Midterm Lecture 4 Moral and Spiritual
The Moral and Spiritual Aspects of our Personality
Objectives:
1. Understand the moral and spiritual aspects of an individual’s personality
2. Enumerate and explain the different types of values
3. Discuss what philosophy in life is and how it affects in the action or behaviour of a person
4. Learn and discuss the five branches of philosophy
5. Enumerate and discuss the theories of philosophy
MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES:
There are different types of values and these include the following:
Ethical/Moral Values
Doctrinal/Ideological (Religious/Political) Views
Social Values
Aesthetic Values
A. MORAL VALUES are the guiding principles and standards that define and measure choices we
make in life. It defines the right and wrong in the behaviour or conduct of man with his
fellowmen. These are the set of emotional rules we follow to help us in making the right
decisions in life, at home, and in our personal relationships. When values are used in a
professional setting, they are called ETHICS.
a. An individual may have moral values that are derived from the society and government,
religion or self. When moral values are derived from the society and government, they
may change as the laws and morals of the society.
b. Moral Values may also be derived from one’s self. This is demonstrated in the behaviour
of children varying of ages.
c. Moral Values are personal choices based on beliefs that guide their life and decisions. This
set of values must be consistent and sets the foundation where measures of integrity are
based.
B. DOCTRINAL VALUES are based on beliefs that may find its roots on religious teachings. IT may
also be based on law, and are defined through past decisions in history or traditions.
Values can be defined by their chosen religion. There are built-in lists of do’s and don’t’s, a set
of rules or codes which should be followed by those who are members of a religion.
C. SOCIAL VALUES are integral part of the culture. Along with beliefs and assumptions on the
view of the world, this would generate behaviour that would be the result when man is
confronted with a situation. Culture is shared with people who have a common core set of
values and this creates expectations and predictability. Without a common culture, a society
would disintegrate and its members would lose their personal identity and sense of worth.
D. AESTHETIC VALUES allows people to look at an object and recognize the art worth in terms of
its features, and call it “work of art”. This particular value is still being debated by many
philosophers as the nature of aesthetics and beauty varies from person to person. It deals with
man’s appreciation with the nature of beauty, art, taste, that may be created or naturally
present in the environment.
PHILOSOPHIES OF LIFE
Philosophy is a system of beliefs that is considered as acceptable by a group of people. It provides
a rational explanation of man’s existence, knowledge, values, reasons, and ethics. Thus, when one
talks of the philosophy of life, this refers to how an individual appreciates his life, at looking at
things, rationalizing things that happen to him, and of dealing with people around him.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy can be divided into five branches which address the following questions:
BRANCH OF
FOCUS OF
PRIMARY QUESTIONS
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
PHILOSOPHY
Metaphysics
STUDY
Study of
Existence
Epistemology
Study of
Knowledge
How do I know about it?
Ethics
Study of
Action
What should I do?
Politics
Study of
Force
What actions are
permissible?
Aesthetics
Study of
Art
What can life be like?
What's out there?
It defines whether the world is real,
or merely an illusion, providing a
fundamental view of the world
around us.
It focuses on how we acquire
knowledge, and how our minds are
related to reality, and whether
these relationships are valid or
invalid.
It deals with what is the proper
course of action for man, the right
and wrong in human activities.
This is ethics, applied to a
community, setting it up, and how
one should act within it.
It is the study of art, what it
consists and the purpose behind it.
When one talks about personal philosophy, it simply means the way an individual looks at things
and people around him. It is one of the most essential elements of his being, a part of his manner,
emotions, thinking and reactions.
THEORIES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Realism – This is a theory that some things have existence outside of the mind. E.g: Clothes,
dresses, money
2. Nominalism – This theory provides that abstract or universal terms are words only, or denote
mental states such as idea, beliefs, or intentions. E.g: Love and Hate
3. Rationalism – This theory focuses on the importance of the human reason. When someone
undertakes an action, he tries to explain how he arrives at that action by undertaking a
rationalizing stance.
4. Skepticism – This theory provides an attitude that questions the possibility of obtaining any
sort of knowledge.
5. Idealist – The theory maintains that nothing can be directly known outside the minds of
thinking beings.
6. Pragmatist – The statement is said to be true if it is a reflection of the actions taken.
7. Phenomenology – It is an attempt to lay foundations for an account of the structure of
conscious experience in general.
8. Existentialism – It lays a philosophical thinking that begins with the human subject, composed
of his thoughts, his actions, feeling, and the entire living human individual.
9. Structuralism – It seeks to clarify systems of signs through analyzing the written or spoken
communication.
Man’s philosophy can be defined and influenced by a number of factors as the following:
Culture – What influences and how one behaves in his personal and professional life is the
set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution,
organization, or group.
Attitudes – Represents an individual’s degree of like or dislike for an item. It is generally
positive or negative views of a person, place or thing, or event.
Emotions – Associated with personality, mood, and temperament, and disposition of a
person. It affects cognitions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. Mood, on the
other hand, is a relatively long lasting emotional state.
Values – Is a set of consistent values and measures, upon which other values and measures
of integrity are based.
Ethics - sometimes known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves
systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
Authority – Is imposed by superiors upon inferiors either by force of arms or by force of
argument, either through compulsion and/or persuasion.
Rapport – One of the most important features or characteristics of unconscious human
interaction. It projects commonality of prospective.
Genetics – Is a discipline of biology which refers to the science of heredity and variation in
living organisms.
Having the explanations above, the tourism and hospitality worker must thus be very conscious of his
philosophy in life as it will define the very essence of his work, his attitude, and how he handles his
relationship in his personal and professional life.
Objectives:
1. Understand the moral and spiritual aspects of an individual’s personality
2. Enumerate and explain the different types of values
3. Discuss what philosophy in life is and how it affects in the action or behaviour of a person
4. Learn and discuss the five branches of philosophy
5. Enumerate and discuss the theories of philosophy
MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES:
There are different types of values and these include the following:
Ethical/Moral Values
Doctrinal/Ideological (Religious/Political) Views
Social Values
Aesthetic Values
A. MORAL VALUES are the guiding principles and standards that define and measure choices we
make in life. It defines the right and wrong in the behaviour or conduct of man with his
fellowmen. These are the set of emotional rules we follow to help us in making the right
decisions in life, at home, and in our personal relationships. When values are used in a
professional setting, they are called ETHICS.
a. An individual may have moral values that are derived from the society and government,
religion or self. When moral values are derived from the society and government, they
may change as the laws and morals of the society.
b. Moral Values may also be derived from one’s self. This is demonstrated in the behaviour
of children varying of ages.
c. Moral Values are personal choices based on beliefs that guide their life and decisions. This
set of values must be consistent and sets the foundation where measures of integrity are
based.
B. DOCTRINAL VALUES are based on beliefs that may find its roots on religious teachings. IT may
also be based on law, and are defined through past decisions in history or traditions.
Values can be defined by their chosen religion. There are built-in lists of do’s and don’t’s, a set
of rules or codes which should be followed by those who are members of a religion.
C. SOCIAL VALUES are integral part of the culture. Along with beliefs and assumptions on the
view of the world, this would generate behaviour that would be the result when man is
confronted with a situation. Culture is shared with people who have a common core set of
values and this creates expectations and predictability. Without a common culture, a society
would disintegrate and its members would lose their personal identity and sense of worth.
D. AESTHETIC VALUES allows people to look at an object and recognize the art worth in terms of
its features, and call it “work of art”. This particular value is still being debated by many
philosophers as the nature of aesthetics and beauty varies from person to person. It deals with
man’s appreciation with the nature of beauty, art, taste, that may be created or naturally
present in the environment.
PHILOSOPHIES OF LIFE
Philosophy is a system of beliefs that is considered as acceptable by a group of people. It provides
a rational explanation of man’s existence, knowledge, values, reasons, and ethics. Thus, when one
talks of the philosophy of life, this refers to how an individual appreciates his life, at looking at
things, rationalizing things that happen to him, and of dealing with people around him.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy can be divided into five branches which address the following questions:
BRANCH OF
FOCUS OF
PRIMARY QUESTIONS
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
PHILOSOPHY
Metaphysics
STUDY
Study of
Existence
Epistemology
Study of
Knowledge
How do I know about it?
Ethics
Study of
Action
What should I do?
Politics
Study of
Force
What actions are
permissible?
Aesthetics
Study of
Art
What can life be like?
What's out there?
It defines whether the world is real,
or merely an illusion, providing a
fundamental view of the world
around us.
It focuses on how we acquire
knowledge, and how our minds are
related to reality, and whether
these relationships are valid or
invalid.
It deals with what is the proper
course of action for man, the right
and wrong in human activities.
This is ethics, applied to a
community, setting it up, and how
one should act within it.
It is the study of art, what it
consists and the purpose behind it.
When one talks about personal philosophy, it simply means the way an individual looks at things
and people around him. It is one of the most essential elements of his being, a part of his manner,
emotions, thinking and reactions.
THEORIES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Realism – This is a theory that some things have existence outside of the mind. E.g: Clothes,
dresses, money
2. Nominalism – This theory provides that abstract or universal terms are words only, or denote
mental states such as idea, beliefs, or intentions. E.g: Love and Hate
3. Rationalism – This theory focuses on the importance of the human reason. When someone
undertakes an action, he tries to explain how he arrives at that action by undertaking a
rationalizing stance.
4. Skepticism – This theory provides an attitude that questions the possibility of obtaining any
sort of knowledge.
5. Idealist – The theory maintains that nothing can be directly known outside the minds of
thinking beings.
6. Pragmatist – The statement is said to be true if it is a reflection of the actions taken.
7. Phenomenology – It is an attempt to lay foundations for an account of the structure of
conscious experience in general.
8. Existentialism – It lays a philosophical thinking that begins with the human subject, composed
of his thoughts, his actions, feeling, and the entire living human individual.
9. Structuralism – It seeks to clarify systems of signs through analyzing the written or spoken
communication.
Man’s philosophy can be defined and influenced by a number of factors as the following:
Culture – What influences and how one behaves in his personal and professional life is the
set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution,
organization, or group.
Attitudes – Represents an individual’s degree of like or dislike for an item. It is generally
positive or negative views of a person, place or thing, or event.
Emotions – Associated with personality, mood, and temperament, and disposition of a
person. It affects cognitions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. Mood, on the
other hand, is a relatively long lasting emotional state.
Values – Is a set of consistent values and measures, upon which other values and measures
of integrity are based.
Ethics - sometimes known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves
systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
Authority – Is imposed by superiors upon inferiors either by force of arms or by force of
argument, either through compulsion and/or persuasion.
Rapport – One of the most important features or characteristics of unconscious human
interaction. It projects commonality of prospective.
Genetics – Is a discipline of biology which refers to the science of heredity and variation in
living organisms.
Having the explanations above, the tourism and hospitality worker must thus be very conscious of his
philosophy in life as it will define the very essence of his work, his attitude, and how he handles his
relationship in his personal and professional life.