Social, Cultural, and Economic Empowerment

366 Journal of Government and Politics Vol.3 No.2 August 2012 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ sidering the number of religious adherents of indigenous Papuans. There- fore, local governments are also obliged to provide assistance to support social activities of churches and Muslim Papuans. To preserve religious values which also become an integral part of the cultural values of Papua, the provincial, district, and city governments are obliged to protect sites of religious history. This obligation is realized through the construction of religious sites which are supported by ad- equate funding and budget budgeted permanently at the local budget of the province, district and city. In order to give alignments and the em- powerment of indigenous Papuans, recruitment of staff of the Depart- ment of Religion, including the appointment of teachers of religion, the provincial government needs to make policies and provides opportunity and major priority to them. In addition to support of human resources and source of funds, spe- cific policies in the field of religion are also supported with adequate praying infrastructures. However, to maintain and guarantee freedom of religion and worship in accordance with religious rules and beliefs of each religion, then local regulation is set up to regulate procedures for the construction of means of worship through a license from the provin- cial and district city governments. The arrangement of means of worship is important to maintain har- mony for religious life and respect of religious belief according to their respective religious teachings and beliefs. It is increasingly becoming im- portant in relation to the agreement and commitment of all leaders of religious institutions with the support of stakeholders to make Papua a land of peace. The concept of Papua as a land of peace is made in order to maintain the integrity of the nation, and at the same time maintain the religious harmony that allows the whole process of governance, develop- ment and service to be effective and beneficial.

4. Social, Cultural, and Economic Empowerment

a. Socio-cultural Aspect Socio-cultural aspect is one part that gets special attention in the Spe- cial Autonomy Law. Of socio-cultural aspect, Papua province has a diver- sity of ethnics, languages and customs. Diversity is also a great potential Local Community Empowerment In The Special Autonomy Law In Papua Province USMAN PAKASI http:dx.doi.org10.18196jgp.2012.0019 367 Journal of Government and Politics Vol.3 No.2 August 2012 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ wealth in order to build a national culture. Culture has connotations that are complementary to the notions of behavior, customs, culture, structure, and civilization. Human are cultured, civilized beings and have traditions of community structure, including fixed certain habits and change with the times. As it is stated in the general explanation of Act No. 212001 that greater authority given to Papua Province contains greater responsibili- ties to regulate the administration and manage the utilization of natural resources for the greater prosperity of the people of Papua. This author- ity also means the authority to empower the socio-cultural and economic potential of the Papuan people. This suggests that the intellectual prop- erty rights of native Papuans should be empowered for the benefit of indigenous Papuans themselves. Education is a basic need that can not be neglected in the daily lives. Education is not only formal education but also education outside of school which is commonly so-called non-formal education. Based on the statistical records, the quality of education in the province of Papua is still low. This is due to socio-economic factors as well as geographical and topographical conditions which are the major obstacles to the implemen- tation of education. In addition, the limited number of teachers also in- fluences the quality of education in Papua. The problems related to educational development in Papua are: a many children of school age who can not get education; b dropout rate, especially at the high school level unable to complete his education well; c imbalance ratio of the number of teachers and students lack of teachers; d high number of illiteracy; and e low enrollment rates. Even the gross enrollment ratio GER of learners to basic education levels appears to decline, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on those facts, Article 56 of the Special Autonomy Law stated that any resident of the Papua Province shall be entitled to a quality edu- cation from early childhood education up to secondary school level with the lowest tuitions. Under this provision, in the explanation, the provin- cial government can make affirmative policy to allow for exemption of education fees for students to basic education, while for secondary edu- cation and higher education scholarships can be provided. This policy is Local Community Empowerment In The Special Autonomy Law In Papua Province USMAN PAKASI http:dx.doi.org10.18196jgp.2012.0019 368 Journal of Government and Politics Vol.3 No.2 August 2012 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ further regulated through the Special Local Regulation. b. Economy Implementation of special autonomy in Papua significantly changes the overall approach to economic development. The 2001 Special Au- tonomy Law confirmed that the economy in Papua Province is carried out as a part of national and global economy that is directed at and in- tended to create for the greater prosperity and welfare of the Papuan people to uphold the principles of fairness and equity. Economic development, including the use of natural resources, is car- ried out by providing benefits for the greater prosperity and welfare, while still upholding a sense of fairness, equity, protection of indigenous people, environmental protection and sustainable development. Policy is more directed to the sectors of the economy and based on the utilization and management of natural resources, which are used for the greater pros- perity and welfare of indigenous Papuans. Economic development aimed at community economy is empowerment effort to indigenous Papuans. Empowerment priority in the economic aspects is done by: a the empowerment of indigenous Papuans to employers, b providing eco- nomic support facilities and infrastructure facilities in the form of special markets for indigenous Papuans; c provision of agricultural land, plan- tations, livestock and fisheries for native Papuans supported by adequate supporting facilities, d the ease of obtaining venture capital through soft loans made by banks or credit institutions or financial guarantor institutions provided by the provincial, district or city governments; and e establishment or provision of financial guarantor institution at the village level which controls money circulation in the village level and also ensures business loan capital for indigenous Papuans through village credit institutions or with a different name at the village level. In this case, the financial guarantee institution is established and funded by the provin- cial, district and city governments. Local government efforts to promote the local economy become im- portant in economic empowerment. These efforts can be realized if the government policies provide budgetary alignments to promote Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs, the protection of the economically weak Local Community Empowerment In The Special Autonomy Law In Papua Province USMAN PAKASI http:dx.doi.org10.18196jgp.2012.0019 369 Journal of Government and Politics Vol.3 No.2 August 2012 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ groups, and strengthening local economic institutions that already exist. For example, the empowerment of local traders, village-owned enterprises, cooperatives, village credit institutions and many other. The empowerment of economic aspects of local communities espe- cially relates to the supply market; provision of agricultural land, planta- tion, animal husbandry, and fisheries with adequate support facilities; ease to obtain capital through soft loans; empowerment in the areas of business services, industry and trade. Empowerment of indigenous Papuans in the field of labor is the duty of the provincial, district and city governments to provide easy and ad- equate facilities. The Government is also responsible for preparing skilled workers to compete in the private sector. The implementation of the Special Autonomy Law with the principle of affirmative action is in ac- cordance with article 62 paragraph 2 which asserts that every Papuan is entitled to the opportunity and advantage in all areas of employment in the Papua Province based on their education and skills. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1. Conclusion