Applicative Model in Utilizing Mulberry Plant as a Worth Feed Resource for Increasing Farmers’ Income
Applicative Model in Utilizing Mulberry Plant as a Worth Feed
Resource for Increasing Farmers’ Income
S. Syahrir1,* & A. Natsir1
1
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Hasanuddin University,
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Km. 10, Tamalanrea, Makasar, 90245, Indonesia
*e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Integration of mulberry plant and livestock can be optimal when implement
the applicable management that promote benefits to the farmers, so it can support
its sustainability. The aim of this research was to improve farmers’ income as well
as animal productivity by exploring some applicative models. There were three
applicative models which were tested: the P1 Model= introduction of two goats
into the silkworm farming system to enable them to utilize mulberry leaves that are
not consumed by the silkworms; the P2 Model= Using the whole mulberry plants
as feed ingredients for two feedlot cattle; the P3 Model= Selling mulberry leaves
produced for concentrate ingredient. Parameter measured was net income generated
from each model. Result of the study indicated that integration models of mulberry
plant with livestock have their own uniqueness to be applied. The highest income
for farmer was obtained when the whole mulberry plant was used as feedstuff for
feedlot cattle (the P2 model). Income of Silkworm farmers also increased when
applying the P1 model, which introduced two goats for each box of silkworm rose.
But in a certain occasion, it was more beneficial for the farmers to harvest and dry
mulberry plant then sells it for concentrate ingredient (the P3 model). In conclusion,
the main factor to be considered in choosing one particular model to be implemented
is mainly determined by ability of the farmers to procure cattle or goat to be raised
in the mulberry plant–livestock integration model without ignoring the forecast of
dry and rainy seasons.
Keywords: Integration model, mulberry, livestock, income, farmers
Introducton
Utlzng locally avalable feedstuff can be consdered as a strategc and wse
choce. The choce s gvng a chance to enhance naton self-suffcency n lvestock
sector. Mulberry plant as a local feed resource has a potency to be a value feedstuff
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
675
due to ts potental producton, ts nutrent content and ts well adaptable growth.
Estmate producton of mulberry leaves could reach 19 tones DM/ha/year, whch
s hgher than the yeld of such other legumes as Gliricidia sepium wth producton
7-9 tones DM/ha/year (Horne et al., 1994). Nutrent contents of mulberry are crude
proten 22-23%; total sugars 8-10%, mnerals 12-18%, ADF 35%, NDF45.6%,
hemcellulosess 10-40%, cellulose 21.8% (Datta et al., 2002). Based on the nutrent
contents and hgh producton of leaves, t s potental to substtute concentrate n
rumnant feedng system (Doran et al., 2006).
An experment to evaluate the potency of mulberry leaves for substtuton of
concentrate on rce straw based feedng system has been conducted. The result of
the study ndcated that 50% of mulberry leaves could be used as the optmum level
for substtuton of concentrate. Ths level ncreased the rumnal bo-fermentaton
(Syahrr et al, 2009).
A good management n crop-lvestock ntegraton should prortze the beneft
for farmer so that t could support sustanable ncrease n lvestock producton.
Therefore a study on ntegrated farmng system, especally applcatve model on
the ntegraton of mulberry plants and lvestock becomes mportant. The purpose of
ths research was to buld a management model of the ntegraton of mulberry plant
and lvestock system n order to ncrease farmer ncome and to support sustanable
lvestock producton.
Materals And Methods
The study was carred out n three spots of lands of mulberry plant estate,
Enrekang Regency. The sze of each land secton was approxmately 3,000 m2 (the
sze s equvalent to an area of a mulberry estate requred to rase three boxes of
slkworms). Each secton of land was assgned to one of the three applcatve models
of ntegrated mulberry plant and lvestock as treatments. The models were:
The P1 Model = The ntroducton of two goats nto one box of slkworm farmng
so that the goats can utlze mulberry leaves whch are not consumed
by the slkworms.
The P2 Model = Replacng the slkworm farmng wth fattenng two beef cattle
The P3 Model = Farmers produce mulberry leaves that wll be sold as ngredent for
concentrate. The sellng prce wll be adjusted smlar to the market
prce of mulberry leaves.
Feld study was conducted for sx months conssted of three perods (two
perods for rasng slkworm and one perod for beef cattle fattenng). The whole cost
used for rasng slkworms and for feed supplement (other than mulberry leaves) of
the P1 and the P2 models were calculated as the producton cost. Smlarly, ncome
generated from sellng the cocoon and lvestock of both models was consdered as
676
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
the ncome. Parameters measured were total producton cost and ncome of each
applcatve model. Data were analyzed descrptvely.
Results And Dscusson
All of the three models showed certan unqueness. The selecton of one partcular model to be appled by farmers wll be strongly nfluenced by each farmer’s
captal for obtanng cow or goat as well as the season and condton of mulberres.
Each of the resultng applcatve models s descrbed below:
The P1 Model
Ths applcatve ntegraton model of slkworm farmng wth goat s ntended
to maxmze the utlzaton of mulberry. In ths ntegraton model, farmers rase
slkworms by provdng an area of + 1000 m2 of mulberry plants.
Some of the mulberry plants were not utlzed durng the slkworm farmng,
because farmers always provde an area of mulberry plantaton that exceed the
necessary amount needed, antcpatng a condton of neffectve mulberry plants. In
addton, the mulberry leaves left over from feedng on the slkworms are usually
avalable. The ntroducton of goats for slkworm farmers can optmze mulberry
plant utlzaton, leadng to an ncrease of the farmer’s ncome.
Durng the 6 months of mulberry farmng actvty, the ntroducton of two
goats ncreased the farmer’s ncome by Rp 633,000. Ths addtonal revenue almost
equals to the man ncome obtaned from sole slkworm farmng of Rp 643,667
(Table 1), gvng total revenue for the farmers of Rp 1,277,000. Another advantage
ganed from the ntroducton of two goats nto slkworm farmng was the avalablty
of composted manure from goat feces whch helped reduce the producton cost of
mulberry plantng.
The P2 Model
Applcatve model whch replace slkworms wth fattenng two beef cattle was
used by farmers who possess a land of mulberry plants to rase one box of slkworm.
The descrptve data can be seen n Table 1, n whch durng the 6 months of study,
when the whole mulberry plant was used as feedstuff for feedlot cattle, the average
ncome for the farmers was Rp 1,833,000. The ncome was even larger f the cost of
grass supples used to feed cattle whch s usually calculated as a mantenance cost
of Rp 950,000/farmer, was ncluded as farmer’s ncome.
In addton to the ncome obtaned from the purchase and sale prce of the
fattenng cattle, farmers also benefted from the feces producton of the cattle. The
feces produced by one beef cattle was approxmately 3 kg DM/day, therefore each
farmer can acqure more proft from as much as 6 kg DM/day of feces producton.
Ths can replace most of the cost of fertlzer used on mulberry plants.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
677
Table 1. The average producton cost, gross ncome, and net ncome of slkworm farmers
applyng ether the P1,P2, or P3 models
No
Descrpton
The P1 Model
Man ncome from slkworm
Producton cost :
- Rasng perod I (Rp)
- Rasng perod II (Rp)
Total cost (Rp)
Gross ncome (Rp)
Net ncome (Rp)
Addtonal ncome from ncluson of goat
Producton coast:
- Prce of goat (Rp)
- Vaccnaton and medcne (Rp)
Total cost (Rp)
Gross ncome (Rp)
Net ncome(Rp)
Total net ncome (Rp)
The P2 Model
Cattle fattenng
Producton cost :
- Cattle (Rp)
- Grass (Rp)
- Vaccnaton and medcne (Rp)
Total producton cost (Rp)
Gross ncome (Rp)
Total net ncome (Rp)
The P3 Model
Harvest I
Fresh mulberry leaves producton (kg)
Dry mulberry leaves producton (kg)
Net ncome* (Rp)
Harvest II
Fresh mulberry leaves yeld (kg)
Dry mulberry leaves yeld (kg)
Net ncome* (Rp)
Total producton
Fresh mulberry leaves (kg)
Dry mulberry leaves (kg)
Total net ncome ( Rp)
Value
128,000
183,000
311,000
954,667
643,667
1,666,667
100,000
1,766,667
2,400,000
633,333
1,277,000
9,066,667
950,000
100,000
10,116,667
12,000,000
1,883,333
526
149
446,000
973
224
673,000
1,499
373
1,119,000
*Prce of mulberry leaves meal = Rp. 3.000/kg
678
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
The P3 Model
The applcaton of the P3 model that nvolves the producton of raw materal n
the form of mulberry plant bomass by mulberry plant farmers, whch wll then be
sold as feed ngredents for concentrate, s another vable alternatve. Durng the 6
month perod of research, the ncome that farmers ganed from the sale of dred mulberry leaves usually used for feedng 1 box of slkworms was Rp. 1,119,000. (Table
1). Ths result was hgher than the ncome of farmers who solely farm slkworms,
whch amounted to Rp. 643,667, but slghtly lower than the ncome of mulberry
farmers who farm slkworms and also ntroduced two goats, whch amounted to Rp
1,277,000 (Table 1).
The applcaton of the P3 model s effectve for farmers who face certan
problems whch resulted n ncapablty for them to farm slkworms for a certan
perod of tme. All ths tme, durng the perods where mulberry farmers are ncapable
of farmng slkworms due to certan constrants, the mulberry plants are left to grow
and are only trmmed when the farmers are ready to nurture slkworms.
Concluson
Applcaton of each of the Integraton models of mulberry-lvestock has ts
own unqueness. The conclusons that could be drawn from the applcaton of those
three models are:
1. Utlzaton the whole mulberry leaves as feedstuff for fattenng beef cattle (the P2
Model) generates the hghest ncome for the slkworm farmers.
2. Revenue for the slkworm farmers ncreases when applyng the P1 Model, whch
s ntroducng two goats for every box of slkworm.
3. When mulberry farmers face a problem partcularly n a certan condton, they
could harvest and dry the mulberry plant then sell t as ngredent for leaf meal
concentrate (the P3 Model).
Reference
Datta RK. 2002. Mulberry cultvaton and utlzaton n Inda. D dalam: Sanchez
MD, edtor. Mulberry for Anmal Producton. Proceedngs of an electronc
conference carred out, May and August 2000. Roma: FAO Anmal Producton and Health Paper 147. hlm 45-62.
Doran MP, Laca EA and Sanz RD. 2006. Folage (Morus alba), alfalfa hay and oat
hay n sheep. J Anifeed Sci 2006:11.016
Horne PM, Pond KR, Batubara LP. 1995. Sheep under rubber: prospects and research prortes n Indonesa. D dalam: Mullen BF, Shelton HH, Edtor. Integraton of Rumnants nto Plantaton Systems n Southeast Asa p. 58- 64
Sngh B, Makkar HPS. 2002. The potental of mulberry folage as a feed supplement
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
679
n Inda. D dalam : Sánchez MD. Edtor. Mulberry for anmal producton.
Proceedngs of an electronc conference carred out, May and August 2000.
FAO Anmal Producton and Health Paper 147. hlm 139-156.
Stewart CS. 1991. The rumen bactera. D dalam : Jouany JP, edtor. Rumen Mcrobal Metabolsm and Rumnant Dgeston. Pars: INRA Edtons, Pars. p.
15 – 26.
Syahrr, S., K.G. Wryawan, O.N. Sar. 2009. Fermentabltas Pakan Berserat dalam
Rumen n vtro yang dber Eksrak Daun Murbe. Buletn Ilmu Peternakan dan
Perkanan Vol. XIII (2) Jul 2009.
680
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Resource for Increasing Farmers’ Income
S. Syahrir1,* & A. Natsir1
1
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Hasanuddin University,
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Km. 10, Tamalanrea, Makasar, 90245, Indonesia
*e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Integration of mulberry plant and livestock can be optimal when implement
the applicable management that promote benefits to the farmers, so it can support
its sustainability. The aim of this research was to improve farmers’ income as well
as animal productivity by exploring some applicative models. There were three
applicative models which were tested: the P1 Model= introduction of two goats
into the silkworm farming system to enable them to utilize mulberry leaves that are
not consumed by the silkworms; the P2 Model= Using the whole mulberry plants
as feed ingredients for two feedlot cattle; the P3 Model= Selling mulberry leaves
produced for concentrate ingredient. Parameter measured was net income generated
from each model. Result of the study indicated that integration models of mulberry
plant with livestock have their own uniqueness to be applied. The highest income
for farmer was obtained when the whole mulberry plant was used as feedstuff for
feedlot cattle (the P2 model). Income of Silkworm farmers also increased when
applying the P1 model, which introduced two goats for each box of silkworm rose.
But in a certain occasion, it was more beneficial for the farmers to harvest and dry
mulberry plant then sells it for concentrate ingredient (the P3 model). In conclusion,
the main factor to be considered in choosing one particular model to be implemented
is mainly determined by ability of the farmers to procure cattle or goat to be raised
in the mulberry plant–livestock integration model without ignoring the forecast of
dry and rainy seasons.
Keywords: Integration model, mulberry, livestock, income, farmers
Introducton
Utlzng locally avalable feedstuff can be consdered as a strategc and wse
choce. The choce s gvng a chance to enhance naton self-suffcency n lvestock
sector. Mulberry plant as a local feed resource has a potency to be a value feedstuff
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
675
due to ts potental producton, ts nutrent content and ts well adaptable growth.
Estmate producton of mulberry leaves could reach 19 tones DM/ha/year, whch
s hgher than the yeld of such other legumes as Gliricidia sepium wth producton
7-9 tones DM/ha/year (Horne et al., 1994). Nutrent contents of mulberry are crude
proten 22-23%; total sugars 8-10%, mnerals 12-18%, ADF 35%, NDF45.6%,
hemcellulosess 10-40%, cellulose 21.8% (Datta et al., 2002). Based on the nutrent
contents and hgh producton of leaves, t s potental to substtute concentrate n
rumnant feedng system (Doran et al., 2006).
An experment to evaluate the potency of mulberry leaves for substtuton of
concentrate on rce straw based feedng system has been conducted. The result of
the study ndcated that 50% of mulberry leaves could be used as the optmum level
for substtuton of concentrate. Ths level ncreased the rumnal bo-fermentaton
(Syahrr et al, 2009).
A good management n crop-lvestock ntegraton should prortze the beneft
for farmer so that t could support sustanable ncrease n lvestock producton.
Therefore a study on ntegrated farmng system, especally applcatve model on
the ntegraton of mulberry plants and lvestock becomes mportant. The purpose of
ths research was to buld a management model of the ntegraton of mulberry plant
and lvestock system n order to ncrease farmer ncome and to support sustanable
lvestock producton.
Materals And Methods
The study was carred out n three spots of lands of mulberry plant estate,
Enrekang Regency. The sze of each land secton was approxmately 3,000 m2 (the
sze s equvalent to an area of a mulberry estate requred to rase three boxes of
slkworms). Each secton of land was assgned to one of the three applcatve models
of ntegrated mulberry plant and lvestock as treatments. The models were:
The P1 Model = The ntroducton of two goats nto one box of slkworm farmng
so that the goats can utlze mulberry leaves whch are not consumed
by the slkworms.
The P2 Model = Replacng the slkworm farmng wth fattenng two beef cattle
The P3 Model = Farmers produce mulberry leaves that wll be sold as ngredent for
concentrate. The sellng prce wll be adjusted smlar to the market
prce of mulberry leaves.
Feld study was conducted for sx months conssted of three perods (two
perods for rasng slkworm and one perod for beef cattle fattenng). The whole cost
used for rasng slkworms and for feed supplement (other than mulberry leaves) of
the P1 and the P2 models were calculated as the producton cost. Smlarly, ncome
generated from sellng the cocoon and lvestock of both models was consdered as
676
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
the ncome. Parameters measured were total producton cost and ncome of each
applcatve model. Data were analyzed descrptvely.
Results And Dscusson
All of the three models showed certan unqueness. The selecton of one partcular model to be appled by farmers wll be strongly nfluenced by each farmer’s
captal for obtanng cow or goat as well as the season and condton of mulberres.
Each of the resultng applcatve models s descrbed below:
The P1 Model
Ths applcatve ntegraton model of slkworm farmng wth goat s ntended
to maxmze the utlzaton of mulberry. In ths ntegraton model, farmers rase
slkworms by provdng an area of + 1000 m2 of mulberry plants.
Some of the mulberry plants were not utlzed durng the slkworm farmng,
because farmers always provde an area of mulberry plantaton that exceed the
necessary amount needed, antcpatng a condton of neffectve mulberry plants. In
addton, the mulberry leaves left over from feedng on the slkworms are usually
avalable. The ntroducton of goats for slkworm farmers can optmze mulberry
plant utlzaton, leadng to an ncrease of the farmer’s ncome.
Durng the 6 months of mulberry farmng actvty, the ntroducton of two
goats ncreased the farmer’s ncome by Rp 633,000. Ths addtonal revenue almost
equals to the man ncome obtaned from sole slkworm farmng of Rp 643,667
(Table 1), gvng total revenue for the farmers of Rp 1,277,000. Another advantage
ganed from the ntroducton of two goats nto slkworm farmng was the avalablty
of composted manure from goat feces whch helped reduce the producton cost of
mulberry plantng.
The P2 Model
Applcatve model whch replace slkworms wth fattenng two beef cattle was
used by farmers who possess a land of mulberry plants to rase one box of slkworm.
The descrptve data can be seen n Table 1, n whch durng the 6 months of study,
when the whole mulberry plant was used as feedstuff for feedlot cattle, the average
ncome for the farmers was Rp 1,833,000. The ncome was even larger f the cost of
grass supples used to feed cattle whch s usually calculated as a mantenance cost
of Rp 950,000/farmer, was ncluded as farmer’s ncome.
In addton to the ncome obtaned from the purchase and sale prce of the
fattenng cattle, farmers also benefted from the feces producton of the cattle. The
feces produced by one beef cattle was approxmately 3 kg DM/day, therefore each
farmer can acqure more proft from as much as 6 kg DM/day of feces producton.
Ths can replace most of the cost of fertlzer used on mulberry plants.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
677
Table 1. The average producton cost, gross ncome, and net ncome of slkworm farmers
applyng ether the P1,P2, or P3 models
No
Descrpton
The P1 Model
Man ncome from slkworm
Producton cost :
- Rasng perod I (Rp)
- Rasng perod II (Rp)
Total cost (Rp)
Gross ncome (Rp)
Net ncome (Rp)
Addtonal ncome from ncluson of goat
Producton coast:
- Prce of goat (Rp)
- Vaccnaton and medcne (Rp)
Total cost (Rp)
Gross ncome (Rp)
Net ncome(Rp)
Total net ncome (Rp)
The P2 Model
Cattle fattenng
Producton cost :
- Cattle (Rp)
- Grass (Rp)
- Vaccnaton and medcne (Rp)
Total producton cost (Rp)
Gross ncome (Rp)
Total net ncome (Rp)
The P3 Model
Harvest I
Fresh mulberry leaves producton (kg)
Dry mulberry leaves producton (kg)
Net ncome* (Rp)
Harvest II
Fresh mulberry leaves yeld (kg)
Dry mulberry leaves yeld (kg)
Net ncome* (Rp)
Total producton
Fresh mulberry leaves (kg)
Dry mulberry leaves (kg)
Total net ncome ( Rp)
Value
128,000
183,000
311,000
954,667
643,667
1,666,667
100,000
1,766,667
2,400,000
633,333
1,277,000
9,066,667
950,000
100,000
10,116,667
12,000,000
1,883,333
526
149
446,000
973
224
673,000
1,499
373
1,119,000
*Prce of mulberry leaves meal = Rp. 3.000/kg
678
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
The P3 Model
The applcaton of the P3 model that nvolves the producton of raw materal n
the form of mulberry plant bomass by mulberry plant farmers, whch wll then be
sold as feed ngredents for concentrate, s another vable alternatve. Durng the 6
month perod of research, the ncome that farmers ganed from the sale of dred mulberry leaves usually used for feedng 1 box of slkworms was Rp. 1,119,000. (Table
1). Ths result was hgher than the ncome of farmers who solely farm slkworms,
whch amounted to Rp. 643,667, but slghtly lower than the ncome of mulberry
farmers who farm slkworms and also ntroduced two goats, whch amounted to Rp
1,277,000 (Table 1).
The applcaton of the P3 model s effectve for farmers who face certan
problems whch resulted n ncapablty for them to farm slkworms for a certan
perod of tme. All ths tme, durng the perods where mulberry farmers are ncapable
of farmng slkworms due to certan constrants, the mulberry plants are left to grow
and are only trmmed when the farmers are ready to nurture slkworms.
Concluson
Applcaton of each of the Integraton models of mulberry-lvestock has ts
own unqueness. The conclusons that could be drawn from the applcaton of those
three models are:
1. Utlzaton the whole mulberry leaves as feedstuff for fattenng beef cattle (the P2
Model) generates the hghest ncome for the slkworm farmers.
2. Revenue for the slkworm farmers ncreases when applyng the P1 Model, whch
s ntroducng two goats for every box of slkworm.
3. When mulberry farmers face a problem partcularly n a certan condton, they
could harvest and dry the mulberry plant then sell t as ngredent for leaf meal
concentrate (the P3 Model).
Reference
Datta RK. 2002. Mulberry cultvaton and utlzaton n Inda. D dalam: Sanchez
MD, edtor. Mulberry for Anmal Producton. Proceedngs of an electronc
conference carred out, May and August 2000. Roma: FAO Anmal Producton and Health Paper 147. hlm 45-62.
Doran MP, Laca EA and Sanz RD. 2006. Folage (Morus alba), alfalfa hay and oat
hay n sheep. J Anifeed Sci 2006:11.016
Horne PM, Pond KR, Batubara LP. 1995. Sheep under rubber: prospects and research prortes n Indonesa. D dalam: Mullen BF, Shelton HH, Edtor. Integraton of Rumnants nto Plantaton Systems n Southeast Asa p. 58- 64
Sngh B, Makkar HPS. 2002. The potental of mulberry folage as a feed supplement
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
679
n Inda. D dalam : Sánchez MD. Edtor. Mulberry for anmal producton.
Proceedngs of an electronc conference carred out, May and August 2000.
FAO Anmal Producton and Health Paper 147. hlm 139-156.
Stewart CS. 1991. The rumen bactera. D dalam : Jouany JP, edtor. Rumen Mcrobal Metabolsm and Rumnant Dgeston. Pars: INRA Edtons, Pars. p.
15 – 26.
Syahrr, S., K.G. Wryawan, O.N. Sar. 2009. Fermentabltas Pakan Berserat dalam
Rumen n vtro yang dber Eksrak Daun Murbe. Buletn Ilmu Peternakan dan
Perkanan Vol. XIII (2) Jul 2009.
680
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012