TRANSLATION SHIFT OF ENGLISH AND BAHASA INDONESIA NOUN PHRASES IN THE NOVEL “THE CUCKOO’S CALLING” AND ITS TRANSLATION VERSION “DEKUT BURUNG KUKUK”

CUCKOO’S CALLING” AND ITS TRANSLATION VERSION

“DEKUT BURUNG KUKUK”

THESIS

By:

MA’RUF RIFANDA

201110100311079

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATIONDEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

TRANSLATION SHIFT OF ENGLISH AND BAHASA

INDONESIA NOUN PHRASES IN THE NOVEL “THE

CUCKOO’S CALLING” AND ITS TRANSLATION VERSION

“DEKUT BURUNG KUKUK”

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve

Sarjana Degree in English Language Education

By:

MA’RUF RIFANDA

201110100311079

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATIONDEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulillah, a deepest gratitude should go to Alloh SWT, this research would never have been completed without His great love, grace, blessing and mercy. Shalawat and salam are addressed to the final, chosen and religious messenger, the Phropet Muhammad SAW. This thesis is finished, under the assistances, guidances and love of some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express his greatest gratitudes and appreciations, especially to:

1. Dr. Hartono, M.Pd. and Mr. Bayu H. W., S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D. as his first and second advisors. Thank you for your suggestions, advices, encouragement and time during the advising periods. May Alloh always bestow them and their families His endless blessing. Aamiin.

2. My beloved parents, Mrs. Ninik Suhartatik and Drs. Arif Sjafi’i, M.Pd. who always pray, give love and compassion, support and encourage me all the time, especially when I nearly gave up finishing this thesis, and also work hard so all my needs are fulfilled. Thank you very much. I love you.

3. My sister, Dewi Rizky Wisudawati, A.Md.Keb, and her husband, Arif Iswahyudi, A.Md.G. Thank you for your support and for providing me the accomodation while I’m struggling in finishing this thesis.

4. My teacher, advisor, friend and translation tutor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, MA. Thank you for your suggestions and advices. Without your help, I would never finish this thesis this fast.

5. My super best friends, Teddy Bagus Alfianto, A.Md.Kom, Faridatus Sholikhah, A.Md.Kom, Muhammad Hasan, S.Pi and Muhammad Nur Rizka

iv

Ulul Albab, S.ST. Thank you for your time, encouragement, motivations, kindness and sometimes your treats in buying me a cup of coffee. Your encouragement is what makes me stronger.

Malang, April 30 2016 The writer

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ... i

LEGALIZATION ... ii

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 4

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 5

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7

2.1 Translation ... 7

2.2 Translation of Novel ... 8

2.3 The Problems in Translation Novel ... 9

2.4 Noun Phrase ... 13

2.5 Types of Noun Phrase ... 14

2.5.1 Det + N ... 15

2.5.2 AdjP + n ... 15

2.5.3 N + PP ... 16

2.5.4 N + N ... 16

2.5.5 N + V ... 16

2.5.6 N + Adj ... 16

2.5.7 N + AdjP ... 17

vi

2.6 Translation Shift ... 18

2.6.1 Level Shift ... 18

2.6.2 Category Shift ... 19

2.6.2.1 Structure Shift ... 20

2.6.2.2 Class Shift ... 20

2.6.2.3 Unit Shift ... 20

2.6.2.4 Intra-system Shift ... 21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 22

3.1 Research Design ... 22

3.2 Research Object ... 23

3.3 Data Collection ... 23

3.4 Data Analysis ... 24

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 25

4.1 Research Finding ... 25

4.1.1 The Types of English and Bahasa Indonesia Noun Phrases ... 25

4.1.1.1 The Types of English Noun Phrase ... 25

4.1.1.2 The Types of Bahasa Indonesia Noun Phrase ... 26

4.1.2 The Types Translation Shift of Noun Phrases of the Novels ... 29

4.2 Discussion ... 31

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 35

5.1 Conclusion ... 35

5.2 Suggestions ... 36

BIBLIOGRAPHIES ... 37

APPENDIX I ... 39

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Arnold, D. J et all. 1994. MACHINE TRANSLATION, An Introductory Guide. London: NCC Blackwell Ltd.

Ary, Donald. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (Eighth Edition). USA: WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning.

Andini, T. M. 2007. Translation Shift Found in the Novel No Greater Love by Danielle Steel. Thesis. Malang: Universitas Muhammadyah Malang. Baity, Sa’idah. 2014. Translation Shift on Noun and Noun Phrase in Frozen

Movie and Its Subtitling. Thesis. Surakarta: Muhammadyah University of Surakarta Press.

Baker, M. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge.

Benson, M., Benson, et all. 1997. The BBI dictionary of English Word Combinations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Carnie, A. 2001. Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Catford, J. C. 1978. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Creswell, John W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Joseph. J.E. 2011. The Equivalence and Shift in the Indonesian Translation from English Nominal Collocation. Unpublished thesis. Jakarta: Gunadarma University.

Kusumasari, Indah. 2009. Translational Equivalence of Indonesia Collocations into English.Unpublished Thesis. Jakarta: Gunadarma University. Larson, M.L. 1984. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey:

Prentice Hall, Inc.

Meilasari, Priska. 2015. The Translating of English Idioms into Indonesian. Unpublished Thesis.Madiun: Catholic University of Widya Mandala Madiun.

Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Application. London and New York: Routledge.

Nababan, M.R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Nababan, M.R. 2004. Translation Practices and Products of Professional Indonesia Translation. Unpublised Thesis. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.

Nababan, M. R. 2008. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Newmark, P. 1988. a Textbook of Translation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Radford, A. 1988. Transformational Grammar. Great Britain: Cambridge

University Press.

Radford, A. 2001. Syntax: a minimalist introduction. Cambridge and New York: Cambrigde University Press.

Rizki, Putri Agung. An Analysis on Indonesian Translated Collocation in Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson and the Olympians ‘The Battle of the Labyrinth’. Unpublished thesis. Jakarta: State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah. Sharoff, S. 2004. Harnessing The Lawless: Using Comparable Corpora to Find

Translation Equivalents. School of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Leeds.

Sun, Weiwei, 2015. X-bar Theory.

Utami, Melisa Setya. 2013. Translation Shift of Noun Phrase in the SAFE Movie and Its Subtitling. Thesis. Surakarta: Muhammadyah University of Surakarta Press.

Van Valin, D. R. Jr. 2001. An Introduction to Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Venuti, L. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London & New York: Routledge.

Verhaar, J.W.M. 1993. LINGUISTIK. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bar_theory accessed on October 8, 2015

https://translate.google.co.id/#en/id/most accessed on January 29, 2016

https://pusatbahasaalazhar.wordpress.com/trik-belajar-bahasa-inggris/a-contrastive-analysis-between-english-and-indonesian-language/ accessed on December 6, 2015

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is written to provide the basic information of the study. It covers background of the study, statement of problems, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms. Each section is presented below.

1.1 Background of the Study

In solving communication problems between two different languages, especially in a written form, translation has a very important role to abridge the words, phrases, or sentences the readers do not understand. It is supported by Catford (1965: 20) who stated that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL)”. In other words, translation is an attempt to replace a written message in one language into another language.

Translation is the solution in understanding books or other materials as the supporting sources for the development of technology and science. Many books and materials about technology and science are published in English; therefore, they should be learned and understood by the people. Thus, translation provides the translation of those books or materials into the language which can be understood by the readers; in this case, the Indonesian people with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language.

Translation work exists to make the reader easier to get the information from books written in other different languages but the translation process is not that easy. Many have thought that if someone learns a language, he/she will be able to do translation. The fact, however, is not as simple as that because there are no two languages that are identical (Nida, 2000). In line with that statement, the translator has to master the linguistic and cultural divergence between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT).

In translation, there are many changes or shifts. Translation shift is a change in a word or a phrase from the source text to the target text which contains the similarity of meaning (Catford, 1978). Change of meaning or shift in translation sometimes cannot be avoided. In translating, a translator might find that some shifts of form must be conducted. This is in order to make the translation result acceptable in TT. Some shifts are also conducted to make the translation result becomes more aesthetic. This change or shift of form from ST to TT, in Catford’s theory, is called translation shift.

This study tries to find out the shifts in form and meaning in the Bahasa Indonesia translation of English noun phrases. This is because the core of equivalence and shifts are in the form and meaning. Some scholars have discussed the equivalence and shift phenomenon. Vinay and Dalbenert (2001) state that equivalence refers to cases where language describes the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means. Whereas, when the form in ST has a new form or a different form from the TT, it is called shifts.

The writer is interested to conduct an analysis about translation shifts, especially the shift of English noun phrases into Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases

because the linguistic rules of the two languages are significantly different. Based on the writer’s experience in taking the translation course, many students were still confused in differentiating the head from the modifier of the English noun phrases. The reason why the translation students found difficulty in differentiating the head words of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases is because English and Indonesian head words are not the same; that is because in Bahasa Indonesia, they are in the initial position, while in English, they are in the final position.

There are some previous studies which are relevant with this research. Hidayah (2012) conducted a research on the analysis of the accuracy, clearness, and the naturalness of the English adjective phrases translation of the novel “A Textbook Inside the Kingdom by Carmen bin Laden”. Pratiwi (2012) conducted a research of the types of translation shift in the novel “A Textbook Inside the Kingdom by Carmen bin Laden”.

The difference between this research and the previous researches can be seen from the translation focus that is not only on noun phrases but also on the analysis of the way the shift occurs. Another difference is related to the source of the data. The data source of the previous studies was the novel of “A Textbook Inside the Kingdom” by Carmen bin Laden and its translation version, while the data source of this present study is the novel of “The Cuckoo’s Calling by Robert Galbraith” and its translation version.

Based on the background above, the writer is interested to conduct a research of translation shift analysis. The writer will analyze the translation shifts in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling by Robert Galbraith”. The title of the research

is “Translation shift of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases in the novel of “The Cuckoo’s Calling” by Robert Galbarith and the translation version of “Dekut Burung Kukuk” by Siska Yuanita”.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Following the statement above, the problems can be formulated as follows:

1. What are the types English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases found in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” and the translation version “Dekut Burung Kukuk”?

2. What are the types of translation shifts committed by the translator in translating English into Bahasa Indonesia noun phrase?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

Based on the problems mentioned above, the purpose of the research are, as follows:

1. To find out the types of English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases found in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” and the translation version “Dekut Burung Kukuk”.

2. To find out the types of the translation shift of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases which were committed by the translator in the novel “Dekut Burung Kukuk”.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The result of this study is expected to help readers who are interested in translation, especially those who intend to learn further about translation shift of English noun phrases which are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. This result of

the study also provides further explanation of the classification of translation shift. Also, it is hoped that this research can be used as a framework for translating English texts into Bahasa Indonesia, especially the noun phrase.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the types of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases and the translation shifts found in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” by Robert Galbraith. This study is limited on the category translation shift of English noun phrases translation and its analysis only in Chapter 1 of novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” in which describes the 2nd main character. It is because when the writer first read this chapter, the writer found that there were many noun phrases which can be linguistically analyzed in this chapter.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the writer provides the definition of key terms as follows:

Translation isan attempt to replace a written message in one language into another language (Newmark, 1988). In this study, translation is an attempt to replace a written message in English language into Bahasa Indonesia. Noun phrase is a constituent composed of a noun and an article (Van Valin, 2001). This study analyzed English noun phrases from the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases from the novel “Dekut Burung Kukuk”.

Translation shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process of translation (Catford, 1978). In this study, translation shift is the

change of form from the English noun phrases into Bahasa Indonesia translation.

X-Bar theory is a substantive theory of phrase structure properties in natural languages (Kornai, 1997). It is used because the data will be analyzed through linguistic analysis.

To sum up, this chapter contains basic information of the study, namely: background of the study, statement of problems, purpose and significance of the study, scope and limitation, and the last, the definition of key terms. The following chapter will present about the review of related literatures which support this study.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter is written to provide the basic information of the study. It covers background of the study, statement of problems, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms. Each section is presented below.

1.1 Background of the Study

In solving communication problems between two different languages, especially in a written form, translation has a very important role to abridge the words, phrases, or sentences the readers do not understand. It is supported by Catford (1965: 20) who stated that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL)”. In other words, translation is an attempt to replace a written message in one language into another language.

Translation is the solution in understanding books or other materials as the supporting sources for the development of technology and science. Many books and materials about technology and science are published in English; therefore, they should be learned and understood by the people. Thus, translation provides the translation of those books or materials into the language which can be understood by the readers; in this case, the Indonesian people with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language.

Translation work exists to make the reader easier to get the information from books written in other different languages but the translation process is not that easy. Many have thought that if someone learns a language, he/she will be able to do translation. The fact, however, is not as simple as that because there are no two languages that are identical (Nida, 2000). In line with that statement, the translator has to master the linguistic and cultural divergence between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT).

In translation, there are many changes or shifts. Translation shift is a change in a word or a phrase from the source text to the target text which contains the similarity of meaning (Catford, 1978). Change of meaning or shift in translation sometimes cannot be avoided. In translating, a translator might find that some shifts of form must be conducted. This is in order to make the translation result acceptable in TT. Some shifts are also conducted to make the translation result becomes more aesthetic. This change or shift of form from ST to TT, in Catford’s theory, is called translation shift.

This study tries to find out the shifts in form and meaning in the Bahasa Indonesia translation of English noun phrases. This is because the core of equivalence and shifts are in the form and meaning. Some scholars have discussed the equivalence and shift phenomenon. Vinay and Dalbenert (2001) state that equivalence refers to cases where language describes the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means. Whereas, when the form in ST has a new form or a different form from the TT, it is called shifts.

The writer is interested to conduct an analysis about translation shifts, especially the shift of English noun phrases into Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases

because the linguistic rules of the two languages are significantly different. Based on the writer’s experience in taking the translation course, many students were still confused in differentiating the head from the modifier of the English noun phrases. The reason why the translation students found difficulty in differentiating the head words of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases is because English and Indonesian head words are not the same; that is because in Bahasa Indonesia, they are in the initial position, while in English, they are in the final position.

There are some previous studies which are relevant with this research. Hidayah (2012) conducted a research on the analysis of the accuracy, clearness, and the naturalness of the English adjective phrases translation of the novel “A Textbook Inside the Kingdom by Carmen bin Laden”. Pratiwi (2012) conducted a research of the types of translation shift in the novel “A Textbook Inside the Kingdom by Carmen bin Laden”.

The difference between this research and the previous researches can be seen from the translation focus that is not only on noun phrases but also on the analysis of the way the shift occurs. Another difference is related to the source of the data. The data source of the previous studies was the novel of “A Textbook Inside the Kingdom” by Carmen bin Laden and its translation version, while the data source of this present study is the novel of “The Cuckoo’s Calling by Robert Galbraith” and its translation version.

Based on the background above, the writer is interested to conduct a research of translation shift analysis. The writer will analyze the translation shifts in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling by Robert Galbraith”. The title of the research

is “Translation shift of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases in the novel of “The Cuckoo’s Calling” by Robert Galbarith and the translation version of “Dekut Burung Kukuk” by Siska Yuanita”.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Following the statement above, the problems can be formulated as follows:

1. What are the types English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases found in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” and the translation version “Dekut Burung Kukuk”?

2. What are the types of translation shifts committed by the translator in translating English into Bahasa Indonesia noun phrase?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

Based on the problems mentioned above, the purpose of the research are, as follows:

1. To find out the types of English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases found in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” and the translation version “Dekut Burung Kukuk”.

2. To find out the types of the translation shift of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases which were committed by the translator in the novel “Dekut Burung Kukuk”.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The result of this study is expected to help readers who are interested in translation, especially those who intend to learn further about translation shift of English noun phrases which are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. This result of

the study also provides further explanation of the classification of translation shift. Also, it is hoped that this research can be used as a framework for translating English texts into Bahasa Indonesia, especially the noun phrase.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the types of the English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases and the translation shifts found in the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” by Robert Galbraith. This study is limited on the category translation shift of English noun phrases translation and its analysis only in Chapter 1 of novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” in which describes the 2nd main character. It is because when the writer first read this chapter, the writer found that there were many noun phrases which can be linguistically analyzed in this chapter.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the writer provides the definition of key terms as follows:

Translation is an attempt to replace a written message in one language into another language (Newmark, 1988). In this study, translation is an attempt to replace a written message in English language into Bahasa Indonesia. Noun phrase is a constituent composed of a noun and an article (Van Valin, 2001). This study analyzed English noun phrases from the novel “The Cuckoo’s Calling” and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases from the novel “Dekut Burung Kukuk”.

Translation shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process of translation (Catford, 1978). In this study, translation shift is the

change of form from the English noun phrases into Bahasa Indonesia translation.

X-Bar theory is a substantive theory of phrase structure properties in natural languages (Kornai, 1997). It is used because the data will be analyzed through linguistic analysis.

To sum up, this chapter contains basic information of the study, namely: background of the study, statement of problems, purpose and significance of the study, scope and limitation, and the last, the definition of key terms. The following chapter will present about the review of related literatures which support this study.