2. The presentation of the character in action; therefore the reader will be
able to conclude the attributes of the character from its actions. 3.
The presentation from within a character – without comment on the character by the author – of the impact of actions and emotions on the
character’s inner self, with the expectation that the readers will come to the clear understanding of the attributes of the character 1986: 81.
2. Theory of Patriarchy and Theory of Violence
In writing these theories, the writer refers to a book. It is entitled Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies by Jane Philcher and Imelda Whelehan. These
theories will explain two parts, which are theory about Patriarchy and the theory about Violence. It is needed to show the presentation of male domination in this
novel. Male domination is the manifestation of patriarchal culture in this novel. That is why Theory of Patriarchy is necessary to give general overview about
patriarchy. It will also explain that the practice of patriarchal culture is different among social groups.
As mentioned in Chapter I that violence is the dominant form of male domination portrayed in the novel, it is necessary for the writer to review about
Theory of Violence.
a. Theory of Patriarchy
Jane Philcher and Imelda Whelehan in their book stated that, patriarchy means rule by the male head of a social unit for example a family or tribe. The
patriarch, typically a societal elder, has legitimate power over others in the social unit especially younger men, all women and children. However, since the early
twentieth century, feminist writers have used the concept to refer to the social system of masculine domination over women 2004: 93.
According to Jane Philcher and Imelda Whelehan in the same book, masculinity itself is the set of social practices and cultural representations
associated with being a man. The plural ‘masculinities’ is also used in recognition that ways of being a man and cultural representations about men vary, both
historically and culturally, between societies and between different groupings of men within any one society 2004: 82-83. Since Patriarchy is defined as a social
system of masculine domination over women and since masculinities is different among social groups both culturally and historically, it can be said that each social
group has their own way in practicing their patriarchal culture in their communities. It can also be said that the existence of male domination is the result
of practicing patriarchal culture. According to Walby, patriarchy is a system of social structures and
practices, in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women. Walby identifies six structures of patriarchy household production, paid work, the state, male
violence, sexuality, culture that together are means to capture the depth, pervasiveness of women’s subordination. According to her, patriarchy is divided
into two which are Private Patriarchy and Public Patriarchy. Private Patriarchy is based around the family and the household and involves individual men
exploiting the labour of individual women. Women are largely confined to the
household sphere and have limited participation in public life. In Public patriarchy, women are not excluded from public life but face inequality and
discrimination within it, for example, in paid work Walby in Philcher Whelehan, 2004: 95.
b. Theory of Violence
