Enhanced Mobile Location Estimation With A Single Base Station.
i
ENHANCED MOBILE LOCATION ESTIMATION WITH A SINGLE BASE STATION
LIM CAI LI
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For The Bachelor Degree Of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics)
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer Universiti Teknikal Malayasia Melaka
(2)
ii
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek ENHANCED MOBILE LOCATION ESTIMATION WITH A SINGLE BASE STATION Sesi
Pengajian 1 3 / 1 4 1.
Saya LIM CAI LI mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
(3)
iii
“I hereby declare this report has been done by me except for the certain passage or summary that I already clarified each of their sources.”
Signature : ………..
Prepared by : LIM CAI LI
(4)
iv
“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion it is satisfied in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelor of Electronic Engineering with
Honors (Telecommunication Electronics).”
Signature : ………..
Supervised by : DR.AZMI BIN AWANG MD. ISA
(5)
v
Dedicated to my dearest dad and mum who supported me all the time and my friends who always by my side.
(6)
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.Azmi bin Awang Md. Isa who has accepted me as one of his students for Bachelor Degree Project. Thanks for his assistance and dedicated guidance throughout the whole project. Apart from that, my special thanks go to my parents, sisters and cousins who always support me in completing this project. Thousands of thanks needed to be spoken out to my friends who encourage and help me throughout the project development too. Last but not least, thanks to Technical University of Malaysia Melaka and many people who have helped me completing this project either directly or indirectly.
(7)
vii
ABSTRACT
Wireless telecommunication technology is getting more and more advance these days. Localization technology like mobile phone tracking has a lot space for expansion. In order to localize mobile station (MS), non-line of sight (NLOS) propagation of signal is one of the major problems faced during estimation. Positioning techniques like angle of arrival (AOA), angle of departure (AOD) and time of arrival (TOA) are used to reduce the error occurred. Besides, the conventional single input single output (SISO) technology can be replaced by multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology to improve efficiency. This leads to the idea to develop algorithm by extending virtual base stations concept for a single MIMO base station (SMBS). The methods used in this project is only MIMO and it is applied with different number of antenna at both transmitter and receiver sides. This project only covered the software part by using powerful simulation tool. MIMO with higher number of antenna will perform better location and position estimation.
(8)
viii
ABSTRAK
Teknologi telekomunikasi tanpa wayar menjadi semakin maju pada masa kini. Teknologi penyetempatan seperti pengesanan tempat telefon bimbit mempunyai banyak ruang untuk perkembangan. Untuk mengetahui posisi stesen bergerak (MS), garis bukan penglihatan (NLOS) perambatan isyarat adalah salah satu masalah utama yang dihadapi semasa anggaran. Teknik kedudukan seperti sudut ketibaan (AOA), sudut berlepas (AOD) dan masa ketibaan (TOA) digunakan untuk mengurangkan peluang berlakunya kesalahan anggaran. Selain itu, konvensional teknologi input tunggal keluaran tunggal (SISO) boleh digantikan dengan teknologi pelbagai input pelbagai output (MIMO) untuk meningkatkan kecekapan. Perkara ini membawa kepada idea untuk membangunkan algoritma dengan meluaskan konsep stesen pangkalan maya untuk stesen pangkalan tunggal yang menggunakan sistem MIMO (SMBS). Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan dalam projek ini hanya MIMO dan ia digunakan dengan nombor antena berbeza di kedua-dua antena pemancar dan antena penerima. Projek ini hanya meliputi bahagian perisian dengan menggunakan alat simulasi. MIMO dengan bilangan antena yang lebih tinggi antena akan memberi keputusan lokasi dan anggaran kedudukan yang lebih baik.
(9)
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER CONTENT
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION FORM ii
DECLARATION iii
APPROVAL iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF APPENDIX xviii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Scope Of Project 4
(10)
x
1.6 Project Report Structure 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 WIMAX 7
2.1.1 Advantages of WiMAX 8
2.1.2 How WiMAX Works 9
2.2 Location And Positioning Techniques 11
2.2.1 Cell-ID and TA Method 12
2.2.2 Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) 13
2.2.3 Angle of Arrival (AOA) 13
2.2.4 Time of Arrival (TOA) 14
2.2.5 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) 15
2.3 MIMO 15
2.3.1 Benefits of MIMO 17
2.4 Current Research of L&P 19
3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Flow Chart 21
3.2 Location And Positioning 23
3.2.1 System Model for Single MIMO Base Station
(SMBS) 23
3.2.2 SMBS Algorithm Using Linear Least Estimation 27
3.2.3 Proposed Technique 30
4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 37
4.1 MATLAB 37
4.1.1 Using MATLAB 38
4.1.2 M-File 39
(11)
xi
4.2.1 LLS Algorithm 42
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44
5.1 Results 44
5.2 Results Analysis 46
5.2.1 MIMO (Nt x Nr) 46
5.2.2 Ring of Scatterer (ROS) 51
5.2.3 Distance between BS and MS 53
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 56
6.1 Conclusion 56
6.2 Recommendation 57
REFERENCES 59
(12)
xii
LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Comparison of existing location and positioning estimation
for mobile station 19
5.1 Analysis Result of Number of MIMO 47
5.2 Analysis of Radius of ROS in Meter 51
(13)
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 WiMAX: One Solution for Multiple Needs 11
2.2 The Basic Principle of Cell-ID and Enhanced Cell-ID Methods 12 2.3 Positioning By Measuring Angles from Two Access Points 14
2.4 2X2 MIMO System 16
3.1 Flow Chart of Project 22
3.2 The MIMO Channel Model Angle Parameter 23
3.3 Simplified 3GPP Channel Model for MIMO Simulations 24 3.4 Geometry of Obtaining 1st SMVirBS Based Location System 36
3.5 Relationship between the Physical BS, VirBSs and MS 36
4.1 A MATLAB Desktop 38
4.2 Flow Chart for Software Development 41
5.1 Initial Result 45
5.2 2x1 MIMO 47
5.3 2x2 MIMO 48
(14)
xiv
5.5 4x4 MIMO 49
5.6 CDF Comparisons of Location Errors for Several MIMO
Antenna Array 50
5.7 Effect of the Radius of ROS on Average RMSE Performance between The Proposed SMVirBS And LLS Algorithms With
several antenna Mode Configurations 53
5.8 Comparison of Average RMSE for the SMVirBS and LLS
(15)
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AOA - Angle of Arrival AOD - Angle of Departure
AMC - Adaptive Modulation and Coding AWGN - Addictive White Gaussian Noise
BS - Base Station
CDF - Cumulative Distribution Function CPE - Customer-Provided Equipment DOA - Direction of Arrival
DOP - Dilution of Precision
GDOP - Geometric Dilution of Precision
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISDN - Integrated Service Digital Network
IMT - International Mobile Telecommunications LAN - Local Area Network
LLS - Linear Least Square
LS - Least Square
LOB - Line of Bearing LOS - Line of Sight
(16)
xvi L&P - Localization and Positioning
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
MS - Mobile Station
NLOS - Non-Line of Sight PAN - Personal Area Network
PC - Personal Computer
QOS - Quality-of-Service
RF - Radio Frequency
RMSE - Root-Mean-Square Error ROS - Ring of Scatterer
RSS - Received Signal Strength
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication SBM - Single Bounce Macrocell Model SD - Sequential Derivation
SINR - Signal-to-Noise-Plus-Interference Ratio SISO - Single Input Singe Output
SMBS - Single MIMO Base Station
SMVirBS - Single MIMO with Virtual Base Station SVD - Singular Value Decomposition
(17)
xvii TDOA - Time Difference of Arrival
TOA - Time of Arrival TOF - Time of Flight VirBS - Virtual Base Station WAN - Wide Area Network
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN - Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
3G - Third Generation
(18)
xviii
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TITLE
PAGE
(19)
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1.1
In this globalization era, communications by using internet play a vital role by linking people around the world. About 10 years ago, internet is used by using cable modem, dial-up connection or ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) [1]. For easing people, wireless broadband or wireless internet connections have been created and implemented in telecommunication sector. By having wireless internet connection, people can use internet at anywhere and anytime.
Wireless technology used radio frequency (RF) to transmit the data from one point[1] to another. The typical RF range is from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, and the frequency range used by each country for wireless technology is different. Wireless network can be divided into a few types, according to their coverage area, which are Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) [2]. There are many standard for each of the network, for example the commonly known standard like Wi-Fi (LAN), 3G (WAN) and WIMAX (MAN).
(20)
2
The wireless technology is getting popular, wider and advanced since there are many competitors who try to provide better network coverage and performance. One of the wireless famous standards is WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). This standard provides high-speed data rates and it has wide coverage area.
Location and positioning technology also have great interest to explore in aspects of navigation, tracking, security and monitoring movement of the mobile devices. This technology helps a lot in determining the location and position of mobile phones since most of the emergency calls received is from mobile phones. Thus in this situation, the accurate location information should be delivered by using wireless technology.
There are many kinds of localization and positioning technique like received signal strength (RSS), angel of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA) and so on. To achieve satisfactory location estimation accuracy, at least three base stations (BS) is required for most of the location estimation algorithms.
In this project, we are using a single base station with MIMO system to approximate the location of mobile station (MS) by using method of AOA, AOD and distance of the propagation path of multipath signals. With the assist of virtual base station, the estimation of MS location by using a single MIMO base station is enhanced. Thus, the single MIMO base station (SMBS) algorithm with virtual base station for simulation is required to be developed.
(21)
3 Objectives
1.2
The development of this project comes with several objectives. The objectives include:
To develop hybrid algorithm that utilizing a single MIMO Base Station by extending the virtual BS concept to further improve the accuracy of location estimation
To develop algorithm for simulation of the proposed L&P technique
To incorporate the developed algorithm into WiMAX specification and evaluate the performance of the algorithm
Problem Statement 1.3
To achieve a satisfactory level of location and positioning of a mobile device, at least three base stations are needed. This means that the location of mobile device cannot be accurately estimate if there are not enough base stations around it. This project is about to localize user’s position and to enhance the accuracy of the estimation location and position of a WiMAX user by using a single base station.
One of the major problems that affect the accuracy of the estimation is the non-line of sight (NLOS) propagation, which is the absence of non-line of sight (LOS) between base stations (BS) and mobile stations (MS). Thus, hybrid positioning technique like the combination of angle of departure (AOD), angle of arrival (AOA), and time of arrival (TOA) are used to decrease the error of position estimation due to NLOS propagation.
(22)
4
Besides, estimation of location and position of the user by using only a single base station will decrease the accuracy and precision of the actual location of the user. Most of base stations implemented single input single output (SISO) technology which consist one transmitter antenna and one receiver antenna at each base station respectively. In this case, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is proposed to be used in to solve this problem.
Scope of Project 1.4
The aim of this project is to develop algorithm of location and positioning enhancement by using a single base station for WiMAX. The existing algorithms for SMBS are reviewed and developed. Then, the SMBS algorithm with virtual base station is developed and proposed.
The proposed algorithm with virtual base station consider the hybrid location and positioning technique that consist of time of arrival (TOA), angle of departure (AOD), and angle of arrival (AOA).
This project will not cover the hardware part. The software part of this project will be done mainly by using MATLAB software.
(23)
5 Brief Explanation on Methodology
1.5
Antenna technology includes single input single output (SISO), multiple input multiple output (MIMO), relay station, beam forming and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). However, the project is limited to one method which is MIMO.
There are several positioning technique can be used. They include received signal strength (RSS), time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), direction of arrival (DOA), angle of departure (AOD), angle of arrival (AOA), and others. The technique used in this project is TOA, AOA and AOD since it only uses a single base station.
Before developing the SMBS algorithm, the fundamental information about WiMAX, MIMO and the existing algorithm are reviewed. Then, the existing SMBS algorithm is further developed and verifies it with powerful simulation tool. The proposed algorithm with virtual base station is developed and validates its enhancement efficiency by using simulation tool. The performances of the existing and proposed algorithm are evaluated.
Project Report Structure 1.6
WiMAX, location and positioning techniques and MIMO will be discussed in Chapter 2. The methodology of this project will be showed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 includes the software development of the SMBS algorithm. The results obtained will be
(24)
6 discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 consists of the conclusions of this project and recommendation.
(1)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1.1
In this globalization era, communications by using internet play a vital role by linking people around the world. About 10 years ago, internet is used by using cable modem, dial-up connection or ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) [1]. For easing people, wireless broadband or wireless internet connections have been created and implemented in telecommunication sector. By having wireless internet connection, people can use internet at anywhere and anytime.
Wireless technology used radio frequency (RF) to transmit the data from one point[1] to another. The typical RF range is from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, and the frequency range used by each country for wireless technology is different. Wireless network can be divided into a few types, according to their coverage area, which are Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) [2]. There are many standard for each of the network, for example the commonly known standard like Wi-Fi (LAN), 3G (WAN) and WIMAX (MAN).
(2)
The wireless technology is getting popular, wider and advanced since there are many competitors who try to provide better network coverage and performance. One of the wireless famous standards is WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). This standard provides high-speed data rates and it has wide coverage area.
Location and positioning technology also have great interest to explore in aspects of navigation, tracking, security and monitoring movement of the mobile devices. This technology helps a lot in determining the location and position of mobile phones since most of the emergency calls received is from mobile phones. Thus in this situation, the accurate location information should be delivered by using wireless technology.
There are many kinds of localization and positioning technique like received signal strength (RSS), angel of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA) and so on. To achieve satisfactory location estimation accuracy, at least three base stations (BS) is required for most of the location estimation algorithms.
In this project, we are using a single base station with MIMO system to approximate the location of mobile station (MS) by using method of AOA, AOD and distance of the propagation path of multipath signals. With the assist of virtual base station, the estimation of MS location by using a single MIMO base station is enhanced. Thus, the single MIMO base station (SMBS) algorithm with virtual base station for simulation is required to be developed.
(3)
The development of this project comes with several objectives. The objectives include:
To develop hybrid algorithm that utilizing a single MIMO Base Station by extending the virtual BS concept to further improve the accuracy of location estimation
To develop algorithm for simulation of the proposed L&P technique
To incorporate the developed algorithm into WiMAX specification and evaluate the performance of the algorithm
Problem Statement 1.3
To achieve a satisfactory level of location and positioning of a mobile device, at least three base stations are needed. This means that the location of mobile device cannot be accurately estimate if there are not enough base stations around it. This project is about to localize user’s position and to enhance the accuracy of the estimation location and position of a WiMAX user by using a single base station.
One of the major problems that affect the accuracy of the estimation is the non-line of sight (NLOS) propagation, which is the absence of non-line of sight (LOS) between base stations (BS) and mobile stations (MS). Thus, hybrid positioning technique like the combination of angle of departure (AOD), angle of arrival (AOA), and time of arrival (TOA) are used to decrease the error of position estimation due to NLOS propagation.
(4)
Besides, estimation of location and position of the user by using only a single base station will decrease the accuracy and precision of the actual location of the user. Most of base stations implemented single input single output (SISO) technology which consist one transmitter antenna and one receiver antenna at each base station respectively. In this case, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is proposed to be used in to solve this problem.
Scope of Project 1.4
The aim of this project is to develop algorithm of location and positioning enhancement by using a single base station for WiMAX. The existing algorithms for SMBS are reviewed and developed. Then, the SMBS algorithm with virtual base station is developed and proposed.
The proposed algorithm with virtual base station consider the hybrid location and positioning technique that consist of time of arrival (TOA), angle of departure (AOD), and angle of arrival (AOA).
This project will not cover the hardware part. The software part of this project will be done mainly by using MATLAB software.
(5)
Antenna technology includes single input single output (SISO), multiple input multiple output (MIMO), relay station, beam forming and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). However, the project is limited to one method which is MIMO.
There are several positioning technique can be used. They include received signal strength (RSS), time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), direction of arrival (DOA), angle of departure (AOD), angle of arrival (AOA), and others. The technique used in this project is TOA, AOA and AOD since it only uses a single base station.
Before developing the SMBS algorithm, the fundamental information about WiMAX, MIMO and the existing algorithm are reviewed. Then, the existing SMBS algorithm is further developed and verifies it with powerful simulation tool. The proposed algorithm with virtual base station is developed and validates its enhancement efficiency by using simulation tool. The performances of the existing and proposed algorithm are evaluated.
Project Report Structure 1.6
WiMAX, location and positioning techniques and MIMO will be discussed in Chapter 2. The methodology of this project will be showed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 includes the software development of the SMBS algorithm. The results obtained will be
(6)
discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 consists of the conclusions of this project and recommendation.