Types of Learning Strategies by Oxford 1990

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E. Types of Learning Strategies by Oxford 1990

Students learn differently so there are many different styles of learning. To make students learn better, they have to search for their own learning strategies. Based on Oxford 1990, types of learning strategies are divided into six: Cognitive strategies enable the learner to manipulate the language material in directways, e.g., through reasoning, analysis, highlighting, taking notes,synthesizing, summarizing, repeating, getting the idea quickly,outlining, reorganizing information to develop stronger schemas knowledge structures, practicing in naturalistic settings, using resources, practicing structures and sounds formally. Metacognitive strategies e.g., identifying one‟s own learning style preferences and needs, planning for an L2 task, arranging a study space anda schedule, checking mistakes and evaluating task success, gathering and organizing materials and evaluating the success of any type of learning strategies are employed for managing the learning process overall.Amongnative English speakers learning foreign languages, Purpura 1999 finds that metacognitive strategies had A good significant, beneficial, direct control on cognitive strategy use, providing clear information that metacognitive strategies use has an executive function over cognitive strategies use in task completion p.61. For example: linking new information with previously known one, looking for practice opportunities, and personality monitoring. Memorystrategieshelp learners link one L2 item or concept with another but don‟t necessarily involve deep understanding. Kinds of memory-related strategies enablelearners to learn and retrieve information in an orderly string e.g., acronyms, while othertechniques create learning and retrieval via sounds e.g., rhyming, images e.g., a mentalpicture of the word itself or the meaning of the word, a combination of sounds and imagese.g., the keyword method, body movement e.g., total physical 10 response, mechanical meanse.g., flashcards, or location e.g., on a page or blackboard see Oxford, 1990 for details andmultiple examples. For example: representing, grouping, sounds in memory, using total physical response, and structured reviewing. Compensatory strategies e.g., guessing from the context in listening and reading; usingsynonyms and “talking around” the missing word to aid speaking and writing; and strictly for speaking, using clues, using bodily or pause words help the learner make up for missing knowledge.Co hen 1998 asserted that compensatory strategies that are used for speaking and writing often known as a form of communication strategies are intended only for language use andmust not be considered to be language learning strategies. Affective strategies, such as identifying one‟s mood and worry level, talking about students feelings, give a reward for oneself for a good performance, and using deep breathing or come in useful selftalk, have been proved to be significantly related to L2 proficiency in research by Dreyer andOxford 1996 among South African EFL learners and by Oxford and Ehrman 1995 among native English speakers learning foreign languages. Social strategies e.g., asking some questions to get verification as the evidence from others, asking for clarification of aconfusing point, asking for help in doing a language task like asking help from friends, talking with a native-speakingconversation partner, and exploring cultural and social norms help the learners to work withothers and understand the target culture as well as the language and by doing this we can develop our cultural understanding and become aware of others‟ thoughts and feeling. 11 METHODOLOGY A. Context of the Study This study was conducted in English Language Education Program in Faculty of Language and Arts of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana UKSW Salatiga, especially with the first year students 2014. Faculty of Language and Arts is one of the faculties in Satya Wacana Christian University which has three study programs: English Language Education Program, English Literature Program and Arts Program. To make more specific the researcher chose English Language Education Program as the context of the study because this study program uses English as their medium instruct ional in the teaching and learning process beside English Literature Program.

B. Participants of the Study