissions. It indicated that local greenhouse
gas estimation highly depends on the electricity
consumption. The objectives of the research were firstly to estimate the amount of sector and total
greenhouse gas emissions generated by Sogor Municipality. Secondly is to assess the impact of
development in Sogor Municipality during ten years period (2002-2011) on the local greenhouse gas
emission.
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vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
TOPIC
"Sustainable
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
METHODOLOGY
Estimation on amount of the sector and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was based on IPCC
(Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006. It is classified into three sectors,
namely sector of energy, AFOLU (agricultural, forest land and other land use) sector and solid waste
sector. Each of sector emission was calculated by using its corresponding emission factor which was
adopted from IPCC Guideline 2006 and its database. Greenhouse gas emitted by each sector was
firstly expressed in their responding unit, i.e. [ton CO 2 /year], [ton CH4/year] and [ton N 2 0/year] and
subsequently
converted into a single common unit namely [ton CO 2 -equivalenUyear]
or simply
expressed in [ton CO 2 -e/year] by using conversion factor, i.e. Global Warming Potential (GWP). The
development indicators were population growth, energy consumption (electricity, kerosene, gasoline,
"pertarnax", LPG and diesel oil) as well as solid waste generation as a consequence of the population
growth.
The GWP for CO 2 is 1, CH 4 is 25 and N 2 0 is 298 according to IPCC Guideline 2006. A flowchart of the
research steps is depicted in Fig. 1.
Start
Emission source
Inventory
Sector and total
yearlyGHG
emission estimation
End
General assessment
Impact assessment
of development on
GHG emission
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the research steps.
The amount of emitted greenhouse gas was estimated by using basic equations according to their
sector and the necessary data as indicated in Table I. Hence, for instance, energy sector covers GHG
emission resulted from small, medium as well as large scale industries that consume various fuels
such as diesel oil, natural gas (LPG) and others.
The electricity consumed by each industry was also taken into account in the calculation. In AFOLU
(agricultural, forest land, and other land use) sector the emitted GHG was mainly generated by paddy
field and animal husbandry activity. Therefore, the calculation was based on these components.
Table 1. The Basic Equation And Necessary Data
Sector
Basic equa.tion
Energy
• GHG emission = (fuel
consumption)*(net calorific
AFOLU
• Paddy field GHG emission
~
Number of small, medium
and large scale
industry;
Diesel
oil,
gas
and
electricity
consumption; Emission factor (e).
value )*( emission factor).
(area)*(planting
=
day)*(emission
• GHG emission = (number of
livestock)*( emission factor)
Solid
waste
288
• GHG emission
Data
=
(population)*( emission factor).
factor).
Area of paddy field; Days of planting per year;
Number of livestock (ruminants and poultry);
Emission factor (e).
Municipal
population;
generation;
(e).
Organic
Daily
fraction;
solid
Emission
waste
factor
P R O C E E D IN G S
In t e r n a t io n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o n S u s t a in a b le
"Sustainable Rural Development
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
th
2 0 1 3 vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ
5
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- Toward a Better World"
ISBN 978·979·99046·5·2
Paddy field is concerned as a source of GHG (i.e. methane) [8] due to anaerobic condition of the
inundated paddy field normally practiced by the farmers in Indonesia. The anaerobic condition is a
precursor for the methanogenic bacteria producing methane (CH 4). Animal husbandry which is also
regarded as a source of GHG in AFOLU sector is based on the fact that feces emitted a lot of methane
during the first days of their dispatch.
RESULTS
AND
D IS C U S S IO N
Analysis of data showed that total greenhouse gas emission has been growing about 17% from
during ten years period (Fig.2). Population
6.0E+7 [ton COre] in 2002 to be 7.3E+7 [ton CO ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2 -e]
growth, however, has changed much faster, i.e. 68% within the same period as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Population
Year
Growth And Emission Per Capita
Population
[million]
2002
2.9
2011
4.8
Growth
[%]
Total emission
[ton CO-2 e]
Emission per capita
[ton CO-2 e/capita]
6.0E+7
20.7
7.3E+7
15.2
68
It indicated that a fast growth of population does not always imply on fast growth emission per capita
directly as well. Contrary, emission per capita has decreased significantly from 20.7 to be merely 15.2
[ton CO 2 -e/capita]. However, total emission growth was in line with the population growth.
Total greenhouse gas emission in Bogor
followed by methane (CH 4 ) and carbon
result of the data analysis where source
3). There is a strong relationship between
nitrous oxide (N 2 0).
Municipality consisted of mostly nitrous oxide (N 2 0) and then
dioxide (C0 2 ) as indicated in Fig. 2. This is in line with the
of the emitted greenhouse gas was from AFOLU sector (Fig.
AFOLU sector and the relevant emitted greenhouse gas, i.e.
A factor that might contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas emission from AFOLU sector is the
decrease of the forest land area where during 2002-2011 the forest land has decrease more than nine
thousands hectares. It is clearly known that forest land roles as an important agent to offset
atmospheric CO 2 emission [9]. Moreover, biomass resources such as forests, is known as an
attractive strategy to reduce GHG emissions [10].
IIN20
8.Et07
ICH4
1
j
';'
S
6.E+07·
u
c
~
c::
o
Yi
4.E+07
on
E
;;'"
2.E+07
~
O.E+OO
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
(a)
289
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th MLKJIHGFEDCBA 'International
ISBN
\
(b)
Fig. 2. Yearly (a) and proportion (b) of total greenhouse gas emission.
A strong relationship was also indicated between methane (CH 4 ) emission (Fig. 2) and solid waste
sector (Fig. 3). It is recognized that methane can be generated during solid waste decomposition.
During the decomposition process organic fraction of solid waste would be converted to be a number
of gaseous compounds including methane [11].
III Solid
8.E-!{)7
waste
• Energy
IAFOlU
-
V
N
8
rl-I
6.E+07"
§
=.
eo
~
4.E+07
;
~
1
••
•Q•.
-
\11
§ 2.E-!{)7
~
'e
•••
O.E+OO ~----
-- -----.-----2001
2003
..2004
1005
1006
1007
1008
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 3. Greenhouse gas emission per sector.
Population growth as an indicator of development shows a positive correlation with the total emission
as indicated in Fig. 4. The coefficient correlation is 0.985 (Fig. 5) which means that those parameters
are strongly correlated.
The more population the higher solid waste generated in the society which in turn will increase the
amount of the emitted greenhouse gas. A research conducted by Indonesian State Ministry for
Environment in 1996 indicated that average solid waste generation in Indonesia was ±0.8
[kg/capita/day]. It is predicted that the solid waste generation could reach 2.1 [kg/capita/day] by 2020.
290
--
--,----
P R O C E E D IN G S
In t e r n a t io n a l
C o n fe re n c e
o n S u s t a in a b le
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t
th
2 0 1 3 vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
5 T O P IC
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
ISBN 978·979·99046·5·2
S.E+06 .
...----. ..-
7.E+06
6.E+06
.---
•
•
• • •
5.E+06
4.E+06
3.E+06
2.E+06
-+-
1.E+06
Population [rnill.]
___
Total emission [x 10 ton C02-e)
........................•................
..-r-ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
O.E+OO ;
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
200S
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 4. Population growth and the total greenhouse gas emission
7.5E+07
y = cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
6 .4 7 3 x + 4E+07
~
R2= 0 .9 8 5
N
o
U
c
o
.:::.
5.5E+07
2.5E+06
3.5E1-06
4.5E+06
Population
Fig. 5. Relationship between population and total GHG emission.
Data analysis on the AFOLU sector in terms of paddy field area, settlement area and forest land area
demonstrated that forest land area has decreased about 8.5% within ten years (Fig. 6) whereas
settlement area has increased 32% during the same period. Paddy field area, in contrary, has
increased almost 3%. The latest roles as double agent in the atmospheric greenhouse gas turnover,
i.e. firstly as methane source [12] in the environment and secondly as carbon sink where during
photosynthesis paddy absorbs CO 2 as one of main substances beside water to form carbohydrates.
200
• Paddy field
150 ";;'
..c:
0
0
0
.-i
2S
• Settlement
100
50 -
III
Forest Land
o
2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 6. Area change of forest land, settlement and paddy field.
291
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Relationship between AFOLU sector and total greenhouse gas emission change is depicted in Fig. 7
where it is obvious that the growing total GHG emission was in line with the increase of settlement
area, decrease of forest land and a slight increase in paddy field area. Settlement area is a kind of
GH~ source as it emits CO ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
activities. The diminishing forest land area is also
2 from its various
concerned as a source of GHG emission due to its decrease in carbon stock or carbon sequestration
capacity. There are a number of estimations by independent researchers pertaining on carbon stocks,
carbon sequestration capacity or primary production of Indonesian forest land such as follows:
• Net sequestration is -0.95 to 0.84 ton CO 2 hal.year" [13]
• Above- and below-ground net primary production was 6.7 Mg C hal.year"
• Carbon stocks in the A-horizon were 18.70 ton C ha -1 [15].
8.E+07
: : : :::==
7.E+07
6.E+07
:
•
••
[14]
~
5.E+07
4.E+07
~~
),
)(
;(
)(
)(
)~\
•
•
•
•
•
•
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
3.E+07
2.E+07
1.E+07
•
•
•
•
2008
2009
2010
2011
O.E+OO
2002
__
___
Forest Land [are]
-.-Paddy
field [x 10 arc]
Total emission [ton CO-2e]
~Settlement
[x 10 are]
Fig. 7. Relationship between AFOLU sector and total emission change.
In energy sector a remarkable change on consumption of gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil has
occurred in 2009 in Indonesia as a consequence of the governmental decree to convert kerosene fuel
mainly consumed by households to natural gas (LPG). Since then the consumption of kerosene has
significantly decreased by almost 87 million liter during the last three years. The change of
consumption amount of these fossil fuel types is described in Fig. 8.
:::: 1
-+-
Kerosene [I]
___
__
Pertamax [I]
-;-,-Oiesel
-+-Gasoline
[I]
Total emission [ton C02-e]
--'-LPG
oil [I]
[kg)
3.E+08
2.E'·08
1.E+08
!
O,E
tOO
L--~-----r-----_---Y----'---"'--'
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 8. Change of fossil fuel consumption in energy sector.
The significant decrease of kerosene supply in the market was Simultaneously followed by increase of
LPG, diesel oil and gasoline consumption during period of 2009-2011. The environmental impact, i.e.
air quality change, of such condition itself was unclear due to the complexity of the atmosphere
292
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system. In fact, the total greenhouse
period.
2013
5
.
th
TOPIC ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP
ISBN 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2
.
gas emission showed a stabile growing tendency along the study
Relationship between solid waste generation and total greenhouse gas emission is almost linear since
one of the estimation bases of the total GHG emission was the quantity of the generated solid waste.
Hence, as indicated in Fig. 9, the increasing amount of the generated solid waste in Bogor Municipality
was always followed by increase of total GHG emission. Between the amount of generated solid waste
and total GHG emission there is a strong correlation as indicated by its correlation coefficient accounts
for 0.975 (Fig. 10).
8.0E+06
...---
7.0E+06
•
III
11
11
6.0E+06.··· MLKJIHGFEDCBA
R
---
•
5.0E+06
4.0E+06
-+ -W aste
[ton]
_T otal
em ission
Ix 10
ton CO-2e]
3.0E+06
2.0E+06
1.0E+06
•
•
•
•
2004
2005
2006
2007
• •
O.OE+OO
2002
2003
•
2008
•
•
•
2009
2010
2011
Fig. 9. Trend of solid waste generation and total GHG emission.
7.5E+07
v=
Q;'
N
0
u
•
23.2x + 4E+07
R2= 0.975
7.0E+07
c
~
~
c
0
-Vi
'e'"
6.SE+07
•••
~
:J::
~
r.;
'0
6.0E+07
.-----
t-
--,
S.5E+07
7.0E+OS 8.0E+05
9.0E+05
1.0E+06 1.1E+06
1.2E+06
1.3E+06
1.4E .06
S olid w aste
Fig. 10. Correlation
between solid waste generation
and total GHG emission.
The above description indicated that it is important to take into account the management of municipal
solid waste in order to minimize the production of greenhouse gas from the solid waste bulk into
ambient air and then to the atmosphere. Once it is released into the ambient air. a global and local
mitigation measures should be planned and taken in action.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
K. J. van Groenigen, C. W. Osenberg, B. A. Hungate. Increased soil emissions of potent
greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO 2 ,cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
L e tte r R e s e a rc h , vol. 475, pp. 214-217.
July 2011.
O. Ashrafi, L. Yerushalmi, F. Haghighat. Greenhouse gas emission by wastewater treatment
plants of the pulp and paper industry - Modeling and simulation. In te rn a tio n a l J o u rn a l o f
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MLKJIHGFEDCBA
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5 th
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
T O P IC
: ISBN 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2
i
[3]
[4]
[5]
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Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013 cbaZYXWVUTSR
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K. R. Mackie and C. D. Cooper. Landfill gas emission prediction using Voronoi diagrams and
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