10.1 Perennialism is rooted in realism. It aims to educate the rational person
and to cultivate the intellect. Focus on past and permanent studies; mastery of facts and timeless knowledge.
10.2 Teacher helps students think rationally; based on Socratic method, oral
exposition; explicit teaching of traditional values. 10.3
The curriculum is a common one and subject-centered. Emphasis on language, literature and mathematics, arts and sciences.
10.4 The teacher is viewed as an authority in the field whose knowledge and
expertise are unquestionable. The teacher is the master of the subject and must be able to guide discussion.
11. Essentialism
11.1 Essensialism is rooted in both realism and idealism. It aims promote the
intellectual growth of the individual and to educate the competent person. Focus on essential skills and academic subjects; mastery of concepts and
principles of subject matter 11.2
Teacher is authority in his or her subject field; explicit teaching of traditional values.
11.3 Essential skills are 3 Rs and essential subjects English, Science, history,
mathematics and foreign languages. 11.4
It is concerned with facts and knowledge and also interested in conceptual thought, principles and theories of subject matter.
11.5 The teacher is considered a master of a particular subject and a model
worthy of emulation. The teacher is , in authority and controls the classroom, decides on the curriculum with minimal student input.
12. Progressivism
12.1 Progressivism is based on pragmatism. It aims to promote democratic and
social living. Emphasizes change as the essence of reality. It views knowledge as something tentative that may explain present reality .
Knowledge leads to growth and development and it focus on active and relevant learning.
12.2 Teacher is a guide for problem solving and scientific inquiry
12.3 Curriculum is based on student’s interests and it involves the application of
human problems, interdisciplinary subject matter, activities and projects.
13. Reconstructionism
13.1 Reconstructionism is based on pragmatism. It proposes to improve and
reconstruct society. They believe that schools serve as an important catalyst to improve the human condition through educational and social reform.
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13.2 Skills and subjects need to identify and ameliorate problems of society.
Learning is active and concerned with contemporary and future society 13.3
Teacher serves as an agent of change and reform. He helps students become aware of problems confronting mankind
13.4 Curriculum emphasizes on social sciences and social research methods;
focus on present and future trends as well as on the national and international issues
14. ISLAMIC PHILOSPHY OF EDUCATION
14.1 Definition of Philosophy
Love for wisdom -
Need to obtain the truth and to internalize them -
Make every effort to solve human and humanity problems prevailing in society 14.2 Islamic
Philosophy -
Philosophy which is based on the teaching of Islam as obtained from revealed knowledge
- The role of Islamic Philosophy is to explain the relationship between man and
his Creator Allah, between man and man, and between man and his environment.
14.3 Islamic Education
- Islamic education is a process to educate and train the mind, body, soul and
emotion of man based on revealed knowledge al-Quran and As-Sunnah, experiences of salaf al-Salih and prominent educators in the hope to produce
human being who is pious, able to carry out his responsibilities as caliph as specified by Allah onto mankind to develop this world in order to achieve
happiness in this world and the world after. Islamic education is a process to consciously guide educators mould students based on the teachings of Islam
14.4 Goals and Aims of Islamic Education
- The goal of Islamic Education, based on al-Quran and As-Sunnah, is to
mould and develop human being as a Muslim who is knowledgeable, believes in God, performs good deeds, and has good personality in an effort to equip
himself and be responsible as a servant to God and be a pious leader. -
The aims of Islamic Education is to educate students: to be of good behaviour
to achieve perfection in their soul to do good and noble deeds
to practise refined culture to get use to cleanliness, sincerity and good practices
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14.5 Islamic Philosophy of Education
- Philosophy of education is based on the teaching of Islam or revealed
knowledge. -
Islamic Philosophy of Education , Malaysian Ministry of Education states that Islamic education is a continuous effort to deliver knowledge, skills and
practices of Islam based on al-Quran and as-Sunnah in developing attitude, skills, personality, and views of life as a servant of God who is responsible to
develop oneself, society, environment, and country to achieve happiness in this world and the world after.
- It aims to prepare man with sufficient experiences and knowledge so that he
knows who he is, his roles and responsibilities as a servant to God and a leader so as to be devoted human being.
15. National Philosophy of Education
