Method of Analysis Analysis

is that Mahsun Mahsun 2005: 218 does not clearly provide certain area to the data taken from written document since he replaced Oetomo’s the third way of collecting data with survey. Since my primary data will be analyzed in this thesis are quoted from Kyoko Mori’s novel Polite Lies, I can classify my method of collecting into the third method. As the first step of collecting the data, I read the novel once through. Then, I reread the novel by focusing my attention on the verbal interaction, i.e. conversation performed by the characters in the novel. According to the relationship between the main character, Kyoko Mori, and other characters, I find out that there are two main contexts of conversation, i.e.: 1 The conversation between Kyoko Mori and her Japanese families, relatives, and friends 2 The conversation between Kyoko Mori and her husband, who is American, and her American friends As the analysis on my present thesis is limited to the politeness phenomena in Japan, I reread the novel for the third times and focus my attention to the conversation carried out by Kyoko Mori and her Japanese families, relatives, and friends. These conversations then I list and number so that it is easier to analyze the data in the process of analyzing the data.

3.3. Method of Analysis

For method of the analysis, Mahsun Mahsun 2005: 230 agrees with and Ahsen who says that data can be found in two forms: number or also called quantitative data and non-number or also called qualitative data. Quantitative Universitas Sumatera Utara data is usually analyzed by the use of quantitative analysis, while qualitative data can be analyzed by the use of qualitative method. As my data primary and secondary data are language, i.e. conversation quoted from Kyoko Mori’s Polite Lies, I use qualitative analysis to analyze all the data. Qualitative analysis can be defined as an analysis aimed at recognizing and explaining the phenomena being analyzed. Basically there are two strategies in qualitative analysis, i.e.: qualitative descriptive analysis and qualitative verificative analysis. For my present thesis, I use qualitative descriptive analysis, i.e. an analysis used to describe the linguistic utterances produced by the participants in the conversation to express politeness. Mahsun Mahsun 2005: 235 says, there are a great number of methods used in qualitative analysis, especially in social science. Some of them are: content analysis, domein analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, discovering cultural analysis, constant comparative analysis. However, as my present thesis tries to analyze the data by relating and comparing the extra elements context and meaning of one data to another, I only apply the constant comparative analysis. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS …. There is nothing more to understand. All I can do, to go on, is to treat these feelings as aberrations from my otherwise smooth life—to politely and stoically ignore them in the way I was brought up to do. [Kyoko Mori’s Polite Lies, p. ]

4.1. Analysis

Chapter I Data 1:

Jumpei: “I was wondering if you could spare a week to come here. PLAY-DOWN INTERPRETED AS POLITE I know you’re busy with school , but maybe you could make the time if it’s not FOREWARNING POTENTIALLY INTERPRETED AS POLITE too inconvenient. Kyoko : Agree Jumpei : “It’ll be good to see you.” POSITIVE FACEWORK INTERPRETED AS POLITE Kyoko : I’ll call my travel agent right away and then call you back.” This conversation between Kyoko and her only brother is performed via telephone shortly after their father’s funeral. In score 1, Jumpei is making an indirect request that Kyoko make a visit to Japan. Through this request, Jumpei makes use the play down I was wondering if and the forewarning I know you’re busy with school , but maybe. Both these two utterances are open to the Universitas Sumatera Utara interpretation as polite because they provide more values than merely making requests, i.e. Kyoko is given freedom from imposition to fulfil the request. Through the play-down, Jumpei implicitly shows his expectation that Kyoko will fulfil the request. Meanwhile, through the forewarning, Jumpei express his solidarity of Kyoko’s being busy. As a response to Kyoko’s agreement score 2, Jumpei uses the expression It’ll be good to see you, which is also interpreted as polite way of appreciating Kyoko’s willingness and of ending the formal-like conversation. In score 4, Kyoko agrees to end the conversation by simply saying that she’ll call her travel agent right away and call Jumpei back Jumpei’s using those linguistic utterances either to make a request or to appreciate Kyoko’s willingness is his facework that he is consistent with his face without threatening Kyoko’s face. Kyoko herself evaluates those utterances as polite. However, the evaluation is potentially negative. Kyoko’s preference not mentioning what she says in score 2 and her simple answer in score 4 are indications of her not feeling comfortable with the atmosphere of the conversation, which is full of polite but ambiguous expressions that Kyoko finds it difficult to express herself in her own way. Data 2: Kyoko : “But how could these people have known what to do?” CONTRADICTION POLITIC BEHAVIOUR A Japanese friend : “You didn’t tell them. They should have done it without being asked. It’s no good if I have to spell things out to them. They should have SCOPE-STATERS OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE been more sensitive.” Universitas Sumatera Utara In score 1, Kyoko’s but tries to show the contradiction between people’s way of making request and their wish that their request would be fulfilled. As a response to this politic way of asking question, Kyoko’s Japanese friend uses the scope-stater It’s no good if, which is appropriate to save her face, as part of these people, without threatening Kyoko’s face. Since this utterance carries out positve face, it is open to interpretation as polite. Data 3: 1 Michiko : “Hirohata-cho is that near Itami station?” 2 Mariko : “Yes. About ten minutes north, on foot. Please come and visit us. I am RITUALIZED EXPRESSION OPEN TO THE INTERPRETATION AS POLITE home every afternoon, except on Wednesday. If you would call from the station, POLITENESS MARKER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE I would be very happy to come and meet you there.” 3 Michiko : “You are welcome to visit here any time, too. OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE You already know where I live, but here is my address anyway. APPEALER + CONTRADICTION + DISOCURSE MARKER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 4 Mariko : “I will look forward to seeing you.” OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 6 …. 6 Kyoko : “Are you really going to have Michiko over to your house?” OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS LINGUISTIC POLITENESS 7 Kenichi : “We didn’t mean to be insincere, but we don’t really expect her to FOREWARNING INTENSIFIER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE come to our house.” Universitas Sumatera Utara 8 Kyoko : “So you were just being polite?” NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF KENICHI’S STATEMENT NON-POLITIC POTENTIALLY IMPOLITE 9 Kenichi : “Of course.” BOOSTER POLITIC BEHAVIOR This conversation is carried out some minutes before Kyoko and her aunt and uncle, Mariko and Kenichi, leave Michiko’s house. As a host, Michiko opens the leave-taking conversation by asking Mariko about Hirohatha-cho. In her response to Michiko’s question, Mariko uses the ritualized expression please, which is open to interpretation as polite. This attempt to be polite is emphasized by the politeness marker If you would. As Michiko also evaluates these linguistic utterances this way, she pays Mariko’s politeness by making use the appealer You already know in score 3. It functions to indicate the sense of solidarity that they have shared knowledge. Michiko’s discourse marker anyway in the end of her payment turns the politic behavior into an utterance which is open to interpretation as polite. These linguistic utterancesis evaluated positively and thus paid with polite expression I will look forward to seeing you. In score 5, Kyoko’s question whether Mariko was really going to have Michiko over to their house is a clue that she knows something wrong about the relationship between her aunt and uncle and her step mother. She could have directly said You are not really going to have Michiko come to your house. Her decision to ask a question is, thus, open to interpretation as polite. As Kenichi realizes that Kyoko is trying to know the truth in a polite way, he pays the politeness and reveals the truth with the forewarning We didn’t mean to be Universitas Sumatera Utara insincere, but . Unfortunately, at this point, Kyoko evaluates this payment negatively by directly concluding that her uncle and aunt were just being polite. Since this conclusion threatens Kenichi’s face, it is open to interpretation as impolite. Kenichi’s booster, Of course, in score 9, is the politic behavior and evidence that Kenichi recognizes the negative evaluation, but cannot deny it.

Chapter II: Data 4:

1 Kenichi : “I was amazed by how much you could remember.” POSITIVE FACEWORK OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 2 Kyoko : “Of course I remember a lot.” COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 3 Kenichi : “There’s one thing I felt really bad about.” FOMULAIC STRUCTURE INTENSIFIER POLITIC BEHAVIOR 4 Kyoko : “What was that?” 5 Kenichi : “Remember those diaries your mother kept when she was in high school? There were many of them, in those glossy, yellow notebooks.” 6 Kyoko : “Yes. I have them.” 7 Kenichi : “But you don’t have all the volumes. Do you know why?” CONTRADICTION FORMULAIC STRUCTURE POLITIC BEHAVIOR POLITIC BEHAVIOR 8 Kyoko : shook her head 9 Kenichi : “When your mother finished high school and was in Kobe, working as a secretary, I was living in that house in the country with your grandparents and your aunt Keiko. We were just kids. Those diaries were already in the attic then. When I was in grade school, I found them there. The notebooks had such beautiful white paper—thick and glossy. I was only eight or nine, you have to remember. GROUNDER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Universitas Sumatera Utara I tore the pages out and made paper airplanes. Everyday, I would sit on top of the stairs, tear out page after page of your mother’s diary, and fold paper airplanes. I watched them flying down the stairs. I got pretty good at folding planes. Some of them went quite long away. That’s how a couple of those notebooks got lost. When I read your novel, I remembered that and felt so bad. I can’t believe how stupid I was as a kid.” SCOPE-STATER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 10 Kyoko : “Don’t worry about it. Your telling me about it now makes for CAJOLER POLITIC BEHAVIOR everything.” In score 1, Kenichi notices his interest to Kyoko’s being able to remember a lot about her mother. Since this utterance carries out positive facework, it is open to interpretation as polite. As a response to this polite utterance, Kyoko uses the booster Of course. In score 3, Kenichi uses linguistic utterance to express his feeling of guilty. This expression leads these two participant to a smooth conversation until, in score 7, Kenichi uses the contradiction but to take Kyoko closer to the truth that she does not have all the volumes. In score 9, in his a quite long narration about his past when he did something wrong that he regrets now, Kenichi uses the grounder I was only eight or nine before threatening Kyoko’s face by asking her to remember this. And, in the end of the narration Kenichi uses the scope-stater I can’t believe how stupid I was as a kid to illustrate the intensity of his regret. These two linguistic utterances have been appropriate to express her feeling, but not yet interpreted as polite. however, as Kyoko evaluates those utterances positively, she tries to restore the harmony and with the cajoler Don’t worry about it . This utterance is open to interpretation as polite since it carries out positive facework. Universitas Sumatera Utara

Chapter III: Data 5:

1 Akiko : “I don’t feel very well this morning. I’m going to lie down for a while.” INTENSIFIER POLITIC BEHAVIOR 2 Kyoko : “Are you all right? What’s the medicine for? FORMULAIC STRUCTURE POLITIC BEHAVIOR 3 Akiko : “My liver.” 4 Kyoko : “You still have problems with your liver?” 5 Akiko : nodded 6 Kyoko : “Do you know what’s wrong?” FORMULAIC STRUCTURE OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 7 Akiko : “Oh, nothing much.” HESITATOR OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 8 Kyoko : “But you said you didn’t feel well.” CONTRADICTION + REFERENCE POLITIC BEHAVIOR NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF AKIKO’S UTTERANCE 9 Akiko : “I don’t feel that bad, my doctor doesn’t want me to get too run down. JUSTIFICATION POLITIC BEHAVIOR ‘Anytime you feel tired,’ he told me, ‘go lie down for a few hour at least.’ He says I can’t expect to be the same as before.” 10 Kyoko : “How do you mean? You can’t be the same as before what?” FURTHER EVIDENCE OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION POLITIC BEHAVIOR 11 Akiko : “That surgery really took a lot out of me.” INTENSIFIER POLITIC BEHAVIOR Universitas Sumatera Utara 12 Kyoko : “But the surgery was three years ago.” CONTRADICTION FURTHER EVIDENCE OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION 13 Akiko : “At my age and with my problems, I’m lucky if I can be up and active for a couple of days and then lie down and rest the next day. My doctor tells me to be careful. ‘Either you learn to take it easy at home,’ he threatens me, ‘or I’ll make you check in and rest in the hospital.” In score 2, Kyoko’question Are you all right? is a politic behavior appropriate to respond Akiko’s statement. In score 3, Akiko leaves the question untouched and only answers the second question. In score 6, Kyoko asks Akiko what’s wrong with her. The answer to this question is initiated with the hesitator Oh . This utterance is open to interpretation as polite since Kyoko understands that Akiko is trying to save her face by not giving trouble to Kyoko. This value of the answer, however is doubted by Kyoko as, in score 8, she uses the contradiction But and referential you said to show her negative evaluation. Akiko’s justification in score 9 is the evidence of her being aware of Kyoko’s negative evaluation. Still, in score 10, Kyoko keeps showing her negative evaluation of Akiko’s justification with the expression How do you mean? This question forces Akiko to tell Kyoko exactly what was wrong with her liver. The intensifier really functions to upgrade the sense that she indeed has serious problem with her liver. As Akiko’s two previous answer contradict to her new one and what Kyoko knows, she uses another but in score 12, which is further evidence of her negative evaluation of Akiko’s statement. Data 6: 1 Kazumi : “It seems like a long time since her first surgery, though, that was six years ago. I thought she was going to die then.” Universitas Sumatera Utara 2 Kyoko : “She recovered very well after that, right?” APPEALERS POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 3 Kazumi : “Yes.” 4 Kyoko : “How did you know she had cancer?” FORMULAIC STRUCTURE POLITIC BEHAVIOR 5 Kazumi : “After the surgery the doctor said to me, ‘Well, it might have been DISCOURSE MARKER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE cancer, but whatever it was, it’s all gone.’” 6 Kyoko : “Might have been?” EVIDENCE OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF DR’S UTTERANCE 7 Kazumi : “That’s how he put it, anyway. I told my mother what he said, and she DISCOURSE MARKER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR didn’t say much about it.” 8 …. 9 Kazumi : “I’m so glad you were able to see my mother last year when we all had POSITIVE FACEWORK OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE dinner in Kobe. She was still very healthy then. You were able to see her then.” This conversation is carried out in a restaurant, a year after Kazumi’s mother, Akiko, died from cancer. In score 2, Kyoko uses the apealer right? to elicit confirmation of Kazumi’s statement in score 1. In score 5, Kazumi quotes a statement from the doctor, who used the discourse marker well to tell Kazumi that her mother might have had cancer. This utterance is open to interpretation as polite because, however, it is is directly criticized by Kyoko as she evaluates this utterance negatively. In score 7, Kazumi himself uses another discourse marker Universitas Sumatera Utara anyway to politically answer Kyoko’s question in score 6. This conversation is ended with a polite expression from Kazumi that he’s glad Kyoko was able to see her mother before the day she died. This expression is open to interpretation as polite since it carries out positive facework and indicates solidarity and intimacy between speaker and hearer. Data 7: 1 Michiko: “I need your signature .” GROUNDER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 2 …. 3 Michiko : “The bank won’t give me any cash until the account’s changed over into my name. Isn’t that ridiculous? While your father was alive, I was the one POLITIC BEHAVIOUR INVITING AGREEMENT BY THE ADDRESSEE who went to the bank to make deposits and withdrawals. They knew who I was and never gave me trouble. But now that he is gone, they froze the account. They won’t let me withdraw any money until you’ve signed this statement. I can’t even go to the store until I get more money.” 4 …. 5 Michiko : “As soon as I get some cash, I’d like to pay for your plane fare.” OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 6 Kyoko : “You don’t have to. I came here because I wanted to, not because I NON-POLITIC POTENTIALLY IMPOLITE thought you would give me the money.” 7 …. 8 Michiko : “I’m so angry at the people at the bank. They shouldn’t trouble us with INTENSIFIER paperwork at a time like this. They called only a day after your father passed away and wanted me to pick up the papers. I was so mad I couldn’t go. Your poor INTENSIFIER Universitas Sumatera Utara brother had to go for me.” In score 1, Michiko uses the grounder without any FTA following the utterance. In score 3, Michiko uses the appealer to invite Kyoko’s agreement with her low opinion of the bank. However, as her first utterance, her second utterance does not either receive any response from Kyoko. In score 5, Michiko finally decides to be polite by making Kyoko a promise that she will pay her plane fare. To Michiko’s surprise, this polite behavior is evaluated negatively by Kyoko, who explicitly refuse Michiko’s idea. The two participants are silent for a while until in score 8, Michiko is back to the main problem, i.e. about the bank. By the use of intensifier so, she politically expresses her feeling about the bank. Data 8: 1 Keiko : “I went to see a doctor about six months ago because I had trouble eating and I was always tired. I thought he was going to say there was nothing wrong with me except the normal signs of aging—after all, I am almost sixty. But the doctor kept asking me to come back for more tests, and each time I saw him, he was more vague about what the tests for. So I knew. I knew it was something very serious, anyway.” 2 Kyoko : “You know right away?” 3 Keiko : “Everyone knows. It’s silly to pretend.” AGENT AVOIDER + SCOPE-STATER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 4 Kenichi : “Your aunt is brave.” POSITIVE FACEWORK OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 5 Keiko : “I don’t think so. If anything I was a coward. I made the doctor explain HEDGE POLITIC BEHAVIOR exactly what was wrong with me. I told him it was no use trying to keep a secret from me since I had already made my husband promise that he would tell me everything.” Universitas Sumatera Utara 6 Mr. Maeshiba : “Keiko and I made a promise to each other a long time ago. If she had a terminal disease and the doctor told me, I would tell her—and she would do the same for me. We wouldn’t keep a secret from each other. The doctor told me that I had cancer and it had spread quite a lot. 7 Akiko : “I made him explain the various types of surgery and medication that were available to remove or slow down the cancer. I found out that if he performed the surgery—which was what he wanted to do—he would be removing a large portion of my stomach and liver. More than likely, the cancer would keep growing, so the doctor would have to remove more later. I didn’t want to be slowly chopped to death like that. I said, ‘No surgery,’ even though the doctor was shocked by my choice. My decision has nothing to do with being brave. I couldn’t stand the idea of someone cutting me up just to prolong my life by a few months.” 8 Kyoko : Couldn’t say anything 9 Akiko : “I don’t want to be tired and forgetful, the way people get with pain pills. I don’t want to be all drugged up. I want to be able to think clearly till the end. Let’s stop this depressing talk. I have said enough.” GROUNDER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 10 Mr. Maeshiba : “Yes. We don’t want you to visit our house and feel sad.” 11 …. 12 Kenichi : “I don’t think I could face my death so easily. Maybe I’ve been too COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR unkind about Keiko’s religion . Her faith must give her courage—but she was FOREWARNING CONTRADICTION POLITIC BEHAVIOUR always a courageous person anyway. It isn’t just the religion.” DISCOURSE MARKER + INTENSIFIER POTENTIALLY OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS LINGUISTIC POLITENESS In score 3, Keiko uses the agent avoider everyone and the scope-stater it’s silly to implicitly acknowledges that she knows about her illness right away. In score 4, Kenichi makes an utterance noticing her interest to Keiko. This utterance Universitas Sumatera Utara is open to interpretation as polite because it carries out positve facework. However, this polite utterance is denied by Keiko. In score 9, Keiko uses the grounder to asks all the participants in the conversation to stop talking about what she call depressing talk. In score 12, Kenichi uses the committer I don’t think, which is the politic behavior appropriate to the situation, before he politely express his positive opinion about Keiko’s faith. Here, the forewarning, which is actually politic behavior, is open to interpretation as polite because the discourse marker anyway, provides extra value that enables Kenichi to acknowledges Keiko’s bravery to face her death.

Chapter IV: Data 9:

1 Akiko : “We need flower for hotoke-sama. We want something with pretty GROUNDER GROUNDER POLITIC BEHAVIOR POLITIC BEHAVIOR colors. Give me a few of those roses to begin with.” FTA 2 The man : “Are you sure? You said this was for hotoke-sama.” FORMULAIC STRUCUCTURE + REFERENTIAL OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 3 Akiko : “Oh, it’s been a long time. Not a recent death.” HESITATOR OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 4 Kyoko : “It’s for someone who loved pretty flowers.” In score 1, Akiko uses two grounders We need flower …. We want something … before she asks the man to give the flower. These two linguistic utterances, which function to minimize the threat that might arise from the FTA Universitas Sumatera Utara give me, have been appropriate to the situation. In score 2, the man uses the formulaic linguisitic structure and the referential you said to politely give a clue that Akiko might have made mistake in choosing the flower. This attempt is understood by Kyoko. However, he denies the doubt and through the hesitator in score 3, she pays the politeness tells the man that that she is not making mistake and she has reason why she chooses that flower. As Kyoko realizes the reason is vague she, in score 4, says that the flower is for someone who loves pretty colors.

Chapter V: Data 10:

1 Akiko : “Oh, no. Okiyo-san was his lover long before Michiko. She was the HESITATOR POLITIC BEHAVIOUR woman who lived in Mizushima. 2 Kyoko : She lived in Mizushima? Is that the woman who used to send us peaches?” 3 Akiko : nodded 4 Kyoko : “I remember those peaches. I had no idea that they were from my COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR father’s lover.” 5 Akiko : “Your father was seeing Okiyo-san long before you two were born. She lived in Mizushima and owned a bar your father went to when he was in town on business. That’s how he met her. Pretty soon, he was telling all his friends from work to visit the bar when they were in Mizushima. ‘She’s a special friend of mine,’ he told them, making no secret of their affair. After your mother was gone, he would have married Okiyo-san if she hadn’t already been married. She had a husband, though he was seldom in town because he was a sailor. Okiyo-san wanted to divorce him and marry your father, but your father couldn’t risk his reputation by marrying a divorced woman. He married Michiko even though she had only been his lover for two or three years instead of fifteen or sixteen. Universitas Sumatera Utara So I guess for a while before your mother’s death, your father had two lovers. HEDGE + COMMITER OPEN TO INTERPREATATION AS POLITE mother said that both of them called the house and got upset if he was gone—your mother was laughing and crying at the same time when she told me. ‘Now I’ve got two women looking for him,’ she said.” In score 1, Kyoko uses the hesitator oh before she reject Kyoko’s perception about her father’s affair. Rather different from the no in data 9 score 3, the hesitator here is not open to interpretation as polite since it is not aimed at protecting or saving anyone’s face. In score 4, Kyoko uses the committer I had no idea to express that she still doubts the fact that the peaches are from her father’s lover. This doubt is immediately responded by Akiko who makes a short narration about her father’s affair. This narration is closed with the committer I guess to politely say that she knows that Kyoko’s father had two lovers. Her decision not to directly says that Kyoko’s father had two lover is aimed at minimizing the threat that might arise from the utterance. Therefore, this utterance is open to interpretation as polite. Chapter VI: Data 11: 1 Hiroko : “Did you know that Nobuko has gotten married? About a year ago. OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Nobuko decided to get married.” 2 Kyoko : “To whom?” 3 Hiroko : “She had no one in mind. But she quit her job so she could put all her efforts into finding a suitable husband. She and her mother looked at stacks of resumes from older men looking for a wife. 4 …. 5 Hiroko : “Nobuko and her mother didn’t find anyone by asking their family friends, so they consulted an omiai-arranging service. They must have looked at Universitas Sumatera Utara hundred of resumes. They were looking for a well-to-do older man in Kobe or Osaka.” 6 Kyoko : “What do you mean older?” INTERRUPTION NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF HIROKO’S UTTERANCE NON-POLITIC POTENTIALLY IMPOLITE 7 Hiroko : “Late forties, fifties, sixties. There are not many young men younger than forty-five who are widowers.” 8 Kyoko : “But there must have been some men our ages who were single because CONTRADICTION POLITIC BEHAVIOR they’d never married.” 9 Hiroko : “Sure, but those men who have never been married because they have BOOSTER + CONTRADICTION OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE health problems, or they aren’t settling down type, or their mothers are too domineering. Men like those don’t make a lot of money, and they don’t make good husbands. Nobuko and her mother were looking for reliable men who had been married once and then widowed. She didn’t quit her job only to marry a playboy, a mommy’s boy, or an invalid. Anyway, Nobuko got lucky. She found a DISCOURSE MARKER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR business executive of a trading company whose wife had passed away a couple of years ago. He was younger than most—in his late forties—and both of his kids were already in college, so she doesn’t have to raise someone else’s kids. It was by fat the best situation.” 10 Kyoko : “Have you met her husband?” 11 Hiroko : “No. My husband and I were still in Chicago when they got married. Soon afterward, Nobuko’s husband got transferred to New York, so they moved there. I didn’t get a chance to meet him or to say goodbye to Nobuko.” 12 Kyoko : “Have you heard from her? Is she happy?” 13 Hiroko : didn’t answer 14 Kyoko : “At least she’ll get use to her English.” HEDGE POLITIC BEHAVIOUR Universitas Sumatera Utara 15 Hiroko : “I know. That’s one of the reasons the man wanted to marry her. Even COMMITTER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR when he was stationed in Osaka, he worked mostly with Americans and Europeans. … She’s mart. She can talk about anything.” 16 …. 17 Hiroko : “Nobuko had to hurry because it was the last chance for her to be married. Time was running out.” 18 Kyoko : “Why? You said she was only looking to be a second wife to someone REFERENTIAL POLITIC BEHAVIOR older. A second wife almost never has her own kids. She could have waited ten, fifteen years to be an old man’s wife.” 19 Hiroko : “Oh, come on. Nobody marries a woman over forty, even if he doesn’t HESITATOR + APPEALER + AGENT AVOIDER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE plan to have a child with her. Nobuko didn’t have that much time.” 20 Kyoko : “All right. So let’s say she was getting too old and didn’t have much HEDGE + APPEALER INTENSIFIER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE time. But I still don’t understand. Why did she want to get married at all? CONTRADICTION + COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOR OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE I thought she was happy working for Hilton.” COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 21 Hiroko : “It was a good job, I’m sure. But Nobuko worked so hard everyday COMMITER + CONTRADICTION INTENSIFIER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE All she did was work—even her travels for work. That must have been such an empty feeling—to have nothing but your work.” Universitas Sumatera Utara This informal conversation is between Kyoko and her another Japanese friend, Hiroko. In score 1, Hiroko invites Kyoko to the conversation by asking Kyoko whether or not she knows that Nobuko has gotten married. Since Hiroko could have said Nobuko has gotten married, which is still appropriate to open an informal conversation, Hiroko’s question is open to interpretation as polite. The conversation goes smoothly until, in score 6, Kyoko makes an interruption, asking Hiroko what she means by the word older. This interruption is evidence of her negative evaluation of Hiroko’s utterance. In score 8, Kyoko makes another interruption showing contradiction between her idea and Hiroko’s statement. This interruption is politely responded by the booster sure and the contradiction but. At this point it is Hiroko’s sure which makes the utterance interpreted as polite. Before she comes to the statement showing the fact which is contradictory to Kyoko’s idea and thus might threaten her face, Hiroko first supports Kyoko’s idea. Meanwhile the discourse marker anyway is the politic behavior to say that Nobuko is lucky that she got a business executive to be her husband. In score 13, Kyoko makes uses the hedge at least to express her wish for Nobuko’s lucky. This utterance is open to interpretation as polite since it is possibly used as supportive facework to restore the harmony between her and Hiroko, who decides not to answer Kyoko’s questions in score 12. This wish, again, is supported by Hiroko by the committer I know. In score 17, Kyoko uses the referential you said to make the question why, appropriate to the situation. This negative evaluation is politely responded by Hiroko’s by the hesitator oh, the appealer come one and agent avoider Nobody to say that Nobuko also does not want to marry a man over forty. Here, it is the Universitas Sumatera Utara combination of the hesitator and the appealer which make the interpretation open to interpretation as polite since, if only Hiroko does not use these two EPMs, the utterance is still appropriate to the situation. In score 19, Kyoko uses the hedge all right to agrees with Hiroko’s statement. This is immediately followed by the appealer claiming for common ground let’s say and the intensifier too old before she politely shows the contradiction between the fact and her perception that Nobuko enjoyed her job. Here, it is the combination between the contradiction and the committer which makes the utterance interpreted as polite since, even without these EPMs, the utterance is still appropriate to the situation. However, this perception is politely denied by Hiroko as in score 20, she uses the committer I’m sure to say that she agrees with Kyoko that the job is good before she shows that Nobuko did not really enjoy the job.

Chapter VII: Data 12:

1 Kazumi : “When I took my first class from a Dutch teacher in Osaka, I had to learn about colors. … We had never been taught about the color wheel or the complementary colors.” 2 Kyoko : “Colors aren’t important in ikebana?” NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF KAZUMI’S UTTERANCE 3 Kazumi : “Not really.” COMMITER SUPPORTIVE FACEWORK POLITIC BEHAVIOUR Kyoko’s question in score 2 is evidence of her negative evaluation of Kazumi’s statement. Since Kyoko could have said Are colors not important in ikebana? , her decision not to ask in this way is less appropriate and thus potentially impolite. As a response to this negative evaluation, Kazumi uses the Universitas Sumatera Utara committer Not really, which is the politic behavior appropriate to save his face that he has given a low appreciation over his own culture. Data 13: 1 Kazumi : “Well, everyone has faults. Faults and regrets—they are big parts of DISCOURSE MARKER + AGENT AVOIDER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE everyone’s life. 2 Kyoko : “That’s true. We all regret something in our lives.” POSITIVE FACEWORK + AGENT AVOIDER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS LINGUISTIC POLITENESS In score 1, Kazumi successes in using two linguistic utterances open to interpretation as polite. They are open to interpretation as polite because both the discourse marker Well and the agent avoider everyone are more than needed to respond Kyoko’s previous statement Kazumi could have only said Everyone has faults and regrets without threatening Kyoko’s face. In score 2, Kyoko manages to pays the politeness with positive facework That’s true. The agent avoider We all has the same function with Kazumi’s everyone, i.e. to avoid Kyoko from threatening Kazumi’s face. As these two linguistic utterances are also more than needed to make an appropriate response, they are also open to interpretation as polite. Data 14: 1 Michiko : “So I suppose you will be staying at Akiko’s house.” COMMITERS OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Universitas Sumatera Utara 2 Kyoko : “Of course I will stay at aunt Akiko’s. Listen, I called because I want to BOOSTER APPEALER POLITIC BEHAVIOR POLITIC BEHAVIOUR speak to my brother. When will he be home?” This conversation is carried out via telephone before Kyoko makes a visit to Japan. In score 1, Michiko’s committer I suppose functions to modify her statement that Kyoko will be staying at Akiko’s house. Since this utterance Kyoko’s response in score 2 uses the committer Of course to emphasize that she indeed will stay at her aunt’s house. Meanwhile, the appealer Listen functions to invite and lead Michiko to the point of the conversation that she calls because she wants to speak to her brother. These three linguistic utterances have been appropriate to the situation. However, as they are the least appropriate not to threaten another’s face, it is not interpreted as polite.

Chapter VIII: Data 15:

1 Michiko : “I can’t believe that you don’t know how to do this. SCOPE-STATER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 2 Kyoko : “What do you mean? What am I doing wrong?” NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF MICHIKO’S UTTERANCE NON-POLITIC POTENTIALLY IMPOLITE 3 Michiko : “If I have to tell you, then it’s no good. I can’t show you something SCOPE-STATER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE you should already know. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4 Kyoko : “Do you mean the way I am holding the broom or are you saying that I CAJOLER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE should start over there instead of here?” This short conversation is carried out in Michiko’s house when Kyoko is sweeping the floor. Michiko’s first scope-stater I can’t believe that, which is the least appropriate linguistic utterance to express her disappointment is evaluated negatively by Kyoko. Kyoko’s impolite question What do you mean in score 2 is evidence of this negative evaluation. As Michiko realizes the negative evaluation she another scope-stater it’s no good to make excuse for not telling Kyoko what exactly she should do. This utterance is then open to interpretation as polite because it is aimed at avoiding conflict between Kyoko and her so that she does not fail the line during the conversation. In score for Kyoko pays the politeness and tries to restore the harmony with the cajoler Do you mean which is open to interpretation as polite.

Chapter IX: Data 16:

1 Mrs. Kuzuha : “You came running to me every time you and Tadashi had a fight. You’d say, ‘Obachan, Tadashi said a mean thing to me, Tadashi won’t let me read his book,’ and you’d cry. I always took your side and told Tadashi to be more considerate. You were cute. I envied your mother for having a daughter as well as a son. 2 Kyoko : “You envied her for having a couple of crybabies as kids?” NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF MRS KUZUHA’S UTTERANCE POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 3 Mrs. Kuzuha : “No. You were both such nice children.” DENIAL SUPPORTIVE FACEWORK POLITIC BEHAVIOR OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Universitas Sumatera Utara In score 1, Mrs. Kuzuha tells Kyoko about the past when Kyoko, Jumpei and Tadashi were children. Mrs. Kuzuha said that Kyoko and Jumpei used to run to her every time Tadashi made them cry. In the end of her story, Mrs. Kuzuha states that she envies Kyoko’s mother for having children like them. In score 2, Kyoko asks a question whether Mrs. Kuzuha envies her mother for having crybabies. This question indicates Kyoko’s negative evaluation of Mrs. Kuzuha statement, which is ambiguous. In score 3, this negative evaluation is immediately denied by Mrs. Kuzuha with No, which is followed by a justification that both Kyoko and Jumpei were such nice children. The denial is politic behavior appropriate to respond Kyoko’s negative evaluation. Meanwhile, the justification is supportive facework aimed at saving Mrs. Kuzuha’s face. Since this utterance carries out positive facework to Kyoko, it is open to interpretation as polite. Data 17: 1 Mrs. Kuzuha : “Kyoko has become a vegetarian. She doesn’t eat any meat or fish. If she didn’t look so healthy, I would be worried about her eating habits.” 2 Tadashi : “I’m not surprised. Kyoko, you were always such a picky eater.” RITUALIZED EXPRESSION INTERPRETED AS POLITE 3 Kyoko : “You remember my being a picky eater?” 4 Tadashi : “How can I forget? You were terrible at meals. You’d sit there and NEGATIVE FACEWORK NON-POLITIC POTENTIALLY IMPOLITE picking at your food and whimpering. I used to think, ‘Wow, my mother would make me sit at the table until I finished. How does she get away with being so spoiled?’” 5 Kyoko : “Yes, but you’re the total opposite. You could eat anything.” CONTRADICTION Universitas Sumatera Utara 6 Tadashi : “You made fun of Jumpei for being a crybaby. But you were ten FOREWARNING POLITIC BEHAVIOUR times worse at meals . In score 1, Mrs. Kuzuha tells Tadashi that Kyoko has become a vegetarian. This news, however, does not make Tadashi surprised. In score 2, Tadashi uses Kyoko’s first name to call her before making comment on Kyoko’s being a picky eater. The use of the first name is open to interpretation as polite since it indicates intimacy between speaker and hearer. In score 4, Tadashi makes further comment which threatens Kyoko’s face and thus open to interpretation as impolite. In score 5, Kyoko first supports this comment before pays Tadashi’s negative facework with a contradicition which shows that Tadashi was the total opposite who could eat anything. In score 6, Tadashi uses forewarning You made fun of Jumpei for being a crybaby. But …. before carrying out another negative facework. Data 18: 1 Keiko : “You always have such a cold hand, just like your mother.” INTENSIFIER INTENSIFIER 2 Mariko : “It’s a sign of a warm heart.” 3 ….. 4 Kyoko : “It was good to see you.” RITUALIZED EXPRESSION OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 5 Keiko : “Be well” SEMI-FORMULAIC EXPRESSION OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 5 Kyoko : “I’ll be thinking of you.” SEMI-FORMULAIC EXPRESSION OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Universitas Sumatera Utara 6 …. 7 Keiko : “Thank you for coming to see me.” RITUALIZED EXPRESSION OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 8 …. 9 Kenichi : “That’s all right. You were always such a sensitive kid. Your mother CAJOLER INTENSIFIER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE used to worry about you.” 10 Kyoko : “I’m not like that anymore.” JUSTIFICATION POLITIC BEHAVIOR 11 Kenichi : “You want to listen to some music?” OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 12 Kyoko : “Sure.” BOOSTER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE In score 1, Keiko uses two intensifiers such a and just to emphasize her notice of interest and compare Kyoko to her late mother. In score 2, these linguistic utterances are supported by Mariko who says that a cold hand is a sign of warm heart. In score 3, all the participants are silent for a while until Kyoko makes a leave-taking expression by saying it was good to see you. This polite expression is paid with Keiko’s another polite expression Be well. In score 6, Kyoko says that she will be thinking of Keiko. As this linguistic utterance is more than just an answer to Keiko’s politeness, it is interpreted as polite. There is another silent in score 7. This silence ends when Keiko manages to use the ritualized expression thank you to appreciate Kyoko’s visit. Universitas Sumatera Utara In score 9, Kenichi says that’s all right which is appropriate to break the silence occurs as they leave Keiko’s house. This politic behavior is followed by a statement containing the intensifier such a to make his opinion of Kyoko’s being sensitive stronger. However, this statement is denied by Kyoko. As Kenichi recognize this denial, he tries not to destroy the harmony by offering Kyoko to listen to music. Kenichi decision to ask Kyoko whether or not she wants to listen to some music is the polite behavior. Meanwhile, Kyoko’s sure is open to interpretation as polite since besides to say yes, she implies that she agrees not to continue the conversation and just listen to some music..

Chapter X: Data 19:

1 Michiko : “You won’t believe what happened this afternoon. Mrs. Kuzuha called FOREWARNING POLITIC BEHAVIOR and she is furious with all of us.” 2 Kyoko : “What?” NON-POLITIC 3 Michiko : “Mrs. Kuzuha was upset at your father for yelling at her son’s friend, but she wasn’t too happy with you, either. She kept saying that you used to be such a nice girl and now you aren’t because I must not be doing a good job.” In score 1, the forewarning You won’t believe is the politic behavior appropriate to the situation, before Michiko tells something that may threaten Kyoko’s face. Kyoko’s reflexive response what? is evidence of offense arises either from Michiko’s impoliteness or the information. Data 20: 1 Mrs. Kuzuha : “Can you come to visit me? I’ll come and get you in my car. CONSULTATIVE DEVICE OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Universitas Sumatera Utara We should have dinner.” GROUNDER OPEN TO INTERPRATATION AS POLITE 2 Kyoko : “Of course.” COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR This conversation between Kyoko and Mrs. Kuzuha is performed via telephone and intended to end the misunderstanding between them. In score 1, Mrs. Kuzuha uses the consultative device can you to ask Kyoko to visit her. This utterance is open to interpretation as polite since through this utterance Mrs. Kazumi does not directly ask Kyoko to come. Instead, she asks Kyoko first whether or not she could come. The grounder We should have dinner is also interpreted as polite since it could have been replaced by I want to have dinner with you, which is still appropriate to the situation. In score 2, this polite invitation is replied by Kyoko with the committer of course, which is also open to interpretation as polite. Through this utterance, Kyoko does not only give an answer to Mrs. Kuzuha’s question, but also shows the fact that there is not any reason for her not to come and visit Mrs. Kuzuha. Data 21: 1 Kyoko : “Why would my father say nothing about meeting the Kuzuhas when I POLITIC BEHAVIOR especially asked him about them?” 2 Akiko : “I don’t know why your father was rude, but in a way, I understand. POLITIC BEHAVIOR CONTRADICTION + DISCOURSE MARKER SUPPORTIVE FACEWORK OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Mrs. Kuzuha hasn’t always been fair to you. Your father told me what happened.” Universitas Sumatera Utara …. 3 Kyoko : “But I never wrote any letters.” CONTRADICTION + JUSTIFICATION OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE 4 Akiko : “You didn’t?” 5 Kyoko : I can’t even remember that boy’s name. I only met him that one time INTENSIFIER with Mrs. Kuzuha and never thought of him.” 6 Akiko : “You never sent him one postcard? 7 Kyoko : “Why would I? I had nothing to say to him. Think about it, Aunt OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE APPEALER + DEFERENTIAL OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE Akiko. Why would I write love letters to a boy I only met once? Especially when that boy was Makoto’s roommate. How embarrassing.” NON-POLITIC 8 Akiko : “I didn’t think it was odd. I was a little surprised when your father told COMMITER UNDERSTATER POLITIC BEHAVIOR me.” 9 Kyoko : “Believe me. I never even thought about that boy, much less wrote to APPEALER POLITIC BEHAVIOR him.” 10 Akiko : “I believe you. I feel bad now that I was so foolish.” COMMITTER INTENSIFIER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR POLITIC BEHAVIOUR 11 Kyoko : Don’t blame yourself, Aunt Akiko. Michiko is a pretty good liar.” CAJOLER + RITUALIZED EXPRESSION UNDERSTATER OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE This conversation is between Kyoko and her aunt Akiko. In score 1, Kyoko way of asking question is the politic behavior appropriate to the situation. Universitas Sumatera Utara In score 2, this politic question is answered with I don’t know why…, but in a way… to politely claim that Kyoko’s father was rude. This utterance is open to interpretation as polite because, through this utterance, Akiko does not explicitly express her low opinion of Kyoko’s father. In order to save her face, Akiko combines the contradiction and the dicourse marker. In score 3, Kyoko makes a polite justification that she never wrote any letter. In score 5, she uses the intensifier only when she talks about her meeting with the boy. In score 7, the utterance why would I is open to interpretation as polite since it gives more information than another answer like never. Through this utterance, Kyoko invites her aunt to think that there is not any reason for her to write such a letter. She further tries to restore the harmony by seeking agreement with her non-politic expression How embarrassing through the appealer think about it and the ritualized expression Aunt Akiko, which are open to interpretation as polite. This attempt is understood by Akiko as, in score 8, she uses the committer I didn’t think so . to say that writing a love letter is not an embarrassing thing. The understater a little is evidence that she never thought that far—she was just surprised. In score 9, Kyoko uses another appealer to make sure that she gets Akiko’s trust back. Finally, in score 10, Akiko says that that she believes in Kyoko and that she regrets for being so foolish. The intensifier so functions to emphasize the sense of regret. In score 11, Kyoko uses the cajoler don’t blame yourself and the ritualized expression Aunt Akiko to restore the harmony politely. In the end of the conversation, Kyoko uses the understater a pretty to soften her negative evaluation of Michiko’s behavior. It is the politic behavior appropriate to the situation. Universitas Sumatera Utara

Chapter XI: Data 22:

1 A man : “The guy came to her apartment at midnight. He claimed that she didn’t own her apartment, the damage that her boyfriend caused was against her landlord, not against her—because of this, the policeman said, she would not be able to press charges. She went home in tears and called me.” 2 Kyoko : “What did you tell her?” POLITIC BEHAVIOR 3 A man : “I didn’t know what to say. I gave her the number of the counselors at POLITIC BEHAVIOR The Tokyo Women’s Center. She hasn’t called yet.” 4 Mori : “Can’t she go back to the police station and report this policeman to his PLAY-DOWN OPEN TO INTERPRETATION AS POLITE supervisor?” 5 A man : “No. Policemen always stick together. She is afraid of getting on the REJECTION wrong side of them. The best solution for her is to go to the FORMULAIC CLAUSE STRUCTURES POLITIC BEHAVIOUR media. The media are usually sympathetic to the plight of women. But I’m not sure if she can stand the publicity.” CONTRADICTION + COMMITER POLITIC BEHAVIOUR This conversation is between Kyoko and a Japanese man. They are talking about a woman who has been treated unfairly by the police. Kyoko’s question in score 2 is the politic behavior appropriate to ask the man what he told the woman when she came to him. This politic way of asking question is paid with a politic way of answering a question , as in score 3, the man uses the utterances I didn’t know what to say. In score 4, Kyoko uses the negative interrogative play-down Universitas Sumatera Utara containing modal verb can’t she to tone-down the perlocutionary effect of the utterance is likely to have on the addressee. Since this utterance provides more value than merely giving an idea, it is open to interpretation as polite. In score 5 the man directly rejects Kyoko’s idea with no. This rejection is followed by the formulaic clause structure The best solution for her is, which is appropriate to the situation. Then, he closed the conversation with but and the committer I’m not sure, through which he expresses his doubt that the woman can stand the publicity. The last three utterances are not open to interpretataion to polite because they do not provide more values than answering a question or proposing idea.

4.2. Findings