“MEMOIRS OF A GEISHA NOVEL BY ARTHUR GOLDEN”: AN ANALYSIS ON FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM PERSPECTIVE
“MEMOIRS OF A GEISHA NOVEL BY ARTHUR GOLDEN”:
AN ANALYSIS ON FEMINIST LITERARY
CRITICISM PERSPECTIVE
THESIS
BY:
DENY WIDYAYANTI
07360214
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................
ii
MOTTO ........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study .............................................................................
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................
4
1.3 Purpose of the Study ...............................................................................
4
1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................
4
1.5 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................
4
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ........................................................................
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel as Part of Fiction ..........................................................................
6
2.2 Elements of Novel as Part of Fiction ......................................................
7
2.2.1 The Plot…………………………………………………………...
7
2.2.2 Character and Characterization…………………………………...
10
2.2.3 Theme ............................................................................................
11
2.2.4 Setting ............................................................................................
12
2.2.5 Point of view ..................................................................................
12
2.3 Literary Criticism ....................................................................................
23
2.4 Feminist Literary Criticism .....................................................................
15
2.5 Gender Bias..............................................................................................
17
2.5.1 Stereotype.......................................................................................
18
2.5.2 Subordinate ....................................................................................
19
2.5.3 Violence .........................................................................................
19
2.5.4 Burden ............................................................................................
20
2.5.5 Marginalization ..............................................................................
20
2.6 Memoirs of A Geisha ...............................................................................
21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................
23
3.2 Research Approach ................................................................................
24
3.2.1 Objective Approach ......................................................................
24
3.2.2 Mimetic Approach ........................................................................
24
3.2.3 Expressive Approach ....................................................................
24
3.2.4 Pragmatic Approach .....................................................................
24
3.3 Object of the Study .................................................................................
25
3.4 Research Instruments ..............................................................................
25
3.4.1 Observation ....................................................................................
25
3.4.2 Interviews.......................................................................................
26
3.4.3 Document Analysis ........................................................................
26
3.5 Data Collection .......................................................................................
26
3.6 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
27
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Finding ...................................................................................................
29
4.2 The Gender Biases Expressed in Memoirs of a Geisha Novel Related
to Feminist Literary Criticism.................................................................
29
4.2.1 Table of Stereotype.........................................................................
30
4.2.2 Table of Subordinate……………………………………………..
32
4.2.3 Table of Marginal…………………………………………………
34
4.2.4 Table of Violence…………………………………………………
35
4.2.5 Table of Burden…………………………………………………..
38
4.3 Discussion………………………………………………………………
38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................
41
5.2 Suggestion ..............................................................................................
42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. USA: Earl McPeek.
Arp, Thomas R. and Greg Johnson. 2006. Perrine’s Literarture Structure, Sound, and
USA: Graphic World, Inc.
Ary, Donald. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Thomson
Sense.
Wadsworth.
Azis, Asmaeny. 2007. Feminisme Profetik. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.
Bressler, Charles E. 1999. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Delahoyde,
Michael.
2011.
Feminist
Literary
(www.wikipedia//encyclopedia.org.feministliterarycriticism).
Practice. New
Criticism.
Ellen Rooney (Ed.). 2006. The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Literary Theory:
Feminism Did to Novel Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fakih, Mansour. 2008. Analisis Gender dan Transformasi Sosial. Yogyakarta:
Pelajar.
Gale,
Thomson. 2006. Biography Resource Center/Contemporary
(online). (www://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC).
(online).
What
Pustaka
Authors
Online.
Golden, Arthur. 1998. Memoirs of a Geisha. London: Vintage.
Handayani, Trisakti dan Sugiarti. 2008. Konsep dan Teknik Penelitian Gender.
UMM Press.
Malang:
Ismiwati, Dewi. 2010. Beauty Concept of Geisha in Arthur Golden Memoirs of a Geisha.
Thesis. Malang: State Islamic University of Malang.
Janie. 2006. Summary and Reflactions “Memoirs of a Geisha” by Arthur Golden.
(online). (http://bookbrowse/memoirsofgeisha.com)
Kennedy, XJ. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, Third Edition.
Canada: Little Brown and Companytate University.
Koesnosoebroto, Sunaryo Basuki. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
K.S, Yudiono. 2009. Pengkajian Kritik Sastra Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Grasindo.
Macmillan. 1987. English and Western Literature. London: Macmillan PublishingCompany.
Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literarture. 1995. United States of America: Library
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
of
Penguin Reader Teacher Support Programme. 2008. Memoirs of a Geisha. (online).
(http://penguinreaders.com).
Plain, Gill and Susan Sellers(Ed.). 2007. A History of Feminst Literary Criticism: Defining
Feminist Literary Criticism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko. Beberapa Teori Sastra, Metode Kritik, dan Penerapannya.
Pustaka Pelajar
Yogyakarta:
Sugihastuti, dan Itsna Hadi Saptiawan. 2010. Gender dan Inferioritas Perempuan Praktik Kritik
Sastra Feminis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Susanti, Raphaella Diah Imaningrum. 2003. “Letter From Peking” An Analysis From
Feminism Perspective. Thesis. Malang: Cipta Wacana Christian University.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses background of the study, statement of the problem,
purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of
the key terms used in the thesis.
1.1
Background of the Study
Society still assumes that the position of women is lower than men. It is called
discrimination which can be found in literary works. One of the literary works that
can be criticized in feminist perspective is novel. According to Nancy Armstrong
(The Cambridge companion to Feminist Literary Theory. 2006: 99):
Novel criticism acknowledged the success of these new reading practices
during 1990s, when it focused considerable attention on sentimental fiction as
the imaginary seedbed of a more inclusive nation, class mobility, and
aesthetic innovation. In the years following that success, few critics of the
novel have reflected on the fact that feminism adapted a very traditional - that
is, masculine - notion of lack to think about the status of women and the
gendered division of labor, not to mention the historical role played by both
the category of the feminine and the people who occupy it.
In literature, novel criticism is one of innovation in literary works. This is a
new reading practice that successfully brings modern analysis to the novel which has
been traditional and masculine. The traditional and masculine novels tell about
women status and their burden that are reflected as discrimination. The novel
criticism analyzes and criticizes a literary work that has discrimination content in
order to give information to the reader about feminist perspective.
The main aspects of literary criticism are analyzing, interpreting, and
evaluating the novel (Pradopo, 2010: 93). The researcher tries to analyze literary
1
work which contains of injustices and inequalities of women. In doing feminist
literary criticism the researcher should analyze, interpret, and evaluate the novel
based on feminist perspective.
According to K.S (2009:51) feminist literary criticism Perspective is seriously
discussed because some reasons, they are: (1) give a feedback of the literary symptom
which had developed in the past century. (2) Open the movement space which is
developed between author or women critic with men critic in understanding women
author literary works. (3) Re-contemplate of literary criticism perspective which had
existed for centuries, so there can be new theorems which is more understand human
symptoms.
There are some important steps that can help researcher to do the research.
First, identify women characters and find the position in society. Second, analyze
another character especially who has relation with woman character that is analyzed.
Third, analyze the style of author such as the language and the story of the novel that
is expressed by the author (Sugihastuti, 2010: 101).
Those steps can be analyzed based on gender analysis. But, firstly the
researcher must differentiate between gender and sex. Gender is differentiation
between men and women, not based on the biological nature. The biological
differentiation is the will of God, so it will be permanently different, whereas gender
which is socially constructed by a behavioral difference between men and women.
(Fakih, 2008:7) Shortly, gender analysis should involve two sexes to explore the life
of characters, especially characteristic of main characters. It can be done by making
role, status, and position of character.
2
According to Bressler (1999:4) the meaning of literary criticism is a
disciplined activity that attempts to describe, study, analyze, justify, interpret, and
evaluate a work of art. This discipline attempts to formulate aesthetic and
methodological principles on which the critic can evaluate a text. Literary works can
be criticized based on specific perspective, such as feminism that researcher conduct
in this research. Criticizing a literary work is not only to women authors, but also to
men authors. Their literary works sometimes contain discrimination to women, even
women authors. That is why there is Feminist Literary Criticism which can change
the stereotype to women that commonly negative.
According to Azis (2007) feminism perspective have not a great portion to be
discussed in Indonesia. This topic is not too concern to be analyzed in Indonesia.
While, in western this kind of criticism is main thing to study related to literary term
because it is serious topic to be analyzed further that can give great contribution for
women equality.
The researcher finds the human symptoms in the novel Memoirs of Geisha
which is chosen as an object of analysis. The novel told about the struggle of woman
who was fated as a Geisha. Geisha is an elegant entertainer from Japan. They are
surrounded by men. Only rich men can get their performance. Chiyo (Sayuri) was the
name of main character in this novel. Many hard things happened in her life since she
was a little girl. Even then she enjoyed being Geisha but she didn’t get a right as men.
As a poor girl, she was sold by her father to be a Geisha and her life was only to
serve her costumer. The researcher can find many gender biases which can be
analyzed as Feminist Literary Criticism in Memoirs of Geisha Novel.
3
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Considering the points discussed in the background of the study, the problem
is formulated as follow:
What kinds of gender bias are expressed in Memoirs of Geisha novel based on
Feminist Literary Criticism Perspective?
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The purpose related to the literary works is:
To find out the kinds of gender bias of Memoirs of Geisha Novel based on the
Feminist Literary Criticism
1.4
Significance of the Study
The study has two significances:
1. For the reader, this research will enlarge the knowledge about literary
criticism especially on feminism perspective. The reader also knows about
gender biases expressed in Memoirs of Geisha novel.
2. For the next researcher, it can be used as a reference for the next researcher
who wants to conduct a research about literary criticism analysis.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The research is limited to the gender bias that is expressed in the Memoirs of
Geisha related to feminist literary criticism.
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms
1. Feminist Literary Criticism (FLC): woman was a site of intense literary and
critical activity that examined the power of the feminine as symbol even as it
4
worked to contain and constrain women in practice (A History of Feminist
Literary Criticism: 2007).
2. Novel: a fictional prose narrative of considerable length and a certain
complexity that deals imaginative with human experience through a connected
sequence of events involving a group of person in a specific setting (Merriam
Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature: 1995).
3. Memoirs of a Geisha is the title of the novel written by Arthur Golden
4. Gender: differentiation between men and women characteristics based on a
social and cultural scheme.
Bias: inequality or discrimination which is happened because of the gender
differences.
(Analisis Gender dan Transformasi Sosial: 2008).
5. Gender bias: the bias of role, status of women and men such as stereotype,
subordinated, marginal, burden, and violence (Analisis Gender dan
Transformasi Sosial: 2008).
5
AN ANALYSIS ON FEMINIST LITERARY
CRITICISM PERSPECTIVE
THESIS
BY:
DENY WIDYAYANTI
07360214
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................
ii
MOTTO ........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study .............................................................................
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................
4
1.3 Purpose of the Study ...............................................................................
4
1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................
4
1.5 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................
4
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ........................................................................
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel as Part of Fiction ..........................................................................
6
2.2 Elements of Novel as Part of Fiction ......................................................
7
2.2.1 The Plot…………………………………………………………...
7
2.2.2 Character and Characterization…………………………………...
10
2.2.3 Theme ............................................................................................
11
2.2.4 Setting ............................................................................................
12
2.2.5 Point of view ..................................................................................
12
2.3 Literary Criticism ....................................................................................
23
2.4 Feminist Literary Criticism .....................................................................
15
2.5 Gender Bias..............................................................................................
17
2.5.1 Stereotype.......................................................................................
18
2.5.2 Subordinate ....................................................................................
19
2.5.3 Violence .........................................................................................
19
2.5.4 Burden ............................................................................................
20
2.5.5 Marginalization ..............................................................................
20
2.6 Memoirs of A Geisha ...............................................................................
21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................
23
3.2 Research Approach ................................................................................
24
3.2.1 Objective Approach ......................................................................
24
3.2.2 Mimetic Approach ........................................................................
24
3.2.3 Expressive Approach ....................................................................
24
3.2.4 Pragmatic Approach .....................................................................
24
3.3 Object of the Study .................................................................................
25
3.4 Research Instruments ..............................................................................
25
3.4.1 Observation ....................................................................................
25
3.4.2 Interviews.......................................................................................
26
3.4.3 Document Analysis ........................................................................
26
3.5 Data Collection .......................................................................................
26
3.6 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
27
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Finding ...................................................................................................
29
4.2 The Gender Biases Expressed in Memoirs of a Geisha Novel Related
to Feminist Literary Criticism.................................................................
29
4.2.1 Table of Stereotype.........................................................................
30
4.2.2 Table of Subordinate……………………………………………..
32
4.2.3 Table of Marginal…………………………………………………
34
4.2.4 Table of Violence…………………………………………………
35
4.2.5 Table of Burden…………………………………………………..
38
4.3 Discussion………………………………………………………………
38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................
41
5.2 Suggestion ..............................................................................................
42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. USA: Earl McPeek.
Arp, Thomas R. and Greg Johnson. 2006. Perrine’s Literarture Structure, Sound, and
USA: Graphic World, Inc.
Ary, Donald. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Thomson
Sense.
Wadsworth.
Azis, Asmaeny. 2007. Feminisme Profetik. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.
Bressler, Charles E. 1999. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Delahoyde,
Michael.
2011.
Feminist
Literary
(www.wikipedia//encyclopedia.org.feministliterarycriticism).
Practice. New
Criticism.
Ellen Rooney (Ed.). 2006. The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Literary Theory:
Feminism Did to Novel Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fakih, Mansour. 2008. Analisis Gender dan Transformasi Sosial. Yogyakarta:
Pelajar.
Gale,
Thomson. 2006. Biography Resource Center/Contemporary
(online). (www://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC).
(online).
What
Pustaka
Authors
Online.
Golden, Arthur. 1998. Memoirs of a Geisha. London: Vintage.
Handayani, Trisakti dan Sugiarti. 2008. Konsep dan Teknik Penelitian Gender.
UMM Press.
Malang:
Ismiwati, Dewi. 2010. Beauty Concept of Geisha in Arthur Golden Memoirs of a Geisha.
Thesis. Malang: State Islamic University of Malang.
Janie. 2006. Summary and Reflactions “Memoirs of a Geisha” by Arthur Golden.
(online). (http://bookbrowse/memoirsofgeisha.com)
Kennedy, XJ. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, Third Edition.
Canada: Little Brown and Companytate University.
Koesnosoebroto, Sunaryo Basuki. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
K.S, Yudiono. 2009. Pengkajian Kritik Sastra Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Grasindo.
Macmillan. 1987. English and Western Literature. London: Macmillan PublishingCompany.
Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literarture. 1995. United States of America: Library
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
of
Penguin Reader Teacher Support Programme. 2008. Memoirs of a Geisha. (online).
(http://penguinreaders.com).
Plain, Gill and Susan Sellers(Ed.). 2007. A History of Feminst Literary Criticism: Defining
Feminist Literary Criticism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko. Beberapa Teori Sastra, Metode Kritik, dan Penerapannya.
Pustaka Pelajar
Yogyakarta:
Sugihastuti, dan Itsna Hadi Saptiawan. 2010. Gender dan Inferioritas Perempuan Praktik Kritik
Sastra Feminis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Susanti, Raphaella Diah Imaningrum. 2003. “Letter From Peking” An Analysis From
Feminism Perspective. Thesis. Malang: Cipta Wacana Christian University.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses background of the study, statement of the problem,
purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of
the key terms used in the thesis.
1.1
Background of the Study
Society still assumes that the position of women is lower than men. It is called
discrimination which can be found in literary works. One of the literary works that
can be criticized in feminist perspective is novel. According to Nancy Armstrong
(The Cambridge companion to Feminist Literary Theory. 2006: 99):
Novel criticism acknowledged the success of these new reading practices
during 1990s, when it focused considerable attention on sentimental fiction as
the imaginary seedbed of a more inclusive nation, class mobility, and
aesthetic innovation. In the years following that success, few critics of the
novel have reflected on the fact that feminism adapted a very traditional - that
is, masculine - notion of lack to think about the status of women and the
gendered division of labor, not to mention the historical role played by both
the category of the feminine and the people who occupy it.
In literature, novel criticism is one of innovation in literary works. This is a
new reading practice that successfully brings modern analysis to the novel which has
been traditional and masculine. The traditional and masculine novels tell about
women status and their burden that are reflected as discrimination. The novel
criticism analyzes and criticizes a literary work that has discrimination content in
order to give information to the reader about feminist perspective.
The main aspects of literary criticism are analyzing, interpreting, and
evaluating the novel (Pradopo, 2010: 93). The researcher tries to analyze literary
1
work which contains of injustices and inequalities of women. In doing feminist
literary criticism the researcher should analyze, interpret, and evaluate the novel
based on feminist perspective.
According to K.S (2009:51) feminist literary criticism Perspective is seriously
discussed because some reasons, they are: (1) give a feedback of the literary symptom
which had developed in the past century. (2) Open the movement space which is
developed between author or women critic with men critic in understanding women
author literary works. (3) Re-contemplate of literary criticism perspective which had
existed for centuries, so there can be new theorems which is more understand human
symptoms.
There are some important steps that can help researcher to do the research.
First, identify women characters and find the position in society. Second, analyze
another character especially who has relation with woman character that is analyzed.
Third, analyze the style of author such as the language and the story of the novel that
is expressed by the author (Sugihastuti, 2010: 101).
Those steps can be analyzed based on gender analysis. But, firstly the
researcher must differentiate between gender and sex. Gender is differentiation
between men and women, not based on the biological nature. The biological
differentiation is the will of God, so it will be permanently different, whereas gender
which is socially constructed by a behavioral difference between men and women.
(Fakih, 2008:7) Shortly, gender analysis should involve two sexes to explore the life
of characters, especially characteristic of main characters. It can be done by making
role, status, and position of character.
2
According to Bressler (1999:4) the meaning of literary criticism is a
disciplined activity that attempts to describe, study, analyze, justify, interpret, and
evaluate a work of art. This discipline attempts to formulate aesthetic and
methodological principles on which the critic can evaluate a text. Literary works can
be criticized based on specific perspective, such as feminism that researcher conduct
in this research. Criticizing a literary work is not only to women authors, but also to
men authors. Their literary works sometimes contain discrimination to women, even
women authors. That is why there is Feminist Literary Criticism which can change
the stereotype to women that commonly negative.
According to Azis (2007) feminism perspective have not a great portion to be
discussed in Indonesia. This topic is not too concern to be analyzed in Indonesia.
While, in western this kind of criticism is main thing to study related to literary term
because it is serious topic to be analyzed further that can give great contribution for
women equality.
The researcher finds the human symptoms in the novel Memoirs of Geisha
which is chosen as an object of analysis. The novel told about the struggle of woman
who was fated as a Geisha. Geisha is an elegant entertainer from Japan. They are
surrounded by men. Only rich men can get their performance. Chiyo (Sayuri) was the
name of main character in this novel. Many hard things happened in her life since she
was a little girl. Even then she enjoyed being Geisha but she didn’t get a right as men.
As a poor girl, she was sold by her father to be a Geisha and her life was only to
serve her costumer. The researcher can find many gender biases which can be
analyzed as Feminist Literary Criticism in Memoirs of Geisha Novel.
3
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Considering the points discussed in the background of the study, the problem
is formulated as follow:
What kinds of gender bias are expressed in Memoirs of Geisha novel based on
Feminist Literary Criticism Perspective?
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The purpose related to the literary works is:
To find out the kinds of gender bias of Memoirs of Geisha Novel based on the
Feminist Literary Criticism
1.4
Significance of the Study
The study has two significances:
1. For the reader, this research will enlarge the knowledge about literary
criticism especially on feminism perspective. The reader also knows about
gender biases expressed in Memoirs of Geisha novel.
2. For the next researcher, it can be used as a reference for the next researcher
who wants to conduct a research about literary criticism analysis.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The research is limited to the gender bias that is expressed in the Memoirs of
Geisha related to feminist literary criticism.
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms
1. Feminist Literary Criticism (FLC): woman was a site of intense literary and
critical activity that examined the power of the feminine as symbol even as it
4
worked to contain and constrain women in practice (A History of Feminist
Literary Criticism: 2007).
2. Novel: a fictional prose narrative of considerable length and a certain
complexity that deals imaginative with human experience through a connected
sequence of events involving a group of person in a specific setting (Merriam
Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature: 1995).
3. Memoirs of a Geisha is the title of the novel written by Arthur Golden
4. Gender: differentiation between men and women characteristics based on a
social and cultural scheme.
Bias: inequality or discrimination which is happened because of the gender
differences.
(Analisis Gender dan Transformasi Sosial: 2008).
5. Gender bias: the bias of role, status of women and men such as stereotype,
subordinated, marginal, burden, and violence (Analisis Gender dan
Transformasi Sosial: 2008).
5