d. Behabities: a miscellaneous group concerned with attitudes and social
behavior, such as the words “apologize, bless, challenge” e.
Expositives: verbs which clarify how utterance fit into on-going discourse and
how they are being used, such as “argue, postulate, affirm and concede” Meanwhile Searle 1969 classifies five types of illocutionary act as
follows: a.
Assertive: an illocutionary act that represents a state of affairs. E.g. stating, claiming, telling, describing, suggesting, asserting, or swearing that
something is the case. b.
Directive: an illocutionary act for getting the addressee to do something. E.g. ordering, commanding, daring, defying, challenging.
c. Commissive: an illocutionary act for getting the speaker to do something.
E.g. promising, threatening, intending, and vowing to do or to refrain from doing something.
d. Expressive: an ilocutionary act that expresses the mental state of the speaker
about an event presumed to be true or expresses how speaker feels about the situation. E.g. congratulating, thanking, deploring, condoling, complaining,
welcoming and apologizing. e.
Declaration: an illocutionary act that brings into existence the state of affairs to which it refers. E.g. blessing, bidding, baptizing, passing sentence,
excommunicating.
4. Context of Speech
Nunan 1993:8 states that there are two types of context, first is Linguistic context.
Nunan 1983:8 states that “linguistic context is the language that surrounds and accompanies the pieces of discourse under
analysis”. Second is Non Linguistic Context or Pragmatic Context. Nunan 1983:8 states that pragmatic context includes implicates the type of
communicative event, the topic of the event, the purpose of the event, the
setting of the event including location, time of the day, season of year, and physical aspect of the situation for example, the size f the room, the
arrangement of the furniture, etc, the participant and the relation among them, and the background knowledge and the assumption underlying the
communication event. Context gives many contributions both written and spoken language. The
speakers and the hearers, and the writers and the readers will not misinterpret the intended meaning by understanding the context.
5. Questions
According to Frank 1972 in questions the subject and predicate are often reserved or sometimes it is started with auxiliaries, question word, and
modal. They are used to ask question and some of them ended with a question mark in writing. There are some types of questions, they are:
a. Yes-No Question
Yes-No question is the simple question which a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer.
There are two types of this question, they are positive and negative question. The positive question is a kind of yes-no question that has a positive form of
question. As opposite, the negative question is a kind of yes-no question that has negative form of question. It is negative because there is a ‘not’ word in
it. For example: Is Novita beautiful?
Aren’t you going to the campus? b.
Attached or Tag Question These alternatives for yes-no questions consist of two parts. The first
part is a statement and the second part is a question that expresses agreement with the statement. For example:
She looks so gorgeous, doesn’t she? You didn’t do the homework, did you?
c. WH Questions
This is a question that begins with interrogative adverbs why, when, where, and how or interrogative pronouns who, what, and which. For
example: How many ex boyfriends do you have?
When will you date me?
6. The Synopsis of
