Kuala Lumpur, 15-17 July 2008
1
The Assessment of the Effect of Surface Roughness on Drag Coefficient and Aerodynamics Features of Loggerhead Sea Turtle Carapace
Alan Chan Kah Poh
a
, Cheng See Yuan
a
, Ahmad Kamal Mat Yamin
a
, Ainil Jesita Jalaluddin
a
, Iskandar Shah Ishak
b
, Shuhaimi Mansor
b
a. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka b. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
019-6677567 mobile, 06-2332429 fax, cseeyuangmail.com
Abstract The present investigation primarily studies the effect of surface roughness on the drag coefficient, Cd of a
Loggerhead sea turtle carapace using a subsonic wind tunnel. The pressure coefficient, Cp distribution across the Loggerhead carapace was also investigated and is compared to the Cp trend of an airfoil in order to deduce the
aerodynamics features of the Loggerhead carapace. One-to-five-scaled models are created based on the dimensions of a real Loggerhead turtle with simplification. Four roughness scales were employed to capture the
Cd trend at increasing Reynolds numbers, Re. As expected, the Cd levelled off with Re for all four models investigated. However, the Re where constant Cd began varies with relative roughness of the carapace models.
The results also show good correlation between the Cd and relative roughness. In addition, the wind tunnel results are able to capture the Cp trend of the carapace models and compared to Cp values of an airfoil. Results
reveal that the upper surface of the Loggerhead carapace is streamlined but with restrictions of angle of attack. Keywords: drag coefficient, aerodynamics, loggerhead sea turtle, carapace, wind tunnel
1. Introduction
In the shores of Shark Bay, Western Australia, a relatively undisturbed foraging ground, forms an
excellent feeding ground for sea turtles and hosts a rich marine ecosystem Heithaus et al. 2005. A
research led by Dr. Mike Heithaus over a span of ten years has revealed the fact that green sea turtles
Chelonia mydas are less likely to be attacked by tiger sharksGaleocerdo cuvier when compared to
Loggerheads Caretta caretta, sometimes as much as five times Heithaus et al. 2002. Although both
are of the same family of Cheloniidae, the green and Loggerhead sea turtle are as different as tanks
and flying saucers.
The cause to why Loggerhead sea turtles are at higher risks of being attacked by tiger sharks at
Shark Bay, Western Australia are comprised of many factors, one of which is the Loggerhead’s
habit of not cleaning its shell thus allowing the build-up of roughness over time. However, to the
author’s knowledge, there has yet to be any comprehensive study on how drag upon the shell is
influenced by the roughness build-up on loggerhead carapace. In the context of this project, the main
objective is to study the effects of roughness built up on the shell of loggerhead sea turtles in relation
to drag. The investigation had focused on the Caretta
caretta Loggerhead sea turtle that dwells within
the Caribbean Seas near Curacao Netherlands Antilles. A simplified model was built from the
dimensions of a real Loggerhead sea turtle whereby the Standard Carapace Length SCL and Standard
Carapace Width SCW were referenced from an actual loggerhead. Verification of the designed
model was reflected based on the values of blockage ratio. Following this, the surface
roughness of the models was defined and analysis based on wind tunnel testing results was done to
examine static drag in relationship with the surface roughness.
2. Experimental details 2.1. Wind Tunnel Model Preparation
2.1.1. Model Design
Based on a study Epperly et al. n.d., as well as dimensioning conventions used by Dr. Wyneken
2001, the Standard Carapace Length SCL and Standard Carapace Width SCW were taken at
0.92 m and 0.63 m respectively. As for the swimming speed, a research Nagelkerken et al.
2003 yields a mean swimming speed of 0.5721 ms. As for the temperature and density of the sea
water, the values are taken at 80 ºF and 1027 kgm
3
respectively. The simplified model dimensions
Kuala Lumpur, 15-17 July 2008
2 were finalized at using a one-fifth scale of the
selected actual size and designed using Solidworks 2006 as shown in Figure 1, and were fabricated
using thermoplastic via Rapid Prototyping with the final model shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Simplified wind tunnel model of loggerhead carapace.
Figure 2. Model product of Rapid Prototyping Blockage ratios were calculated using methods
introduced by Scott Thor 2007a which applies digital imaging software. In his method, the frontal
area of the carapace is calculated by:
Ar Ac
=
Pr Pc
Whereby, Ac = Frontal area of carapace
Ar = Frontal area of reference cuboid Pc = Black pixel count of carapace
Pr = Black pixel count of reference cuboid
2.1.2. Surface Roughness Definition
In the present study, the relative roughness of a finished surface is defined by the formula:
Relative roughness =
D ε
where
ε
refers to the mean roughness height of fifteen tabulated points determined with a scope
and D is the chord length of the model. Data was retrieved from a test-slate with the respective
roughness to be tabulated. In total, four roughness models were used as summarized in shown in Table
1. For convenience of discussion, the models are designated as Models A, B, C and D respectively.
Table 1. Relative roughness data
Specimen Relative
Roughness A
Smooth B
0.430 C
0.456 D
0.556
Figure 3. Pressure-tapping numbering A model with eleven pressure tappings was
designed and fabricated as shown in Figure 3 using eleven polyurethane tubes. The relative distance,
xL of the tapping points from the anterior tip is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Relative distance of tapping points Tapping
no. Relative Distance
from anterior tip, xL
1 0.00
2 0.04
3 0.17
4 0.28
5 0.36
6 0.47
7 0.53
8 0.63
9 0.73
10 0.81
11 1.00
x L
Kuala Lumpur, 15-17 July 2008
3 2.2. Wind Tunnel Testing
Aerodynamic static load testing were done on Models A, B, C and D to initially obtain the drag
coefficient Cd values at increasing Reynolds number Re ranging from 1.1 x 10
5
to 6.3 x 10
5
in a subsonic wind tunnel with a test section area of
2.0 m in width and 1.5 m in height. This was followed by testing Specimens A and D with
multiple angle of attack ranging from -30 º to +30 º from the horizontal axis at a fixed Re of 4.5 x 10
5
where positive angular displacement is denoted by clockwise rotation from the horizontal axis as
shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Orientation of angle of attack
Figure 5. Pressure-tapped Loggerhead model Pressure measurement testing was carried out
on the pressure-tapped-model shown in Figure 5. Testing was done at Re ranging from 1.1 x 10
5
to 4.5 x 10
5
. This was followed by subjecting the model to a fixed Re of 4.5 x 10
5
at different angles of attack starting at -30 º to +30 º from the
horizontal axis. A Pitot static tube was also installed at the test
section, in order to obtain the free stream static and dynamic pressures. The pressure coefficient Cp
was determined by the following equation:
i
Cp
=
∞ ∞
− q
P P
i
where i = Taping point number
P
i
= Pressure tap at ‘i’ P
= Free stream static pressure Pa q
= Free stream dynamic pressure Pa
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Effects of Reynolds Number Re on Drag
