CHAPTER CONTENT
2.6 Dynamometer
2.7 Variable 2.8 Engine Performance Characteristics
2.9 Performance Analysis
22 24
26 33
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 Apparatus 36
3.2 Apparatus Layout 42
3.3 Fuels 43
3.4 Variables Setting 43
3.5 Research Development 45
3.6 Research Procedure 46
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 48
4.1 Experimental Data 48
4.2 Experimental Result 52
4.3 Discussion 66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
73
6.1 Conclusion 73
6.2 Recommendation 74
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
75
APPENDICES 78
LIST OF TABLE
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Manufacture
Source: Christopher Strong et al 7
2.2 Comparison of Fuel Properties between Diesel and
Biodiesel Fuels. Source: Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines, 2004
9
2.4 Standardization of Biodiesel
Source: http:www.worldenergy.net 10
3.1 The Fuels Used In This Study
42
3.2 Variable Setting
43
4.1 Experimental Data for Diesel Fuel at 65 Load
49
4.2 Experimental Data for UFO + NaOH at 65 Load
49
4.3 Experimental Data for UFO + KOH at 65 Load
50
4.4 Experimental Data for UFO + NaOCH3 at 65 Load
51
4.5 Experimental Data for VO + NaOH at 65 Load
51
NO. TITLE PAGE
4.6 Experimental Result for Diesel Fuel
52
4.7 Experimental Result for biodiesel UFO + NaOH
55
4.8 Experimental Result for biodiesel UFO + KOH
58
4.9 Experimental Result for biodiesel UFO + NaOCH3
61
4.10 Experimental Result for biodiesel VO + NaOH
63
4.11 The Best Parameters Value for Each Fuels
66
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Transesterification Process
Source: Demirbas, A. 2008 7
2.2 Transesterification Process Three Stages
Sources: http:www.docin.comp-19950761.html 14
2.3 The Four-Stroke Cycle Engine
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007 17
2.4 The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine
Source: http:www.tpub.comcontentengine 14081 18
2.5 Inline Engine
Sources: http:www.howstuffworks.com 19
2.6 V-type Engine
Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007 20
2.7 Direct Injection DI Chamber
Source: Dempsey .P 2008 20
2.8 Indirect Injection IDI Chamber
Source: Dempsey .P 2008 21
NO. TITLE
PAGE
2.9 Engine Dyno
Sources: http:www.igentek.com 23
2.10 Chassis Dyno Source: http:www.igentek.com
24
2.11 Engine Bore and Stroke 27
2.12 Compression Ratio 28
2.13 Mean Effective Pressure 29
2.14 Engine Performance Curve 33
3.1 Mitsubishi Pajero 2.5L Intercooler Turbo Diesel
Engine 37
3.2 Schematic Connection Engine and Dynamometer
Source: Thiessen Dales, 2000 37
3.3 Dynamometer D-357
http:gopowersystems.com 39
3.5 Manual Load Control Valve and Analog Display
Console 40
3.6 Flow meter
40
3.7 Mass Flow Detector
40
NO. TITLE
PAGE
3.8 Fuel Tank and Air Tank
41
3.9 Stand and Throttle Valve
41
3.10 The Layout of the Apparatus 42
3.11 Research Development Flow Chart 45
4.1 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Diesel
Fuel 53
4.2 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Diesel
Fuel 54
4.3 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus
Engine Speed, N for Diesel Fuel 55
4.4 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel
UFO + NaOH 56
4.5 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel
UFO + NaOH 57
4.6 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus
Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + NaOH 57
4.7 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel
UFO + KOH 59
4.8 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel
UFO + KOH 59
NO. TITLE PAGE
4.9 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus
Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + KOH 60
4.10 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO+ NaOCH3
61
4.11 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO+ NaOCH3
62
4.12 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO+ NaOCH3
63
4.13 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel VO + NaOH
64
4.14 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel VO + NaOH
65
4.15 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel VO + NaOH
65
4.16 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption versus Different Fuel Under 3000rpm
67
4.17 Torque versus Speed 69
4.18 Power versus Speed 70
4.19 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption versus Speed 71
LIST OF SYMBOLS
r =
Bore radius, m S
= Length of Stroke, m
N
c
= Number of cylinders
VE =
Volumetric Efficiency MEP
= Mean effective pressure, Pa
W
net
= Net work, J
V
max
= Maximum volume, m
3
V
min
= Minimum volume, m
3
iMEP =
Mean indicated pressure, Pa A
= Area of piston, m
2
L =
Stroke of piston, m N
s
= Number of power strokes per cylinder per second
ip =
Indicated power, W bp
= Brake power, W
T =
Torque , Nm N
= Speed , rpm
= Net dynamometer load
R =
Torque arm length, m isfc
= Indicated specific fuel consumption, gkWh
̇ =
Fuel mass flow rate, kgh bsfc
= Break specific fuel consumption, gkWh
= Indicated thermal efficiency
= Brake thermal efficiency
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO. TITLE PAGE
A LITERATURE
78
B SPECIFICATION AND TEMPLATE TABLE
81
C SAMPLE CALCULATION AND DATA OBTAINED
83
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Diesel fuel is a fuel that refine from the petroleum fuel which is naturally found in the Earth. It cannot be renewed and will be run out in the future. Therefore,
alternative method to replace the diesel fuel has been studied. Numerous methods have been researched and one of them is biodiesel production. The biodiesel is the
most suitable because there is no big alter in the diesel engines and it tends to provide nearly similar power as diesel fuel.
Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils and alcohols utilizing a chemical process called transesterification. This process required presence of catalyst with an
alcohol to give the corresponding alkyl ester of fatty acid FA found in parent vegetable oil or animal fat. Biodiesel can be produced from variety feedstock such as
soy bean, palm oil, rapeseed oil and so on. However, biodiesel is currently not economically feasible due to high manufacture and materials cost. Thus, the tax
credits are applied on it.
Due to this reason, several studied have been carried out to optimize the process by using the low price feedstock such as castor oil and used frying oil UFO.
Using UFO to produce biodiesel is getting increasing interest as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines owing to its cost is lower, largest producer and can
reduce the disposal problem. Thus, many researchers studied on its performance of different engines and increase the yield of production. Besides that, certain
researchers also try to optimize its performance by using different alcohol.
After the fuel has been produced, the diesel engine test is required to evaluate the performance of the biodiesel fuel. As t
he engine’s performance test will show the different performance due to different fuel. Hence, an engine test will be carried out
after the biodiesel has been produced due to test its applicability and the interest by consumer. Normally, the performance of fuel will be validated based on the
maximum torque, maximum power and fuel consumption obtained in the experiment.
In this study, three of the pure biodiesel B100 will be produce from UFO and methanol via transesterification with different alkaline based catalyst. These
products will be tested in the diesel engine; the better catalysts will be decided based on the engine performance. Moreover, these biodiesel fuels also will be compared
with the biodiesel which produced from virgin oil VO and petrol diesel to authorize its performance. This study will be carried out in the 2.5L Turbo Diesel Mitsubishi
Pajero at FKM automotive laboratory in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
1.1 Objective