77 the nature and conditions of translation adequacies in general – what constitutes the production
of translated texts through highlighting what is normal or average Creswell, 1998. The way the informants decide as to which an adequacy is taken to be the basis on which SL is replaced by
TL textual material Catford, 1965 generates the characteristics of insufficient meaning.
3.3. Techniques of Collecting the Data
Three kinds of data collection were used: in-depth, open ended interviews; direct observation; and written documents of the produced translations. The data from the interviews
consisted of written responses from both the informants about their experiences, opinions, feeling, and knowledge during the process of translating and the impact it brings to the target
readers Patton, 1980. In collecting relevant data for each research question, multiple data- collection techniques were utilized. The general outline of data collection for the three research
questions is as follows.
3.3.1. Research Question 1
How closely did the librarians preserve the meaning and quality of the original text?
Data collection 1: An after-class session structured interview following the completion of the observational protocols on requisites Sofer, 1996 to reveal the informants’ abilities and
preparedness was conducted to find out:
1. Whether the informants’ knowledge of both the SL and the TL was thorough. This
section of the observation dealt with the informants’ being fully familiar with the two
78 languages – language of the ST and language of the TT. Also, the informants’ vocabulary
being equal to the speakers of both languages was explored.
2. Whether the informants’ familiarity in both cultures was thorough. This section of the
observation dealt with the informants’ feelings, attitudes and beliefs regarding the living phenomenon of the two languages. Accordingly, the informants’ being fully familiar with
the languages must also deal with their being familiar with the cultures of the languages. In brief, this section sought to reveal all linguistic elements that may go into making a
culture.
3. Whether the informants kept up with the growth and change of the language, and were
up-to-date in all its nuances and neologisms. This part of the observation was constructed to provide the informants’ being updated in the constant state of flux of the two
languages, their awareness that a number of words change meaning from year to year Nida, 1976. Any neutral words in the text items being translated might have changed
compared to the same words twenty years ago – from neutral to being loaded with meaning.
4. Whether the informants were familiar with only their own language. This section sought
to reveal some degree of distinction between the languages the informants translated from and into. Further information sought included the informants’ ability in writing in the TL,
that is, being flawless in their native language but not necessarily reflected in the SL.
79 5.
Whether the informants were able to translate in more than one area of knowledge. What was sought through this section dealt with gathering data on areas other than the corpus
of Psychology that the informants must cover such like Communication, Sociology, and Medical Sciences. Their interest in increasing their vocabulary in a variety of related as
well as unrelated fields was also sought.
6. Whether the informants had a facility for writing and the ability to articulate accurately
the work they translated. This section of the observation sought to reveal the informants’ ability to transmit the author’s ideas in real time, and in sufficiently understandable
language. Their awareness that they are writers or second authors in a sense was also sought.
7. Whether the informants’ ability to develop research skills and acquire reference sources
worked to produce relatively high quality translation. This section sought to reveal the informants’ being always on the lookout for new reference sources and their being able to
keep developing a data bank which can be used in their work.
The message of the ST being preserved in the TT, the method being used, and the problems being encountered by the translators are then identified. The abilities and the degree of
preparedness on the informants’ part were interpreted by the number of negative in comparison to the number of positive responses. Analysis on the result included an evidence of the
informants’ ability falling into one of the categories of the six Abilities One to Six A1 – A6 as depicted in Table 2 on page 37.
80 Data collection 2: Direct observation of the informants’ translated texts was conducted. This
observation focused on observable linguistic background which included the informants’ various abilities of 11 components C1 – C11 of A1 – A6 in Table 2 in understanding a text – a potent
cultural object, as a means of communicating someone else’s ideas in which it had to satisfy conditions such as cohesion, coherence, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and
intertextuality Beaugrande and Dressler in Titscher, 2000.
Data collection 3: Focus group was the object of treatment to give clues as the informants’ strategies come to application. Using the existing data collected through different sources
produced translation texts, stimulated-recall interviews on strategy use, evidence-based insufficient renderings, and interviews with reader informants analyses were made of the
informants’ written products by juxtaposing them with the ST and the key instrument’s work. To ensure accurate representation of the informants’ translating processes, less formal but serving as
confirmation interviews on the produced translations with all informants were also conducted.
3.3.2. Research Question 2
