13 how different raters examine the same information Davey, Guigu, Coryn,
2010. Davey et al. 2010 also explained that multiple coders, transparency, audit trails, and member checks can be used as reliability indicators. So, inter-raters are
needed to maintain reliability of data collected. This research uses four raters who already passed sociolinguistics course
with the A grade. They should have passed sociolinguistics course because they would rate the data that were related to sociolinguistic study especially about
code-mixing.
D. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter will analysis data collected from the movie and the participants. This section covers two major areas: 1 Frequency and percentage types of code-
mixing happened in the movie and 2 The students’ perception of FLL toward code-mixing happened in the Marmut Merah Jambu movie.
1. Frequency and percentage types of code-mixing happened in the movie.
This section tried to answer the first research question, what is the most dominant code-mixing used in the movie: Marmut Merah Jambu using theoretical
framework of Hoffman theory 1991. This section describes about the types of code-mixing occurred in the movie, frequency of the code-mixing occurrences in
the movie and the percentage of code-mixing percentage as illustrated in Table 1 below:
14
Table.1. Frequency and percentage types of code-mixing Number
Types of Code-Mixing Frequency
Percentage
1 Intra-Sentential
5 3.76
2 Intra-Lexical
40 30.08
3 Involving change of Pronunciation
88 66.17
Total 133
100
Based on the Table 1, there are 133 code-mixing occurrences in Marmut Merah Jambu movie by Raditya Dika, with the most occurred one was code-
mixing involving change of pronunciation 66.17 , followed by intra-lexical code-mixing 30.08 , and intra-sentential code-mixing 3.76 . The inter-rater
reliability for the categorization was 91.10. The complete set of data is available in Appendix 1.
Involving change of pronunciation appeared to be the most dominant code- mixing type occurred in the Marmut Merah Jambu movie. It seems that there are
some factors why change of pronunciation became the most dominant type of code-mixing.
The first reason might be related to the English pronunciation. Some English words are difficult to be pronounced by non-native English speakers. Due to the
difficulty to pronounce, it seems that it would be easier for the characters to adapt the pronunciation of the English words into Indonesian pronunciation. For
15 example, instead of pronouncing the word shampoo as ʃ æmˈ puː , the character
adapted the pronunciation to sam·po to make it easier. The next factor is related to the social situation. If the characters wanted to
engage in a conversation, they consciously or unconsciously should adapt to converse by using current or trendy words adapted from English or other
languages from the media around them like movie, social media, novel, magazine etc. In the movie many characters opened their conversation by using hai ha
ɪ and halo ha·lo. Actually, those words were adapted from the English words, hey he
ɪ and hello helˈ oʊ . Those changes may occur consciously or unconsciously
because the main reason was that they want to engage in the conversation. The last factor seems to be related to the western pop culture. The characters
might be exposed continuously to the media that use more than one language and they started to be accustomed to what they heard and imitated the language
unconsciously. For instance, the word populer po·pu·ler was used frequently in the movie, however it was found that they actually adapted that word from the
English word popular ˈ pɑ ː .pjə .lɚ . It may occur because many people or entertainments in Indonesia often used popular po·pu·ler words. Those are the
three factors that might be the reason why involving change of pronunciation became the most dominant type of code-mixing in the movie.
On the contrary, intra-sentential became the last type of code-mixing used in the movie. It seems that the characters found it difficult to mix two languages in a
whole sentence because of the different grammar rules. For example in Bahasa
16 Indonesia, there is no plural suffix and article. For example, the article the in the
dialogue of the movie in the sentence by the way. Moreover, Bahasa Indonesia does not use tenses such as past or future tense to mark time. Therefore it would
be difficult to mix both languages in one sentence. That might be the factor why intra-sentential became the last type code-mixing used in the movie.
2. The students’ perception of FLL toward code-mixing happened in the Marmut Merah Jambu movie.
In order to gain information related to the reasons why characters in the Marmut Merah Jambu movie did code-mixing, this study investigated students’
perception, especially FLL students in SWCU. All of the participants were asked about their perception related to the code-mixing occurred in the movie. The first
question needs to be answered is, “what do you think the factors that influence the use of code-mixing occurred in the movie?”
In regards to the factors of code-mixing occurred in the movie, all the participants believed that there are two major factors which lead the characters in
the movie used code-mixing. The first factors is related to the Indonesian vocabulary. There are some words that might not be in the Indonesian vocabulary.
On the other hand, the characters may be more familiar with the English terms rather than the Indonesian terms. For example, the character tends to use word
detective rather than penyelidik. It indicates that the character is more familiar with English word detective rather than Indonesian word, penyelidik, as illustrated
by the excerpt of the interview below:
17 “I found some words that may indicate code-mixing, such as
volley, detective, etc. These words do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, I think the most logic reason for code-mixing
in the movie is insufficient words in Bahasa Indonesia”. Participant 1
The use of code-mixing also makes the conversation clearer and understandable, as explained by the participant below:
“English’s exposure to the Indonesian, which is currently quite frequent; To make an intention or a word we meant to be clearer
and understandable clarifying; It’s been a lifestyle”. Participant 2
This finding is in line with Hoffman 1991. In his study, he reported that people tend to mix their code when an item has been acquired in one language but
has not yet in the other. Someone may use the one device she has available to express a certain lexical or grammatical meaning. It seems that when the speakers
do not know the words or there are no words in certain languages, then code- mixing occurs. For example, college students or youngster often mix their codes
while they interact among themselves because they are not familiar enough with the Indonesian words. As a result, they use words that they are familiar with by
borrowing English words or other languages to make it understandable.
18 The second factor why the characters did the code-mixing in the Marmut
Merah Jambu movie may be related to the exposure of western culture. The characters may be already exposed to or influenced by the western culture by
watching western movies or TV shows, reading magazine or listening to the music, as the participants said below:
“The reason why characters in the movie using code-mixing is exposure of western culture, especially pop culture magazine,
music, TV shows, etc”. Participant 3
“It seems that the characters were influenced by western culture especially western movies or western TV shows which also
influences the way they speak”. Participant 4
This is in line with Hoffman 1991 who stated that if someone is exposed to mixed input, she will often respond with mixed production. It seems that the
characters in the movie might use code-mixing because they are already exposed to or influenced by the western culture. The source of the exposure may be from
western movies or TV shows, magazine or music. Nowadays accessing media in the other part of the world is easy with the use of internet and when they are
frequently exposed to other culture like western pop culture. When it is happened, it might influence the culture, including the language use.
19 To sum, it may be concluded that there are two possible reasons why the
characters in the movie did code-mixing. According to the students’ perceptions, the first reason is due to the limited vocabulary and limited knowledge in the
certain language and the second reason is related to the exposure of western culture, especially pop culture.
This study also would like to find out if the students considered the movie to be influential on the phenomenon of code-mixing in the society. From the result
of the interview, all the participants agreed that movies like Marmut Merah Jambu played an important role in code-mixing happened in the society, as the
participants stated in the interview. “I think this movie influences the audience to do code-mixing, as we
know that people in Indonesia like to imitate language used in movies or TV shows.”
Participant 4 “Yes, probably. Because many people watch the movie, mainly
teenagers, and probably it may influence the way they speak in the near future as what is aired or broadcast in the TV or cinema is
considered cool and many will follow the trend”. Participant 2
From those participants’ answer, movie like Marmut Merah Jambu might influence people, especially young generation to mix their code. People might
20 think that mixing their code or imitate the language used in the movie considered
cool and thus they follow the current trend. From the answers, it might be concluded that movie like Marmut Merah Jambu played an important role in the
code-mixing phenomenon in the society, especially young generation. The last question asked to the participants is, do you think what happened
in the movie reflects on society? The participants came out with various answers, but they all agreed that what happened in the movie reflects on what happens in
the society, as they answered below: “Yes some words I mentioned before are commonly used in our
society.” Participant 1
“Yes, because nowadays it’s like impossible to ’keep in track’ with only a language. We may have limited vocabulary in one language
and code-mixing helps to make the conversation goes smoother. What happens in the movie reflects Indonesians identity nowadays,
who are now being really open to any cultural influences.” Participant 2
“Code-mixing becomes something colloquial in Indonesian society especially young generation.”
Participant 3
21 “I think so, as I said before people in Indonesia tend to imitate
language used in movies or TV shows to make them look like educated person. I believe this phenomenon also becomes the reason
code-mixing happened in the movie. It means that the movie also reflects on the society.”
Participant 4 Regarding on how movies influence society, Hjort 2012 explained that
movie matters because it has an unexpected capacity to expand our reality, to deepen our moral sensibility, and to shape our self-understandings. It seems to be
true that movies could reflect the reality of certain society including code-mixing phenomenon that happened in the society. All of the participants agreed that
mixing the code or word become a habit among people especially young generation, who are easily exposed to the western pop culture. Moreover, people
nowadays like to mix their code or word because they want to be seen as an educated person. It shows that movie like Marmut Merah Jambu is made based on
the current issues in the society including the code-mixing phenomenon.
E. CONCLUSION
