ASSESSMENT ON TREE PLANTING EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

PROCEED.ING
t{(~fJ.oILA,;A;J..;j::'~:':':':"""1.AI@JI[JmIm(ffj)~~
nmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
~~~~~~~~kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

th

June QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
26
z s ', 2~
-

Ed"tors :

LOR~t7}N
!uou .•
S(}t,ll

Central Java, IndoJ

Dr. Prabang Setyono, S.Si., M.Si

Komariah, STP., M.Se., Ph.D
Dr. Ir. Widyatmani Sih Dewi, MP
Organizec

Sebelas Maret University {
INDONESIA

Publish by : UNS Press

In colaboration

tation:vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
abang Setyono, Komariah, Widyatmani
Sih Dewi (Ed.). 2013. Proceeding of
t International Conference of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment. Surakarta,
ne 27th-29

th
,

2013.

!sign cover:
ief Noor Rachmadiyanto

ibllshed by:
)T Penerbitan dan Pencetakan UNS (UNS Press)
Ir. Sutami No.36A Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia 57126
lephone. 0271-646994 Ext. 341

ebsite : http://www.unspress.uns.ac.id
mail address: unspress@uns.ac.id

BN 978-979-498-838-1

Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University:
)PVRIGHT:
I right of the papers in this book are reserved to the individual authors, and all rights of
e other parts to Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University.
SCLAIMER:

rpers are published here unedited, as submitted by their authors. The conference does
rt necessarily endorse their contents.

o part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,
echanically, by photocopying,
le copyright owners.

recording or other wish without the prior permission of

PROCEEDINGS
st
of theQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 In te r n a tio n a l
C o n / e t 'r ! n c e on S u s t a i n a b l e

A g r ic u ltu r e

a n d E n v ir o n m e n tA

P R E F A C E

We would like to thank Allah SWT has guidance so that all preparatory activities 1skjihgfedcbaZYXW
ICSAE conference can be conducted successfully. 1st ICSAE International Conference
(International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment) aims to disseminate
the results of research in the field of sustainable agriculture and environment.
The conference areas are:
1. Tropical Agriculture
2. Biodiversity
3. Biotechnology
4. Horticulture
5. Climate Change
6. Environment·
7. Local Ecological Knowledge
8. Agriculture Social Economy
9. Water Management and Soil Conservation
10. Hydraulic Structure, Maintenance and Operation
11. IPM / Integrated Pest Managament
12. Integrated Agriculture Managament
13. Food Sovereignty and Food Security
Results of this 1st ICSAEconference proceedings will be included ISBN proceeding, ISS~

journal and best paper will be submitted to journals that indexed in Scopus. We hope thi:
activity will continue on a regular conference once every 2 years with the results of tht
advance research in agriculture and environment again.
This conference was a success because it is supported by the Directorate General 0
higher education ministry of Education and Culture Republic Indonesia as well as sponsor
that we can not mention one by one. The committee would like to thank to all those whc
have helped this conference.
In closing I wish to express my gratitude to all participant for their full cooperation aru
contribution to t is conference. Lastly, I wish you all a fruitful conference and may we a
could gain positive outcomes and conclusion from this conference.

Very Sincerely Yours,
Dr. Prabang Setyono, M.Sc
Chief of Conference 1st ICSAE

iii

PROCEEDINGS
st

of theQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 In te r n a tio n a l
C o n fe r e n c e

on S u s t a i n a b l e

a n d E n v ir o n m e n tA

A g r ic u ltu r e

..

F O R E W O R D

Sustainable is the keyword in agricultural

and environment

management

to assure the

global food security and maintain high quality of human life. The world population
has resulted in natural resources exploitation
life

demand.

amelioration,

Food

production

various

fertilizer

through

and degradation
agricultural

productions,

plant

drastically to meet the daily

technology

breeding,

improvement

seed production,

production,

pest management,

technology,

food security, and etc plays the main role to feed the population

double

human empowerment,

in the recent century.

However,

horticulture

researches on the identification

activities and the studies on reducing negative environmental

of farming

as well

new ways to farm

profitably

while

in

soil

livestock

production,

agricultural

as develop

explosion

irrigation
that grows

of unsustainable
and social impacts
conserving

natural

resources must be improved and shared.
Together
contributing

with

sustainable

and controlling

genetic manipulation,

agricultural

the sustainability

insect tolerant

etc. But desertification,

water

natural resources exploitation
alterations,

more

for food production.

infectious

on

environment

sustainability

the availability

commercial

also other
opportunity

by employing

from

modified
We

foods through

cross breeding,

are some of the impacts

In the same way, biotechnology

virus resulting
industry.

has successfully

and unexpected
gene combinations

of

also has

results during
of infecting

(GM) food, highly costly, and farmer
must

consider

our

the environmental-friendly

bioresources

and

methods to guarantee

for our future generation through a sustainable management.

We must properly
consumption,

seed

biotechnology

crop, remove toxin from plants,

such as unpredictable

virus, cancer risk by eating the genetically
dependency

of providing

crop, drought tolerant

scarcity and global warming

negative side impacts on bioresources
genetic

management,

protect,

develop and manage the technologies

to support the renewable

natural

energy resources, such as solar and wind power,

assets for a sustainable

for experts,

recent issue in agriculture

researchers,

to reduce energy

utilization.

practitioners

This conference

and stakeholders

and environment.

Best Regards,
Prof. Or. Ahmad Yunus
Director of Post-Graduate School of Sebelas Maret University

iv

offers a very good
to discuss the most

PROCEEDINGS
QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
of the 1st
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
In te r n a tio n a l
C o n f e r e n c e on S u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t A

T A B L E

O F

C O N T E N S

PREFACE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iii
FOREWORD •••••.••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• iv
PROGRAM ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v
TABLE OF CONTENS •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••vii
Invited Speakers Papers

ADAPTED TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY IN
EMERGING COUNTRIES-EXPERIENCESOF THE JOINT- PROJECTIWRM INDONESIAnmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
Prof. Franz Niezsman ............................................................•...•.•..............................................................
3
Conservation and utilization of tropical crops genetic resources
Dr. Liu Guodao
:.................................................................................................................................

38

SMALL FARMS AS STEWARDS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES:EMERGING
TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH]
Krista L i a c o b s e n '

58

SUSTAINABILlTY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ZERO
Michael Goodin*, .....................................................................•.................................................................

65

RURAL WOMEN IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ACCESSIBILITY TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
ACTIVITY; THE CASE STUDY YAYLACIK VILLAGE OF KONYA IN TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Cennet OGUZ

70

CLOSING A GAP IN THE SCALE OF AGRICULTURE'?MID-SIZE FARMERS' PARTICIPATION IN THE STATESPONSORED BRANDING:THE CASE OF KENTUCKY
Alicia Fishel and Keiko Tanaka 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

85

Exploration of Local Knowledge
to Conserve Biodivesity
of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable
Agriculture
Dr. Usman Siswanto...................................................................................................................................

94

Tropical Agriculture
i" ICSAE/Tag004
,
PATTERN OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN PINEAPPLE ESTATE AFTER ROTATION WITH CASSAVA AND
KING GRASS UNDER MARGINAL TROPICALSOIL OF LAMPUNG, INDONESIA
Afand/, Priyo Cahvono', And Purwito 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

133

1skSAE/TAg006
EFFECTS OF SEVERAL TYPES OF ROTATED CROPS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN PINEAPPLE
CULTIVATION IN LAMPUNG, INDONESIA
1
Priyo Cahyono', Purwito J, Didik F. Pangarso , and A/andr ......................................................•..........•.....

137

st

l ICSAE/TAg007

THE EFFECTOF REFUGIA TO ARTHROPOD'S DENSITYAND DIVERSITYON PADDY FIELD
Retno Wijayanti and Supriyadi......................................

140

1stICSAE/TAg008
THE USE OF CONSORTIUM FORMULA TlON BACTERIAAS DISEASECONTROL FOR Rhizoctonia solani
3
Syarifah Utamt', Nisa Rachmania Mubarie, Iman Rusmana • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

145

Biodiversity
st
l ICSAE/BIODIV006
SPECIES RICHNESS ESTIMATION OF GROUNDOVER VEGETATION IN SOME PARTS OF 2010
PYROCLASTlCFLOWS AREAS OF MT. MERAPI USINGESTIMATES
I'
2
Sutomo
and d. Fardila .........................................................................................................................•..

153

st

l ICSAE/BIODIV007
IDENTIFICATION OF MYCORRHIZAL ENDEMIC ON SEVERAL HABITATS OF RARE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Rauvolfia serpentina BENTH. WITH ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATION AND RESERPINA

vii

PROCEEDINGS
stnmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
of the 1 International
Conference"on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Sulandjari

1.2',

WS. Dewi

1.2,

E. Yuniastuti

1.2............................................................................................

158

Horticulture
lstICSAE/HORTOOl

TOMA TO YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AS AFFECTED BY COW MaNURE COMPOST IN TWO SEASONS
Darwin H.QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
P a n q a r ib u a n " ,
And Rizka Novi Sesanti··..................................................................................

167

Biotechnology
lstICSAE/BIOTECHOOl

SCREENING OF BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCERSFROM LOCALLYISOLATED ACTlNOBACTERIAL
Nor Sya/irah Zambry, Adilah Ayoib, Latiffah Zakaria, And Ahmad Ramli Mohd Yahya ..............•......•.......

177

lstICSAE/BIOTECH002

IMPROVEMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE FROM SELECTEDFUNGAL STRAIN USING TAGUCHI DOE
METHODOLOGY
F. Fibriana, A. Upaichit, and T. Hongpattarakere
lstICSAE/BIOTECH003
PRELIMINARY DETECTION OF IMMUNOMODULA

186

TORY MOLECULES FROM Carica papaya EXTRACT FOR

TREATMENT OF DENGUE FEVER
A. A. Amirul, and A. M. N. Zatil..........................................................................•...................
Y. Mat-arip,vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

192

lstICSAE/BIOTECH004
PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATlON OF ISOLATED PHAGES SPECIFIC TO ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FOR

POTENTIAL PHAGE THERAPY DEVELOPMENT
W. IRA ARYANI, and M.A. YAHYA•.............................................................................................................

196

1 stICSAE/BIOTECHOOS

THE RESEARCH OF SLOW RELEASE NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN TWO VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE
(Saccharum officinarum)
M.C. Tri Atmodjo...............................................................................................................•........................

201

lstICSAE/BIOTECH006

THE USE OF SORGHUM STEM-WASTE AS BIOENERGY RAW MATERIAL
HARDOYO...................................................................................................................................................

207

1 stICSAE/BIOTECH007

THE POTENTIAL BIOMASS WASTE AS A SUSTAINABLE BIOENERGYRESOURCES
HARDOYO............................................................................................•......................................................

212

lstICSAE/BIOTECH008

THE RESEARCHOF SOME I..ASSAVA VARIETYAS RAW MATERIALS FOR GREEN ENERGY BIOETHANOL
M.C. Tri Atmodjo .......................................................................................................•.................•......•..•..•.

218

l'tICSAE/BIOTECH010

RAPD CLUSTERING BASED ON TANNIN CONTENTOF VARIOUS SALAK (Salacca zalacca Gaertner
ACCESSIONS
; ...................................
Nandoriyoh', H a r t a t i .S : ', Wartoyo3, And Pardono 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Integrated

Voss)
224

Pest Managament

lstICSAE/IPMOOl

SUB-LETHAL TOXICITY SECONDARY POISONING OF CHLOROPHACINONE ANDBROMADIOLONE
CAPTIVE BARN OWLS, TYTO ALBA JAVANICA
Hasber sattm', Hafidzi Mohd Noor', Dzolkhifli o m o r ', Noor Hisham Hamicr And Azhar Kasim 3

TO

231

lstICSAE/IPM003

UPDATING RECORD OF OPIINAE PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH
BACTROCERA SPP. (DIPTERA: TEPHRITfDAE) USING MOLECULAR DATA
1
2
Shariff, s ' t, Ibrahim, N. J. , Md-Zain, B. M.l, Suhana, y .2 , Norsiah,M. J. , & Yaakop, S. • .......................•.

242

lstICSAE/IPM004
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR MOLECULAR MARKERS IN IDENTlFlCA TlON OF OPIINESSPECIES
(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: OPIINAE), AS PARASITOIDS OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
2
Ibrahim N. J.1 , Shari/f S.1, Md-Zain B. M.l, Suhana y .2 , Norsiah M. J. ,And Yaakop s .'

249

viii

PROCEEDINGS
st
of thenmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
International
Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Climate ChangekjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
s
l ksAE/CCh007
EMISSIONION

OF C02 AND CH4 ON VEGETABLES, RICE AND SOYBEAN LAND CASE IN KARANGANYAR

DISTRICT

261

Sun toro, Mujiyo, Jauhari Syamsiyah, Rahayu

st

l ICSAE/CCh008
STUDY OF CO 2 EMISSION
GONANDGREJO,
Widyatmani

BY EARTHWORMS

IN MESOCOSM

ACTIVITY

ON VARIOUS

LAND

USES IN

KARANGANYAR

Sih Dewi

1

),

Mujiyol),

Jauhari Syamsiah

1

Nukhak Nufita Sa".2)..............................................

),

266

\

1stICSAE/CCh009
EFFECT OF CLlMA TE CHANGE ON WATER YIELD IN CENTRAL JAVA, EAST JAVA, AND EAST BALl
I.B.Pramono

273

and E.Savitri

lstICSAE/CChOl0
IS

HUMAN

HEALTH

DEPENDS

ON

THE

HEALTH

OF

TEMPERA TURE-RELA TED DEA TH AND COMMUNICABLE
T. A. Wanahari

1

A.

,

B. Murthi

K u s u m o w a t i ',

3

P. Dirgahayu",

,

GLOBAL

CLIMATE?

PERSPECTIVE

ON

DISEASE
B.A. Mappakaya

1
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

287

lstICSAE/CChOll
ASSESSMENT

ON TREE PLANTING

Arief Sabdo Yuwono

EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

1
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

294

Water Management and Soil Conservation
st
l ICSAE/WMS003
APPLlCA TlON OF WETLAND
JENGGOLO

TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCTlNG

VILLAGE, KEPANJEN, MALANG

Freta Kirana Balladona

1

Mahindra

),

PLUMBUM

(Pb) ON FARM IRRIGA TlON AT

REGENCY

Dewi Nur Aisyah

1
),

Muhammad

Nawab AI-Hasan

1
)

•••••••••••••••••••••••••

303

st

l ICSAE/WMS004
MODEL

CONTROL

OF WA TER QUALITY

DECREASE GAJAH

MUNGKUR

RESERVOIR

WITH

DYNAMIC

SYSTEMS APPROACH
Pujiastuti,

r e n t " , Pranoto

2
)

;

Ismail Bagui...............................................................................................

309

1stICSAE/WMSOOS
IRRIGA TION

AND

FERTlLlZA TlON

OF MERAPI

VAGINATUM TURFGRASS GROWING
Rahayu,

Widyatmani

VOLCANO

ERUPTION

SAND

AS NA TlVE

PASPALUM

MEDIA

Sih Dewi, Parjanto,

AIi As'ad..................................................................................

322

st
l ICSAE/WMS006
CONTRIBUTION
Tyas Mutiara

OF SOIL HORIZONS AS CARBON POOLS UNDER VARIOUS LAND COVERS
Basuki

1
)

328

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

st

l ICSAE/WMS007
THE EFFECT OF TEAK FOREST WATERSHED

ON WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN BLORA, CENTRAL

JAVA, INDONESIA
I.B. Pramono

and

334

N. Wahyuningrum

1skSAE/WMS008
ADAPTED
EMERGING
D. Stoffet',

TECHNOLOGIES

AND

MANAGEMENT

COUNTRIES-EXPERIENCES
P. o b e r t e ', M. lkhwon',

STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE

OF THE JOINT-PROJECT IWRM

Solichin2 And F. Nestmann

1

WATER SUPPLY IN

INDONESIA

•.•.•.•.••.••.••.••...••.•••.•.•.•.••.•.••••.••.•••••.••••••••.•

342

Agriculture Social Economy
st
l ICSAE/ ASEOOl
ANALYSES OF AGRICUL TURAL STA TUS AND INVESTMENT
1

DR. Mithat

POSSIBILITIES IN TURKEY

353

Direk

st
l ICSAE/ ASE002
BIO-FERTlLlZER

APPLlCA TlON

ON SOYBEAN

FARMING

INCOME

ix

TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY

AND

FARMER

PROCEEDINGS
st

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

of the 1kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on .s u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t

358 nmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS

IRAWAN1 ...............................................................................................•.•.........•...........•.........•.•..•...•..••...•.
l.5tICSAE/ ASE003

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ON AFFECTING LAND CONSERVATION TOWARDS AVAILABILITY OF FEED AND
FOOD ON DRYLAND FARMING IN TlMOR ISLAND
B . M ur d 0 I e 1ono,1} H . Da S,'1va 1},Fred L.Benu 2} Dan W .1.1 Me 11a 2} ...........•......•...••........•...•..•...•..•.................

364

1 stICSAE/ ASEOOS

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING FARMER'S DECISION TOWARDS ADOPTION OF DRY LAND
CONSERVATlON AT HIGHLANQ, DRY CliMATE, TlMOR ISLAND, NTT
Helena Da Si/va Dan Bambang Murdo!elono ......................................................•......•....•.•.....•...•••..•.......•.

379

1 stICSAE/ ASE008

Puffer Fish Crackers: SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF PUFFER FISH LEATHER (Tetra od on lunaris)
RAISING ECONOMICAL RATE AMONG PEOPLE IN GEBANG MEKAR REGION, INDONESIA
W. E. Kiyat, A. Homzott', And Y. Munibah 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Food Sovereignty

IN
395

and Food Sec,urity

lstICSAE/FSOOl

GOVERNMENT AS A DRIVER TO AGRICUL TURAL LAND USE CHANGE IN INDONESIA
Nina Novira ...............................................................................................•......•.•.....••......•.........................

405

1 stICSAE/FS002

TOXIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION RISK ANALYSIS OF LEAD (Pb) AND CADMIUM (Cd) ON LIVESTOCK CATTLE
AT THE END OF THE GARBAGE DISPOSAL PUTRI CEMPO SURAKARTA
Kafiar, F.P., Ramelan, A.H., Setyono. P., And Sukrorini, T ............................................•..........................•..

411

1 stICSAE/FS003

MEDICINAL VALUES, ORGANOLEPTIC TESTS, MARKET ACCEPTABILITY AND PROFITABILITY OF THE
GINGER TEA (ZINGEBER OFFIClNALE) IN DIFFERENT VARIANTS
Dr. Elena P. Leal ..................................................................................................•........••..•.•....•...••..•...•.•..••

419

1 stICSAE/FS004

ORGANOLEPTIC TESTS, SHELF-LIFE, MARKET ACCEPTABILITY AND PROFITABILITY OF SELECTED
HEALTHY EXOTIC FRUIT AND VEGETABLEJUICES
Dr. Elena P. Leal
'" ......................................................................................•.............

425

1 stICSAE/FSOOS

INCREASING RICE YIELD BY UTILIZING SUGARCANE WASTE AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Oktavia S. Padmini", R.R. Rukmowati Brotodjojo, and Sri Wuryani ...................•.................................•....

432

Local Eco'logical Knowledge

1 stICSAE/LEK002

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EFFECTOF CONGESTION ON INCREASING EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES
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THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOWARD AGROINDUSTRY CORPORATE
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I Gusti Putu Diva Awatara..........................................................................................................................

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ASSESSMENT ON TREE PLANTING EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSION
Arief Sabdo YuwonokjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
114
1

Department

of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, Bogor Agricultural
Indonesia

University (lPB),

ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gas emission problem is nowadays an international issue that tends to grow
more and more important worldwide. It is also a national concern of which Government of
Indonesia has taken a. number of important mitigation and adaptation measures to counter
the issue. However, at municipal or local level, mitigation and adaptation strategy is
occasionally ineffective due to the lack of inventory data and bias scenario. Therefore,
appropriate and effective mitigation measures are enormously important to improve the local
strategy to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. The objective of this paper is to assess the
effectiveness of tree planting to reduce greenhouse gas emission generated by a
metropolitan municipality, namely Depok, located in West Java Province, Indonesia. The
local emission reduction scenario consists of three measures, i.e. tree planting, reduction of
municipal solid waste generation as well as reduction of electricity consumption. Greenhouse
gas emission quantity was calculated according to the general classification of the sources,
i.e. energy sector, AFOLU (agricultural, forest land and other land use) sector as well as solid
waste sector. The total greenhouse gas emission during 2011 was estimated about 1.1*107
ton COre whereas the total sequestered carbon by one million trees planting program was
merely 5.2*103 ton Care per year. Reduction of greenhouse gas emission by 5% solid
waste generation and 5% electricity consumption were about 2.0*104 ton CO 2 -e and 4.5*104
ton CO 2 -e, respectively. The result of the analysis indicated that if effectiveness of one million
trees planting scenario to reduce greenhouse gas emission is scored as one (1), then the
effectiveness of GHG emission reduction by 5% solid waste generation reduction could be
scored as four (4) and the effectiveness of those by 5% reduction of electricity consumption
would be scored as nine (9). Furthermore, GHG reduction measure by one million trees
planting would reduce no more than 0.05% of total municipal GHG emission. It indicates that
a choice of local greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy should be based on a
comprehensive inventory data, rather than based on any popular action of local authority.
Keywords: greenhouse gas, emission reduction, tree planting, solid waste, electricity.
INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse gas emission problem is nowadays an international issue that tends to grow
more and more important worldwide. The greenhouse gas emission rise has been recorded
by a number of researchers (Bilgen et al. 2007; Couwenberg et al. 2010; Dinsmore et al.
2010). The global warming phenomenon, as a consequence of the greenhouse gas emission
rising (Anshari 2012; Ganesh 2011) has therefore become an important global environmental
issue since the last decades.

14

Corresponding

author: Email: arieCsabdoj.uwono@yahoo.co.id

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It is also a national concern of which Government of Indonesia has taken a number of
important mitigation and adaptation measures to counter the issue. However, at municipality
or local level, mitigation and adaptation strategy is occasionally ineffective due to the lack of
inventory data and bias scenario. Some municipalities set up a local level global warming
mitigation measures without any scientific study on the aspect of identification and
quantification of the emitted greenhouse gas by the locality.
Some municipalities try to locally respond the global warming phenomenon by simply
greening the open area such as urban forest (Yuwono et al. 2011) without any strategic
calculation on the budget and effectiveness of the implemented action. As a consequence,
the total greenhouse gas emission remains high due to ineffective action plan. Improvement
on mitigation measures is therefore paramount important in order to make the local
greenhouse gas emission scenarios better.
The first objective of this paper is to quantify total GHG emitted by Oepok municipality in
2011. The second objective is to calculate the sequestration of the emitted GHG whereas the
last objective Is to assess the effectiveness of tree planting program to reduce GHG emission
in comparison with the effectiveness by reduction of solid waste and reduction of electricity
consumption.A
M E T H O D S

The effectiveness of tree planting to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is assessed
quantitatively by calculating the total amount of GHG emitted by the Oepok municipality per
year, total amount of the sequestered carbon by one million planted trees, as well as the
percentage of the sequestered carbon to the total amount of the emitted GHG under
concern. Assessment method is started by emission source inventory which is then followed
by emission quantity calculation. The inventory step involves emission sources identification
and calculation of the emission quantity. By using corresponding emission factors, emission
generated by the each sector can be found. Flowchart of the assessment methods is given in
Figure 1.
.•..
he amount of emitted GHG is classified into three sectors, i.e. energy, AFOLU (agricultural,
forest land and other land use), and solid waste. Each of sector emission is calculated by
using its corresponding emission factor which is adopted from IPCC (Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006 and the database. Greenhouse gas emitted by
each sector is firstly expressed in their responding unit, i.e. [ton CO 2 /year], [ton CHJyear]
and [ton N 2 0/year] and then converted into a single common unit of [ton CO 2 equivalent/year] or simply expressed in [ton COre/year] by using conversion factor, namely
Global Warming potential (GWP). The GWP for CO 2 is 1, CH 4 is 25 and N 2 0 is 298
according to IPCC Guideline 2006.

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I

Correspondlng~
emission factor

Emission
source
Inventory

Start

~
~
Emission
quantity
calculation

I

I--

Effectiveness
of tree planting
I

I

End

Figure 1: Flowchart

of the assessment

method.

Basic data was mainly obtained from database of a number of governmental
Municipality
Fisheries
Branch

Agency

Affairs

for

(DKP),

of State Owned

necessary for calculation

Development
Office

Planning

(Bappeda),

Office

of Industry and Trade Affairs

Electricity

Company

(PLN). Table

bodies such as

of Agricultural

(Disperindag),

1 shows

and

and Depok

the compiled

data

item. The set of equations to calculate the GHG emission quantity

is presented in Table 2.
Table 1: Compiled
Aspect
Emission
(Sources)

Sequestration
(Sinks)

~ __ ~~~
Tree planting
Effectiveness

data necessary

for calculation

item

Calculation item
Data
• Number
of
small, • Emission of CO 2, CH 4 , and N 20 of
each energy source.
medium, and large scale
industry
• Equivalent calculation of CH 4 and
N 20 in term of CO 2 or [C02-e].
• Corresponding
emission
factor (e)
• Diesel
oil,
gas,
and
electricity consumption
AFOLU
• Carbon emission from paddy field.
• Area of paddy field
• Equivalent calculation of CH 4 , and
• Number
of
livestock
(ruminants and poultry)
N 20 in term of CO 2 or (C02-e].
Solid
• Emission of CO 2, CH 4 , and N 20 of
• Municipal population
waste
each solid waste fraction.
• Solid waste generation
quantity
• Equivalent calculation of CH 4 and
N 20 in term of CO 2 or [C02-e).
• Organic
and
inorganic
fraction
• Corresponding
emission
factor (e)
Total
. • GWP
(global
warming
• Equivalent calculation of CH 4 , and
potential CO 2=1; CH 4 =25;
N 20 in term of CO 2 or [C02-e].
N 2 0=298
AFOLU
• Area of forestland, crop • Carbon stock in forest, crop land,
land,
estate
crop,
estate crop, grassland, and paddy
2
grassland, paddy field
field in term of C0 or [C02-e].
• Area of lakes and the • Carbon stock in lakes in term of
~p~r~im~a~ry~p~ro~d~u~ct~iv~it~y
__ ~
C~O~2~o~r~[C~O~2~-el~:~
__ ~ __ ~~
__
• Total GHG sequestered
• GHG reduction by tree planting,
• Total GHG emission.
reduction of electricity consumption
and solid waste generation.
Sector
Energy

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Table 2: Basic equations to calculate emission (sources) and sequestration (sinks) of
GHG
Aspect
Emission
(Sources)

Sequestration
(Sinks)

Sector
Energy

Basic eguation
• GHG
emission
(fuel
consumption) * (net calorific
value) * (emission factor)

AFOLU

• GHG emission
(number of
livestock) * (emission factor)

Solid
waste

• GHG
emission
(fuel
consumption) * (net calorific
value) * (emission factor)
• Carbon stock in biomass (forest area) * (conversion
factors)
• Carbon
stock in lakes =
(lakes
area)
*
(primary
prod uctivity)

AFOLU

=

=

Remark
,/Including
diesel oil, gas and
electricity
< Catcutated for each GHG
(C02, CH 4 and N 2 0) and then
converted into CO 2 -e.
,/Including
poultry
and
ruminants (large and small).
'/Calculated in term of CH 4 and
then converted into CO 2 -e.
'/Calculation
for each of GHG
(C02 , CH 4 and N 2 0) and then
converted into CO 2 -e.
'/Including
forest,
crop land,
estate crop, grass land and
paddy field.
,/Only for freshwater lakes.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result of the calculation on the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is presented
2. It shows that GHG from solid waste sector accounts for 8.8*10

6

in Figure

ton CO 2 -e which equals

with 82% of the total GHG emission during 2011. As a comparison,

energy sector in India

accounted for 69% of the total emission (Sharma et al. 2011). The rest of the emitted GHG is
generated

by energy sector (17%) and AFOLU sector (1 %). Total GHG emission
7

accounts for 1.1 *1 0 ton CO 2-e. Figure 2b shows a strong correlation
sector domination

(see Fig 2a) and CH 4 emission.

1,OE+08

8,8E+06

between solid waste

It is clear nowadays

emitted methane as a result of organic fraction decomposition
Cooper 2009; Aronica et al. 2010).

in 2011

that solid waste

of the waste (Mackie and

1,1E+07

qil,OE+07
...•
81,oE+06
~,OE+OS
•....
•§l,oE+04

'"

~,OE+03
~,OE+02

~III

~,OE+01
1,OE+OO
Energy

AFOLU

Solid waste
Sector

Total

(b)

(a)

Figure 2: GHG emission per sector (a) and their respective proportion of GHG gas (b).

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The sequestered

A g r ic u ltu r e

a n d E n v ir o n m e n t

GHG is presented in Figure 3 where most of the sequestered

amount was

carried out by crop land followed by forest land and lakes. The minor contribution

of forest

land to sequester carbon, i.e. 93 ton CO 2-e, might be due to the limited forest area in Depok
municipality.

Depok Municipality

is known as a sub-urban

area of the Jakarta Metropolitan

City where availability of forest land in such municipality is now rare to find. In the US, forests
already offset about one eighth of the nation's annual CO kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2 emissions (Daniels 2010).
The finding that lake contributes
result of McGuire

small portion of the GHG is in accordance

(2010) where

terrestrial

region was a source

with research

of atmospheric

carbon

whereas the ocean sequesters carbon from both the atmosphere and the land.
Figure 3 (b) illustrates that the sequestered
comparison with the emitted amount (1.1*10

GHG is also very small (5.4*10
7

ca. 2023 times higher ~han the sequestered

ton COre).

3

ton CO 2 -e) in

It means that the GHG emission is

amount. It indicates that Depok is a net emitter

municipality since the emitted GHG amount is higher than those sequestered.
1,OE+OS -,---------------,

1,OE+08 -,---.,1~,1::-;E=-+=07:;--------...,

c:

iOE+04
1,OE+06

c:

o
~,~3

~
GlO

...

+ ----

~
u 1,OE+04
c:
o

~0i!+02

~

~

1,OE+02

i,OE+Ol

~
1,OE+OO

1,OE+OO

Forest land Crop Land

Lakes

Total

Emission

Sequestration

(b)

(a)

Figure 3: The GHG sequestration by forest land, crop land and lakes (a) and the
co parison between GHG sequestration and emission (b).
Another result of analysis as depicted in Table 3 indicates the effectiveness
trees planting in comparison

with other measures in the scenario for Depok municipality

order to mitigate GHG emission,

i.e. 5% reduction of the municipal

reduction of electricity consumption.
the other measures

of one million

solid wastes

in

and 5%

If the tree planting measure is scored as one (1) then

would be scored as four (4) for 5% reduction of solid waste whereas

score for 5% electricity reduction would be nine (9).
It means that 5% reduction
reduce

GHG

emission

reduction of electricity
measure
measures

by planting
could

of solid waste generation

than that by one million trees
consumption

is four (4) times more effective to
planting.

It also means

would be nine times more effective

as much as one million trees. Some simple

be avoidance

of any plastic bags or packaging

that 5%

than the reduction

solid waste
materials,

reduction

small scale

household composting of organic fraction of the solid waste and recycle of inorganic valuable
fraction carried out by scavengers.
The result of the calculation
warming

phenomenon

indicates that any local mitigation measures to respond global

should be considered

first on quantitative

analysis of the amount of

emitted GHG, local GHG sources, reduction target as well as on appropriate

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potential reduction

measure.

It should also be fit with the relevant environmental

condition

such as land availability intended for tree planting area.
Table 3: Effectiveness

of tree planting
Reduction

Tree planting
Number

of

tree

1.0E+06

Itrunkl
area

Planting

250

Ihal

Ratio
(below/above
0.2
ground) biomass,
R
Specific biomass .
growth (Gw) [ton 10
dm/ha.yearl
fraction
Carbon
0.47
dry
matter,
of
[ton C/ton drnl
Carbon stock of
1.4E+03
(~CG)
biomass
[ton Cl
Emission
[ton 5.2E+03
reduction

CO 2 -elyear]
Total
GHG
emission in 2011
Iton CO 2-elyearl
total
%
GHG
reduction
Effectiveness

in comparison

1.1E+07
0.048

1

[-]

with other mitigation

Reduction
of
electricity
consumption
Reduction
5%
[%/capita.davl
Reduction quantity
0.10
[kwh/capita.day]

of solid waste

Reduction
[%/capita.davl
Waste
generation
fkQ/capita.day]

measures

5%
0.56

370

Electricity
cons.
after
reduction
[kwh/capita.day]

675

C0 QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
waste]
2 /kg

1.09

Total consumption
[kwh/year]

1.2E+09

Municipal
waste
generation
after
reduction rGQ/year]
after
Emission
reduction [ton CO 2 e/vearl

Consumption
difference
fkwh/vearl
Emission
electricity
C02-e/vearl

municipal
Total
solid waste [Gg]
Emission factor [kg

Emission reduction
[ton CO 2 -elyear]
Total
GHG
emission in 2011
[ton CO 2 -elvearl
total
GHG
%
reduction
Effectiveness [-]

..

351

3.8E+05
-

2.0E+04

1.1 E+07
0.186

4

6.4E+07
from
[ton

8.5E+05

Emission reduction
[ton CO 2 -e/year]

4.5E+04

Total
GHG
emission in 2011
[ton COre/year]
%
total
GHG
reduction
Effectiveness

1.1E+07
0.420

[-]

9

The above table also indicated that one million trees planting scenario would reduce no more
than 0.05% of total municipal
greenhouse

greenhouse

gas emission.

It means that a choice of local

gas emission reduction strategy should be based on a comprehensive

on the municipal

data inventory, rather than based on any popular measures

greening,

urban reforestation

measures

such as solid waste reduction and electricity consumption

proven quantitatively
Additionally,

and so forth. On the other side, however,

such as city

some unpopular

reduction

have been

as effective GHG reduction measures.

for a metropolitan

municipality, land provision for a greening program such as

one million trees planting might not be a simple problem to deal. A comprehensive
measures

analysis

with some accurate and effective alternatives should be considered

mitigation

first and well

designed prior to any popular action plan.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions

that can be drawn from the assessment are as follows:
7

a.

In 2011 Depok municipality emitted GHG totally as much as 1.1 *1 0 ton CO 2 -e consisting
6
of 8.8*106 ton CO 2 -e contributed by solid waste sector, 1.9*10 ton CO 2 -e by energy
4
sector and 9.7*10 ton CO 2 -e by AFOLU sector.

b.

The total sequestration of GHG in 2011 was merely 6.0*103 ton COre that was
3
contributed by crop land (5.3*10 ton COre), forestland (93 ton CO 2-e) and lakes
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(6.8*102 ton CO 2 -e). The emitted GHG is ca. 2023 times higher than the sequestered
amount.

.' .

c.

Effectiveness of one million tree planting program to reduce GHG emission accounted for
merely 0.05% of the emitted GHG. If the effectiveness of one million trees planting
program to reduce GHG emission is scored as one (1), then the score for 5% solid waste
reduction is four (4) and the score for reduction of 5% electricity consumption is nine (9).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The field activity of the research was fully supported
Depok

Municipality.

We would

like to convey

by many governmental

our gratitude

institutions

in

to Head and the Staffs

of

Bappeda, DKP, Disperindag, and PLN for their valuable assistance,
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