DEVELOPING PICTURE AS A MEDIUM OF TEACHING WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT AT SMP NEGERI 5 TANJUNGBALAI.
DEVELOPING PICTURE AS A MEDIUM OF TEACHING
WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT AT SMP NEGERI 5
TANJUNGBALAI
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
By:
RIZKI RAMADHANSYAH. P
Registration Number: 2123321067
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
ABSTRACT
Rizki Ramadhansyah, P. 2123321067. Developing Picture as a Medium of
Teaching Writing Descriptive Text at SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai. Thesis:
English Educational Program. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University
of Medan.
This research is aimed at developing good picture as a media, interest and easy to be
learnt, and can be used for teaching writing descriptive text. This study is
developmental research uses Borg and Gall model. The subject of this research is the
class VIII 4 of SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai which consists of 35 students. The
evaluators of the media are two experts. This instruments employed in this study are
observation, questionnaires and test. The finding of the study is the quality of the
developed picture media viewed from the experts is excellent (87,5%). The final
product of this picture media is continued with effectiveness exam. The samples are
35 students which is given a sequence pictures of pet. Test were administrated to
measure students’ ability in writing descriptive text by using picture and also for
testing the product. The scoring system was based on five aspects; they are content,
organization, vocabulary, language use, mechanics. The result shows that there is an
increase of students’ ability in writing descriptive text by using picture as a medium.
Therefore, the writer suggest to English teacher to develop picture as one of the
alternative ways to increase the students’ descriptive text writing ability.
Keywords: picture, writing, descriptive text.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express the deepest gratitude to
Allah SWT, the Almighty and the Most Beneficial for the Blessing, Grace,
Guidance, and Mercy that have been given to the writer to complete this thesis
entitled “Developing Picture as a Medium of Teaching Writing Descriptive Text
at SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai”. This Thesis has been written in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) at the English and
Literature Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan.
During the process of writing and conducting the research, the writer was
assisted and supported by many people. This thesis cannot be accomplished
without guidance, suggestion, and comment from them, for which the writer
would like to express his sincere appreciation which directed to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Languages and Arts Faculty.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department and Dr. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and
Literature Department.
Nora Ronita Dewi, S.Pd. SS. M.Hum, the Head of English Education
Study Program.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. his Thesis Consultant I and also his
Academic Consultant and Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed. his Thesis
Consultant II.
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and Johannes Jefria Gultom,
S.Pd., M.Hum. the Examiners, the writer is also very grateful to all
lecturers who have taught, guided, and advised his throughout the
academic years.
Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA. PhD., his Evaluator of the media.
ii
Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd and Mr. Pantes as the Administration
Staffs of English and Literature Department who always helped the writer
during his academic year.
Ida Tiurma, S.Pd. the Headmaster of SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai who
has gave the permission to conduct the research in the school. And also for
students in VIII-4 for their intention and participation during the research.
Agustina Simatupang, M.Pd. the English teacher who gives permission
to conduct the research in the class as well as his evaluator of the media.
Hasanuddin Parinduri and Masdelina Harahap, S.Sos. his beloved and
super power parents who gave her love, prayer, moral and financial
support in completing his education.
Teguh Wira P, Alm. Muhammad Askolani P, and M. Hafiz P, his
beloved younger brothers.
His lovely best friends, Supra Cipto, S.Pd., Sinta Sasmita, Dessyana
Nasution, S.Pd., Novita Sari Lubis, Hambali, S.Pd., Yuli Astuti, S.Pd.
Husnul Rizky Sitorus and M. Zerdin Raja and all of his friends and
classmates in Extension C 2012.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis would be useful for those who are read
and interested in the field of this study.
Medan,
Februari 2017
The Writer
RIZKI RAMADHANSYAH. P
NIM. 2123321067
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... i
AKCNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF PICTURES ..................................................................................... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
A. The Background of the Study .............................................................. 1
B. The Problems of the Study ................................................................... 3
C. The Objectives of the Study ................................................................. 4
D. The Scope of the Study ........................................................................ 4
E. The Significances of the Study ............................................................ 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE ...................... 6
A. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 6
1. Writing ............................................................................................. 6
a. The definition of writing .............................................................. 6
b.The Writing Process ..................................................................... 7
c.Writing assessment ....................................................................... 9
2. Genre in writing ............................................................................... 9
3. The Characteristics of Good Writing ............................................... 10
4. Descriptive Text ............................................................................... 11
a. The definition of descriptive ........................................................ 11
b. Guides in writing descriptive text .................................................... 12
1). Social Function ...................................................................... 12
2). The Generic Structure and Textual Elements ........................ 13
5. Language Features of Descriptive .................................................... 13
6.Media of Teaching ............................................................................ 14
7.The Eligibility of Learning Media .................................................. 18
8. Developing Picture for Teaching Writing ........................................ 18
9. Picture as a media ............................................................................. 20
a. Different types of picture ............................................................. 22
iv
b. The Advantages of Using Pictures ................................................... 25
B. Related Studies ..................................................................................... 26
C. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................ 30
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................... 33
A. . Research Design .................................................................................. 33
B. Media Development .............................................................................. 34
C. The Subject of the Research .................................................................. 35
D. The Instruments of Data Collection ...................................................... 36
E. Technique of Analysing Data ................................................................ 39
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................. 41
A. Research Findings .................................................................................. 41
1. The Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 41
2. Designing new media ................................................................................ 42
3. Validating new media................................................................................ 49
4. Revising new media .................................................................................. 50
5. Revised-developing media (final products). .......................................... 51
B. Discussion .............................................................................................. 56
CHAPTER V.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................. 59
A. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 56
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 60
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 61
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 64
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.2. The Generic Structure and Textual Elements................
13
Table 3.1. Assessment of Writing....................................................
37
Table 3.2. Interval assessment criteria..........................................
40
Table 4.1 Experts’ validation to operation the media......................
49
Table 4.2 Students’ appraisal on testing...........................................
52
Table 4.3 Students’ Writing Score of Pre Test.................................
53
Table 4.4 Students’ Writing Score of Post Test.................................
55
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 3.1 Diagram of Material Development ...............................
37
Figure 4.1. The example picture of pet..........................................
43
Figure 4.2. The example sequence picture of pet............................
44
Figure 4.3.The squence pictures of parrot.......................................
46
Figure 4.4. The sequence pictures of dog........................................
46
Figure 4.5. The sequence pictures of rabbit....................................
47
Figure 4.6. The sequence pictures of cat........................................
47
Figure 4.7. The sequence pictures of fish........................................
48
Figure 4.8. The sequence pictures of hen........................................
48
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX I................................................................................................
64
APPENDIX II..............................................................................................
67
APPENDIX III............................................................................................
76
APPENDIX IV.............................................................................................
80
APPENDIX V................................................................................................
86
viii
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
From the discussion in the previous chapters, there are some points to be
concluded as follows:
1. Picture which is developed in this study is suitable to be used for teaching
writing descriptive, because of the data collected through interview,
questionnaires, and test. The picture is used as media increased the students’
descriptive text writing ability. This increase can be seen from the average
score of pre-test 64,40 up to 82,82 in post-test.
2. Picture which is developed in this study is eligible to be used for teaching
writing descriptive, because the results of validation from the experts is for the
display of sequence picture the average is about 87.5% with category is very
good. The media that is designed in the form of sequence picture of pets
media was very good of students’ interest. It can be seen from the responses
given students through questionnaires, student learning outcomes improved
significantly. Actually, realia is effectively used in the learning process .Using
pictures to teach wrriting is a good innovation since it can stimulate the
students’ interest in writing. Teacher will be more easily to explain in order to
create a descriptive text. Actually , picture is effectively used in the learning
process.
59
60
B. Suggestions
From the conclusion stated above, I suggested the English teachers to use
pictures in teaching writing, especially writing descriptive text, in order that the
students can write more easily. The teacher may use sequence pictures and
coloured pictures to attract the students’ attention.
For further research, I suggest to develop picture in teaching writing
descriptive text because the research proved that picture could stimulate the
students to enrich their vocabulary and other knowledge based on their
experience.
REFERENCES
Aini, W.N, “Instructional Media in Teaching English to Young Learners”,
Journal of English and Education, No.1, Vol.1, 2013, page 196-205.
Arsyad, Azhar. 2005. Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Baharuddin, “Pengembangan Sumber Belajar Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif
Pada Mata Diklat Memasang Instalasi Penerangan Listtrik”, Jurnal
Teknologi Pendidikan, No.5, Vol.2, 2012, page 213-221.
Borg & Gall. 2003. Educational Research An Introduction. Boston: Pearson
Education.
Brown, H.D. 2003. Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom
Practices. San Francisco: Longman
Brown, J. 1977. Instruction: Technology, Media and Method. New York: Mc
Grow Hill Company.
Chairena, M.S. 2007. The Use of Pictures to Teach Writing Descriptive Text
(Experimental Study at the Eight Year Students of SMPN 13 Semarang
in the Academic Year of 2006/2007). Semarang: State University of
Semarang.
Dirgeyasa, 2014. College Academic Writing: A Genre-Based Perspective.
Medan: Unimed Press.
Gerot, Linda. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Gerd
Stabler.
Harmer, J. 2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching. England:
Pearson Education.
Harmer, J. 2004. How to Teach Writing. New York: Pearson Education Ltd.
Hermawati, L. 2013. Teaching Writing By Using Pictures in Junior High
School. Bung Hatta University: Unpublished Script.
61
62
Herminingsih, D.I, “Teaching Writing Narrative Text Using Pictures to the
First Semester Students of Faculty of Social And Politics University of
Tulungagung”, Jurnal Universitas Tulungagung Bonorowo, No.1,
Vol.1, 2013, page 16-28.
Hedge, T. 2005. Writing. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hyland, Ken. 2004. Genre and Second Language Writing. Michigan: The
University of Michigan Press.
Knapp, P. & Watkins, M. 2005. Genre, Text, Grammar, Technologies for
Teaching and Assesing Writing. Ausrtalia: University of New South
Wales Press.
Klasone, Inta. 2013. Using pictures when teaching prepositions in English
lesson in the forms 3 – 4. Journal of Language and Literature Education,
8, 23-38.
Muschla, Gary. Exploring Writing. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Mutiara, R. 2014. Teaching Descriptive Text Writing Through Guided WHQuestions: A Pre-experimental Study At The Eight Grade Students of
SMP Negeri 7 Pontianak In Academic Year 2013/2014. WKS: Studies
on English Language and Education. 1(1), 51-58.
Pardiyono. 2007. Pasti Bisa! Teaching Genre-based writing. Yogyakarta:
Andi.
Peha, Steve. 2003. Assessing Writing. Best Practice Writing Instruction. In
http://www.ttms.org.//. E-mail: [email protected].
Sadiman, Arief. et all. 2010. Media Pendidikan. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D.
Bandung: Alfabeta
Sumiati, Asra. 2007. Metode Pembelajaran. Bandung: CV Wacana Prima.
Waheed, Khan. 2008. Empowerment Through Media Education. Sweden:
Göteborg University
63
Zahara, Sofiyana. 2014. The Effectiveness of Teaching Descriptive Text Using
Picture Media on Students Ability (An Experimental Study in the
Tenth Grade of SMK Tunas Grafika Informatika Jakarta). Jakarta:
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.
WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT AT SMP NEGERI 5
TANJUNGBALAI
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
By:
RIZKI RAMADHANSYAH. P
Registration Number: 2123321067
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
ABSTRACT
Rizki Ramadhansyah, P. 2123321067. Developing Picture as a Medium of
Teaching Writing Descriptive Text at SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai. Thesis:
English Educational Program. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University
of Medan.
This research is aimed at developing good picture as a media, interest and easy to be
learnt, and can be used for teaching writing descriptive text. This study is
developmental research uses Borg and Gall model. The subject of this research is the
class VIII 4 of SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai which consists of 35 students. The
evaluators of the media are two experts. This instruments employed in this study are
observation, questionnaires and test. The finding of the study is the quality of the
developed picture media viewed from the experts is excellent (87,5%). The final
product of this picture media is continued with effectiveness exam. The samples are
35 students which is given a sequence pictures of pet. Test were administrated to
measure students’ ability in writing descriptive text by using picture and also for
testing the product. The scoring system was based on five aspects; they are content,
organization, vocabulary, language use, mechanics. The result shows that there is an
increase of students’ ability in writing descriptive text by using picture as a medium.
Therefore, the writer suggest to English teacher to develop picture as one of the
alternative ways to increase the students’ descriptive text writing ability.
Keywords: picture, writing, descriptive text.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express the deepest gratitude to
Allah SWT, the Almighty and the Most Beneficial for the Blessing, Grace,
Guidance, and Mercy that have been given to the writer to complete this thesis
entitled “Developing Picture as a Medium of Teaching Writing Descriptive Text
at SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai”. This Thesis has been written in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) at the English and
Literature Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan.
During the process of writing and conducting the research, the writer was
assisted and supported by many people. This thesis cannot be accomplished
without guidance, suggestion, and comment from them, for which the writer
would like to express his sincere appreciation which directed to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Languages and Arts Faculty.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department and Dr. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and
Literature Department.
Nora Ronita Dewi, S.Pd. SS. M.Hum, the Head of English Education
Study Program.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. his Thesis Consultant I and also his
Academic Consultant and Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed. his Thesis
Consultant II.
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and Johannes Jefria Gultom,
S.Pd., M.Hum. the Examiners, the writer is also very grateful to all
lecturers who have taught, guided, and advised his throughout the
academic years.
Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA. PhD., his Evaluator of the media.
ii
Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd and Mr. Pantes as the Administration
Staffs of English and Literature Department who always helped the writer
during his academic year.
Ida Tiurma, S.Pd. the Headmaster of SMP Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai who
has gave the permission to conduct the research in the school. And also for
students in VIII-4 for their intention and participation during the research.
Agustina Simatupang, M.Pd. the English teacher who gives permission
to conduct the research in the class as well as his evaluator of the media.
Hasanuddin Parinduri and Masdelina Harahap, S.Sos. his beloved and
super power parents who gave her love, prayer, moral and financial
support in completing his education.
Teguh Wira P, Alm. Muhammad Askolani P, and M. Hafiz P, his
beloved younger brothers.
His lovely best friends, Supra Cipto, S.Pd., Sinta Sasmita, Dessyana
Nasution, S.Pd., Novita Sari Lubis, Hambali, S.Pd., Yuli Astuti, S.Pd.
Husnul Rizky Sitorus and M. Zerdin Raja and all of his friends and
classmates in Extension C 2012.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis would be useful for those who are read
and interested in the field of this study.
Medan,
Februari 2017
The Writer
RIZKI RAMADHANSYAH. P
NIM. 2123321067
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... i
AKCNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF PICTURES ..................................................................................... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
A. The Background of the Study .............................................................. 1
B. The Problems of the Study ................................................................... 3
C. The Objectives of the Study ................................................................. 4
D. The Scope of the Study ........................................................................ 4
E. The Significances of the Study ............................................................ 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE ...................... 6
A. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 6
1. Writing ............................................................................................. 6
a. The definition of writing .............................................................. 6
b.The Writing Process ..................................................................... 7
c.Writing assessment ....................................................................... 9
2. Genre in writing ............................................................................... 9
3. The Characteristics of Good Writing ............................................... 10
4. Descriptive Text ............................................................................... 11
a. The definition of descriptive ........................................................ 11
b. Guides in writing descriptive text .................................................... 12
1). Social Function ...................................................................... 12
2). The Generic Structure and Textual Elements ........................ 13
5. Language Features of Descriptive .................................................... 13
6.Media of Teaching ............................................................................ 14
7.The Eligibility of Learning Media .................................................. 18
8. Developing Picture for Teaching Writing ........................................ 18
9. Picture as a media ............................................................................. 20
a. Different types of picture ............................................................. 22
iv
b. The Advantages of Using Pictures ................................................... 25
B. Related Studies ..................................................................................... 26
C. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................ 30
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................... 33
A. . Research Design .................................................................................. 33
B. Media Development .............................................................................. 34
C. The Subject of the Research .................................................................. 35
D. The Instruments of Data Collection ...................................................... 36
E. Technique of Analysing Data ................................................................ 39
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................. 41
A. Research Findings .................................................................................. 41
1. The Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 41
2. Designing new media ................................................................................ 42
3. Validating new media................................................................................ 49
4. Revising new media .................................................................................. 50
5. Revised-developing media (final products). .......................................... 51
B. Discussion .............................................................................................. 56
CHAPTER V.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................. 59
A. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 56
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 60
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 61
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 64
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.2. The Generic Structure and Textual Elements................
13
Table 3.1. Assessment of Writing....................................................
37
Table 3.2. Interval assessment criteria..........................................
40
Table 4.1 Experts’ validation to operation the media......................
49
Table 4.2 Students’ appraisal on testing...........................................
52
Table 4.3 Students’ Writing Score of Pre Test.................................
53
Table 4.4 Students’ Writing Score of Post Test.................................
55
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 3.1 Diagram of Material Development ...............................
37
Figure 4.1. The example picture of pet..........................................
43
Figure 4.2. The example sequence picture of pet............................
44
Figure 4.3.The squence pictures of parrot.......................................
46
Figure 4.4. The sequence pictures of dog........................................
46
Figure 4.5. The sequence pictures of rabbit....................................
47
Figure 4.6. The sequence pictures of cat........................................
47
Figure 4.7. The sequence pictures of fish........................................
48
Figure 4.8. The sequence pictures of hen........................................
48
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX I................................................................................................
64
APPENDIX II..............................................................................................
67
APPENDIX III............................................................................................
76
APPENDIX IV.............................................................................................
80
APPENDIX V................................................................................................
86
viii
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
From the discussion in the previous chapters, there are some points to be
concluded as follows:
1. Picture which is developed in this study is suitable to be used for teaching
writing descriptive, because of the data collected through interview,
questionnaires, and test. The picture is used as media increased the students’
descriptive text writing ability. This increase can be seen from the average
score of pre-test 64,40 up to 82,82 in post-test.
2. Picture which is developed in this study is eligible to be used for teaching
writing descriptive, because the results of validation from the experts is for the
display of sequence picture the average is about 87.5% with category is very
good. The media that is designed in the form of sequence picture of pets
media was very good of students’ interest. It can be seen from the responses
given students through questionnaires, student learning outcomes improved
significantly. Actually, realia is effectively used in the learning process .Using
pictures to teach wrriting is a good innovation since it can stimulate the
students’ interest in writing. Teacher will be more easily to explain in order to
create a descriptive text. Actually , picture is effectively used in the learning
process.
59
60
B. Suggestions
From the conclusion stated above, I suggested the English teachers to use
pictures in teaching writing, especially writing descriptive text, in order that the
students can write more easily. The teacher may use sequence pictures and
coloured pictures to attract the students’ attention.
For further research, I suggest to develop picture in teaching writing
descriptive text because the research proved that picture could stimulate the
students to enrich their vocabulary and other knowledge based on their
experience.
REFERENCES
Aini, W.N, “Instructional Media in Teaching English to Young Learners”,
Journal of English and Education, No.1, Vol.1, 2013, page 196-205.
Arsyad, Azhar. 2005. Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Baharuddin, “Pengembangan Sumber Belajar Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif
Pada Mata Diklat Memasang Instalasi Penerangan Listtrik”, Jurnal
Teknologi Pendidikan, No.5, Vol.2, 2012, page 213-221.
Borg & Gall. 2003. Educational Research An Introduction. Boston: Pearson
Education.
Brown, H.D. 2003. Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom
Practices. San Francisco: Longman
Brown, J. 1977. Instruction: Technology, Media and Method. New York: Mc
Grow Hill Company.
Chairena, M.S. 2007. The Use of Pictures to Teach Writing Descriptive Text
(Experimental Study at the Eight Year Students of SMPN 13 Semarang
in the Academic Year of 2006/2007). Semarang: State University of
Semarang.
Dirgeyasa, 2014. College Academic Writing: A Genre-Based Perspective.
Medan: Unimed Press.
Gerot, Linda. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Gerd
Stabler.
Harmer, J. 2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching. England:
Pearson Education.
Harmer, J. 2004. How to Teach Writing. New York: Pearson Education Ltd.
Hermawati, L. 2013. Teaching Writing By Using Pictures in Junior High
School. Bung Hatta University: Unpublished Script.
61
62
Herminingsih, D.I, “Teaching Writing Narrative Text Using Pictures to the
First Semester Students of Faculty of Social And Politics University of
Tulungagung”, Jurnal Universitas Tulungagung Bonorowo, No.1,
Vol.1, 2013, page 16-28.
Hedge, T. 2005. Writing. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hyland, Ken. 2004. Genre and Second Language Writing. Michigan: The
University of Michigan Press.
Knapp, P. & Watkins, M. 2005. Genre, Text, Grammar, Technologies for
Teaching and Assesing Writing. Ausrtalia: University of New South
Wales Press.
Klasone, Inta. 2013. Using pictures when teaching prepositions in English
lesson in the forms 3 – 4. Journal of Language and Literature Education,
8, 23-38.
Muschla, Gary. Exploring Writing. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Mutiara, R. 2014. Teaching Descriptive Text Writing Through Guided WHQuestions: A Pre-experimental Study At The Eight Grade Students of
SMP Negeri 7 Pontianak In Academic Year 2013/2014. WKS: Studies
on English Language and Education. 1(1), 51-58.
Pardiyono. 2007. Pasti Bisa! Teaching Genre-based writing. Yogyakarta:
Andi.
Peha, Steve. 2003. Assessing Writing. Best Practice Writing Instruction. In
http://www.ttms.org.//. E-mail: [email protected].
Sadiman, Arief. et all. 2010. Media Pendidikan. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D.
Bandung: Alfabeta
Sumiati, Asra. 2007. Metode Pembelajaran. Bandung: CV Wacana Prima.
Waheed, Khan. 2008. Empowerment Through Media Education. Sweden:
Göteborg University
63
Zahara, Sofiyana. 2014. The Effectiveness of Teaching Descriptive Text Using
Picture Media on Students Ability (An Experimental Study in the
Tenth Grade of SMK Tunas Grafika Informatika Jakarta). Jakarta:
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.