Variable 2.8 Engine Performance Characteristics Performance Analysis

CHAPTER CONTENT 2.6 Dynamometer

2.7 Variable 2.8 Engine Performance Characteristics

2.9 Performance Analysis

22 24 26 33 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 36 3.1 Apparatus 36 3.2 Apparatus Layout 42 3.3 Fuels 43 3.4 Variables Setting 43 3.5 Research Development 45 3.6 Research Procedure 46 CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 48 4.1 Experimental Data 48 4.2 Experimental Result 52 4.3 Discussion 66 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73 6.1 Conclusion 73 6.2 Recommendation 74 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 75 APPENDICES 78 LIST OF TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Manufacture Source: Christopher Strong et al 7 2.2 Comparison of Fuel Properties between Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels. Source: Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines, 2004 9 2.4 Standardization of Biodiesel Source: http:www.worldenergy.net 10 3.1 The Fuels Used In This Study 42 3.2 Variable Setting 43 4.1 Experimental Data for Diesel Fuel at 65 Load 49 4.2 Experimental Data for UFO + NaOH at 65 Load 49 4.3 Experimental Data for UFO + KOH at 65 Load 50 4.4 Experimental Data for UFO + NaOCH3 at 65 Load 51 4.5 Experimental Data for VO + NaOH at 65 Load 51 NO. TITLE PAGE 4.6 Experimental Result for Diesel Fuel 52 4.7 Experimental Result for biodiesel UFO + NaOH 55 4.8 Experimental Result for biodiesel UFO + KOH 58 4.9 Experimental Result for biodiesel UFO + NaOCH3 61 4.10 Experimental Result for biodiesel VO + NaOH 63 4.11 The Best Parameters Value for Each Fuels 66 LIST OF FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Transesterification Process Source: Demirbas, A. 2008 7 2.2 Transesterification Process Three Stages Sources: http:www.docin.comp-19950761.html 14 2.3 The Four-Stroke Cycle Engine Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007 17 2.4 The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine Source: http:www.tpub.comcontentengine 14081 18 2.5 Inline Engine Sources: http:www.howstuffworks.com 19 2.6 V-type Engine Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007 20 2.7 Direct Injection DI Chamber Source: Dempsey .P 2008 20 2.8 Indirect Injection IDI Chamber Source: Dempsey .P 2008 21 NO. TITLE PAGE 2.9 Engine Dyno Sources: http:www.igentek.com 23 2.10 Chassis Dyno Source: http:www.igentek.com 24 2.11 Engine Bore and Stroke 27 2.12 Compression Ratio 28 2.13 Mean Effective Pressure 29 2.14 Engine Performance Curve 33 3.1 Mitsubishi Pajero 2.5L Intercooler Turbo Diesel Engine 37 3.2 Schematic Connection Engine and Dynamometer Source: Thiessen Dales, 2000 37 3.3 Dynamometer D-357 http:gopowersystems.com 39 3.5 Manual Load Control Valve and Analog Display Console 40 3.6 Flow meter 40 3.7 Mass Flow Detector 40 NO. TITLE PAGE 3.8 Fuel Tank and Air Tank 41 3.9 Stand and Throttle Valve 41 3.10 The Layout of the Apparatus 42 3.11 Research Development Flow Chart 45 4.1 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Diesel Fuel 53 4.2 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Diesel Fuel 54 4.3 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Diesel Fuel 55 4.4 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + NaOH 56 4.5 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + NaOH 57 4.6 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + NaOH 57 4.7 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + KOH 59 4.8 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + KOH 59 NO. TITLE PAGE 4.9 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO + KOH 60 4.10 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO+ NaOCH3 61 4.11 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO+ NaOCH3 62 4.12 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel UFO+ NaOCH3 63 4.13 Graph Torque, T versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel VO + NaOH 64 4.14 Graph Power, p versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel VO + NaOH 65 4.15 Graph Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, bsfc versus Engine Speed, N for Biodiesel VO + NaOH 65 4.16 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption versus Different Fuel Under 3000rpm 67 4.17 Torque versus Speed 69 4.18 Power versus Speed 70 4.19 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption versus Speed 71 LIST OF SYMBOLS r = Bore radius, m S = Length of Stroke, m N c = Number of cylinders VE = Volumetric Efficiency MEP = Mean effective pressure, Pa W net = Net work, J V max = Maximum volume, m 3 V min = Minimum volume, m 3 iMEP = Mean indicated pressure, Pa A = Area of piston, m 2 L = Stroke of piston, m N s = Number of power strokes per cylinder per second ip = Indicated power, W bp = Brake power, W T = Torque , Nm N = Speed , rpm = Net dynamometer load R = Torque arm length, m isfc = Indicated specific fuel consumption, gkWh ̇ = Fuel mass flow rate, kgh bsfc = Break specific fuel consumption, gkWh = Indicated thermal efficiency = Brake thermal efficiency LIST OF APPENDICES NO. TITLE PAGE A LITERATURE 78 B SPECIFICATION AND TEMPLATE TABLE 81 C SAMPLE CALCULATION AND DATA OBTAINED 83 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Diesel fuel is a fuel that refine from the petroleum fuel which is naturally found in the Earth. It cannot be renewed and will be run out in the future. Therefore, alternative method to replace the diesel fuel has been studied. Numerous methods have been researched and one of them is biodiesel production. The biodiesel is the most suitable because there is no big alter in the diesel engines and it tends to provide nearly similar power as diesel fuel. Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils and alcohols utilizing a chemical process called transesterification. This process required presence of catalyst with an alcohol to give the corresponding alkyl ester of fatty acid FA found in parent vegetable oil or animal fat. Biodiesel can be produced from variety feedstock such as soy bean, palm oil, rapeseed oil and so on. However, biodiesel is currently not economically feasible due to high manufacture and materials cost. Thus, the tax credits are applied on it. Due to this reason, several studied have been carried out to optimize the process by using the low price feedstock such as castor oil and used frying oil UFO. Using UFO to produce biodiesel is getting increasing interest as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines owing to its cost is lower, largest producer and can reduce the disposal problem. Thus, many researchers studied on its performance of different engines and increase the yield of production. Besides that, certain researchers also try to optimize its performance by using different alcohol. After the fuel has been produced, the diesel engine test is required to evaluate the performance of the biodiesel fuel. As t he engine’s performance test will show the different performance due to different fuel. Hence, an engine test will be carried out after the biodiesel has been produced due to test its applicability and the interest by consumer. Normally, the performance of fuel will be validated based on the maximum torque, maximum power and fuel consumption obtained in the experiment. In this study, three of the pure biodiesel B100 will be produce from UFO and methanol via transesterification with different alkaline based catalyst. These products will be tested in the diesel engine; the better catalysts will be decided based on the engine performance. Moreover, these biodiesel fuels also will be compared with the biodiesel which produced from virgin oil VO and petrol diesel to authorize its performance. This study will be carried out in the 2.5L Turbo Diesel Mitsubishi Pajero at FKM automotive laboratory in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

1.1 Objective